Telo M. European Union and New Regionalism. Regional Actors and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic Era
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European Union and New Regionalism
398
Zellner, Wolfgang and Pal Dunay (1998) Ungarns Außenpolitik 1990–1997, Baden-
Baden: Nomos-Verlag.
Zielonka, Jan and Alex Prava (eds.) (1997) Democratic Consolidation in Eastern
Europe: International and Transnational Factors, in press, Dieter Nohlen,
Demokratie in Dieter Nohlen, Peter Waldmann and Klaus Ziemer (Hrsg.),
Lexikon der Politik, vol. 4. Die Östlichen und Südlichen Länder, Beck Verlag,
München, pp.118–27.
Zielonka, Jan (1998) Explaining Euro-Paralysis, London: Macmillan.
Zolo, Danilo (1997) Cosmopolis, Prospects for World Government, Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Zviagelskaia, Irina (1998) Russia’s Security Policy and Its Prospects, in: Eric
Remacle and Reimund Seidelmann, eds., Pan-European Security Redefined,
Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag, pp. 305–18.
Zysman, J. (1996) The Myth of a Global Economy: Enduring National Foundations
and Emerging Regional Realities, in New Political Economy, 1(2):157–84.
Index
actors/actorhood 13, 109–11, 188, 298–301
‘advanced economies’ 278
Africa
North 229, 231, 258–9
South 143, 144–5, 190–1, 196
Southern 190–1
Southern African Development
Community (SADC) 142–6, 190,
193, 194–5, 332–3a
spatial development initiatives (SDI) 190
Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP)
115, 120, 145–6
EU partnership 196–7, 199, 349–50a
African regionalism/interregionalism
185–6, 327–33a
comparative modes 188–96, 200
and EU 196–9, 200–2
market integration ‘project’ 189–92
regime-boosting regionalism 192–5
shadow regionalization 195–6
theoretical perspective 186–8
African Union (AU) 193–4, 327–8a
agency see actors/actorhood
ambiguity of new regionalism 12
APEC (Asian-Pacific Economic
Cooperation) 87, 89, 90, 91, 93–4, 98
financial crises 80, 89, 105
models of regionalism 131
and US 90, 93–4, 98, 117, 119, 131
Arab world 339–41a
see also Middle East; North Africa
Argentina 166, 167, 172, 173, 174
democratization 169–70, 171
Iraq War 180
and US 175, 176
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian
Nations) 129–37, 146, 205, 341–2a
and East Asia see ASEAN plus 3 (APT)
network-based integration 211–14
and SAARC 129–30, 136, 138, 146, 343a
vs EU 213–14, 217–21
explaining different patterns 214–17
ASEAN free trade area (AFTA) 212–13,
215–16
ASEAN plus 3 (APT) 76, 77, 90, 91, 93,
94, 100, 102–3, 119, 133
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 133–4, 213
ASEM (Asian–Europe Meeting) 119, 135,
350–1a
Asia 341–3a
post-financial crisis 79–81
vs EU regionalism 77, 79, 203
see also ASEAN; Central Asia; East
Asia; specific countries
Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) 80
Asian–Europe Meeting (ASEM) 119, 135
Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation see
APEC
Asian-Pacific region 211, 218
assimilation vs multiculturalism 68–9
Association of South East Asian Nations
see ASEAN
asymmetry
EU 158
MERCOSUR 172
NAFTA 158–61
Australia 213, 278, 348a
authority
historic sources of 30
multi-level systems 32
shared 30–2
Bach, D.C. 193, 195, 196
Balassa, B. 78, 104, 128
Baldwin, R. 42, 43, 44–5
Bali Concord 212
Balkans (Yugoslavia) 118–19, 226, 227,
228, 236–8, 240, 248
Bangkok Declaration 211
Barber, B. 55, 57
Barcelona Declaration 230, 257, 259
Barcelona Process 229–31, 258, 259,
260–2, 263, 267, 268
US initiative and 264, 267
Beeson, M. 96
Belarus 267
bilateralism 115
East Asia 92–3
MERCOSUR–US 176
European Union and New Regionalism
400
Bolivia 138, 171, 172
borderless world 21–4
Brazil 138–9, 166, 167, 172, 173–4
democratization 169–70, 171
and EU 177, 181
Iraq War 180
and US 175–6
Breslin, S. 77, 86
and Higgott, R. 24, 200–1
Bretherton, C. and Vogler, J. 110–11, 121
Britain/UK 215, 258, 278
British hegemony 2, 24–5
‘Brussels model’ 77
Bull, H. 29, 31–2
Bush administration 29, 96, 104, 116, 117,
175, 178, 265–6
Cambodia 134, 212
Canada 109, 141, 142, 153, 159, 163, 213,
278
capitalism 33
see also globalization
Carr, E. H. 24–5
Central Asia 119
Chechnya 239, 243
Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) 76, 90, 98–9
Chile 138, 169, 171, 172, 176, 180
China 98, 99–100
and ASEAN 134, 135, 136–7, 213
and EU 136
and Japan 77, 99, 100, 102, 103
and US 29, 96, 99, 100, 104
see also ASEAN plus 3 (APT)
Chirac, J. 178, 261
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent
States) 345a
see also Eastern Europe; Russia
citizenship
cosmopolitan 66–7
global 65–8
multiculturalism and EU 68–9
post-modern 66
rights and recognition 72
shared 61–3
civilian power
EU 120, 301–5, 310–21
MERCOSUR 180–1
civilization(s)
clash of 56–7, 66, 71, 263–4
styles of 58–9
Clapham, C. 185, 192, 193–4
class issues 281–3
Clinton administration 117, 175, 179, 266
clubs see regional clubs
cognitive regionalism 88, 103, 133
cohesion 12–13, 40–1
and leadership 44
Cold War era 3, 96, 104
colonialism
Asia 218
Mediterranean region 258
see also hegemony
Commonwealth of Independent States see
CIS; Eastern Europe; Russia
competition
economic 27–8
for location sites 50–1
regional blocs 25–6
conflict oriented vs cooperative regionalism
38, 51
constructivist perspective 188
cooperation, trans-cultural and trans-
national 63–4
cooperative regionalism
conditions for 38–9, 51–2, 64–5
EU 84, 85
vs conflict oriented regionalism 38, 51
cosmopolitan citizenship 66–7
cosmopolitan democracy 67–8
Cotonou Agreement 197, 199
Council of Europe 284, 285
Cox, R. 28, 32, 35, 55–6, 111–12
Croatia 244
cultural factors
ambivalent role of 63–5
ASEAN and EU countries 219–20
‘clash of civilizations’ thesis 56–7, 66,
71, 263–4
empirical data 57–61
global role of 55–6
influence of 14–16
multiculturalism 68–9, 287–8
political identity 14–16, 61, 62, 63,
70–3, 239
see also citizenship
de facto regionalism 88, 89
de jure regionalism 88, 89
De Melo, J. et al 39
deep integration
models 165–6
vs soft regionalism 146–7, 231–3
Index
401
demand for integration 12–13, 45–6
and supply of integration 46–9, 52
‘demilitarizing’ European affairs 249
democracy 15, 26, 65, 66, 84
cosmopolitan 67–8
democratization
Eastern Europe 238–9
Latin America 169–72
South East Asia 134–5
Denmark 215
dialectical social discourse system, culture
as 58–9
digitalization 206
disintegration of states 31
dispute settlement, NAFTA and EU 163
domestic/internal and systemic/
international factors 4–8, 128–9
‘domino effect’ 5, 13, 44–5, 49
East Asia
‘advanced economies’ of 278
bilateral trade policy 92–3
institutionalization 80–1, 83, 85–95, 119
leadership issue 95–104
monetary regionalism and cooperation
93–5, 101
regulatory regionalism 101–4
trends in regionalism 91–2
East Timor 212, 213
East–West relationship 235–51 passim, 289
Eastern Europe 226, 227–8, 235–51, 289
Eastern European view 241–5
EU view 238–41
global view 245–7
historic perspective 235–47
systemic perspective 247–51
‘winners’ and ‘losers’ 242–4
see also Balkans (Yugoslavia)
economic factors 12–14, 39–41
ASEAN 211–13, 216, 219
Barcelona Process 230–1, 260, 262
production and prosperity 278–9
economic globalization see globalization
economic integration stages 78
economic regionalism 3–4
economic regulation 35
economic/financial crises 2, 7
Asia 76–7, 79–80, 90, 91–2, 98, 105,
132–3
Latin America 173–4
energy dependence 258
environmentalism 34, 161–3, 178
ethnicity see cultural factors; migration
EU neighbourhood policy (ENP) 114–15
Europe
and continental Europe 225–8
regional arrangements 343–8a
European Commission 121, 197–8, 208,
210, 267, 268
European Council 209
European Court of Justice (ECJ) 84, 208
European Monetary Union (EMU) 210, 215
European Parliament 208, 210
European societies, specificities of 280–6
European Union (EU) 345–7a
enlargement 114, 118, 215, 220, 228, 267
unification challenges 286–9
European Union (EU) model 77–9
and African model 197–9, 200–2
and Asian model 77, 79, 203
future scenarios 297–321
German vs Scandinavian 290–3
institution-based integration 207–11
vs ‘bloc’ 283–5
Evans, P. 221
extraterritoriality, Latin America 171–2
Farrell, M. 198–9
Fawcett, L. 188
and Hurrell, A. 204, 205, 206, 211
financial crises see economic/financial
crises
formal and informal integration 213–14,
216–17
‘formal institutionalization’ 78
France 176, 180, 210, 215, 258, 278
free vs strategic trade 27–8
FTAA (Free Trade Agreement of the
Americas) 141, 142, 175–6, 177,
351a
Fukuyama, F. 23, 31, 256, 266
fundamentalism 57, 58–9, 61, 62, 70, 71–2
Gamble, A. 10, 21, 33
and Payne, A. 24, 26–7
GATT-WTO 5, 6, 92, 154–5, 162\
GDP (gross domestic product) 278
geographical contiguity 256–7
geographical proximity 12
German vs Scandinavian EU models 290–3
Germany 2, 176, 180, 215, 278
global city 32
European Union and New Regionalism
402
global governance
and global citizenship 65–8
strategic regional traders 12–14
see also world order
global role of cultural factors 55–6
global view of Eastern Europe 245–7
globalization 4–13 passim, 22–4, 26–8,
33, 35
Africa 189–90
Asia 216
contemporary region and state 255–6
differing regional experiences of 128–9
East Asia 79, 87, 88, 89, 91, 104–5
Eastern Europe 249–51
EU 305–10
fairness and politics of recognition 71–3
hyper-globalization 8–9, 23, 86
Latin America (MERCOSUR) 167, 177
limits of 285–6
revival of interest in regionalism 205–6
Goldstein, J. 163
governance 112
see also global governance
‘gravity model’ 12
gross domestic product (GDP) 278
Haas, E.B. 78–9
hegemony
breakdown 25–6
British 2, 24–5
‘post-hegemonic’ international system
4, 7–8, 12, 37–8
‘soft imperialism’ 199
US 25, 28–9, 95–8
see also colonialism; leadership;
unilateralism
Hettne, B. 10, 110, 111
and Odén, B. 116
and Söderbaum, F. 24, 35, 110, 113,
114, 121, 199
Hettne, B. and 24, 35, 110, 113, 114, 121, 199
Higgott, R. 86, 98, 119, 205
Breslin, S. and 24, 200–1
Deiter, H. and 93
and Stubbs, R. 94
historical perspectives
inter-war crisis 24–5
old medievalism 30
twentieth century regionalisms 2–4
see also post-Cold War era
Hofstede, G. 60
‘horizontal integration’ 230–1
Hull, C. 156
human rights 34, 65, 66, 284
Latin America 171–2, 178
Huntingdon, S. 10, 14, 26, 55, 56–7, 66, 71,
256, 263–4, 266
hyper-globalization 8–9, 23, 86
ICI (information and communication
technology) 206
identity politics 14–16, 61, 62, 63, 70–3, 239
ideological systems 281, 282
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 278
India 129–30, 138, 178, 213
and EU 136
and US 29
Indonesia 132, 133, 134, 135, 211
informal integration, ASEAN 213–14,
216–17
information and communication technology
(ICT) 206
institution-based integration, EU 207–11
institutional convergence 16–17
‘institutional design effect’ 39
institutional disequilibrium 37–9, 49, 52
institutional principles 82
institutional roles 52, 53
institutional shortcomings
Asia 218
MERCOSUR 172
institutionalization
formal 78
see also under East Asia
institutions 81–6
EU 83–5
and NAFTA 158
political and economic 2
supranational 39
instrumental regionalism 88, 103
inter-war crisis 24–5
interdependence principle 10–11, 32
intergovernmentalism 208, 215, 216
internal cultural differentiation 60–1, 62–3
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 278
international/systemic and internal/
domestic factors 4–8, 128–9
interregional organizations 349–54a
interregionalism 107, 113–15, 121–2
see also African regionalism/
interregionalism
Iraq War 180, 230
Index
403
Islamic fundamentalism 57, 58, 59
Israel 263, 264, 278
Italy 176, 278
Jaguaribe, H. 169, 175
Japan 80, 90, 94, 96, 98, 99, 119
‘advanced economy’ 278
and ARF 213
and ASEAN 135, 137, 213
and China 77, 99, 100, 102, 103
and EU 136
and US 28
see also ASEAN plus 3 (APT)
Jenkins, C. and Thomas, L. 190
Johnson, C. 116
Jourdan, P. 190
Kahler, M. 155, 157
Katzenstein, P. 75, 214, 218, 220
Kehoe, T.J. 159
Keohane, R.O. 5, 10, 13, 26, 81, 134
Krugman, P. 27, 40, 41, 51, 97
languages, ASEAN countries 220
Laos 212
Latin America 119–20, 137, 333–8a
see also MERCOSUR
leadership
and cohesion 44
East Asia 95–104
see also hegemony; unilateralism
LeClair, M.S. 154–5
Leslie, P. 158, 159, 161
liberalism 58
see also neo-liberalism
liberalization 205, 219
Maastricht Treaty 209–10, 211, 215, 249,
259, 261
Maier, C. 28
Malaysia 132, 134, 135, 211
Manners, I. 120
market integration ‘project’, African
regionalism 189–92
Marxist perspective 22, 25, 26
Mediterranean 118, 228–9, 231–2
economic data 271–2
and EU 257–9, 267–9
and US 263–6
see also Barcelona Declaration;
Barcelona Process
MERCOSUR 137–41, 146, 336–7a
and EU 138, 139–41
inspiration 166–72
political convergence 178–9
strategic partnership 176–7, 179–81
trade flows 169
financial crises 173–4
main trading partners 168
and US 138–9, 175–6, 180–1
Mexico
and MERCOSUR 169, 176, 180
and NAFTA 109, 141, 142, 153,
159–61, 163
Middle East 115, 229–30, 257, 258, 259
and US 263–6
see also Arab world
migration 261, 280, 287–8
military conflicts
‘demilitarizing’ European affairs 249
Iraq War 180, 230
Vietnam War 211
see also NATO; security; Yugoslavia
(Balkans)
Moldova 267
monetary regionalism 2, 41, 43, 44
Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) 80
East Asia 93–5, 101
European Monetary Union (EMU) 210,
215
Mongolia 213
multiculturalism 68–9, 287–8
multilateralism 82, 107, 112, 113, 114
EU 310–21
MERCOSUR 178–9, 180–1
vs regionalism 154–5
multinational enterprises/companies
(MNEs/MNCs) 50–1, 155
multiregionalism 107
Myanmar (Burma) 212, 219
NAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement) 5–6, 109, 117, 146,
205, 337–8a
and EU 155–8
asymmetry 158–61
changed security environment
156–7
dispute settlement 163
environment–trade link 161–3
institutions 158
near abroad 231–2
European Union and New Regionalism
404
transatlantic triangle (NAFTA-EU-
MERCOSUR) 14, 137–41
and US 141–2, 159
Namibia 143, 144
nation states 11, 23, 34–5
see also sovereignty
national/state actors 13, 188
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
108, 109, 228
Eastern Europe 226, 227, 236–7, 239,
244–5, 245–6, 249
near abroad see Eastern Europe;
Mediterranean
neo-conservatism 116–17, 265–6
neo-functionalism 208, 215
neo-institutionalism 208
neo-liberalism 28, 35
critique 23–4
Nepad 189–90
Netherlands 210
network-based integration, ASEAN 211–14
new medievalism 10–11, 29–36
New Zealand 213, 278, 348a
non-state actors 188
North Africa 229, 231, 258–9
see also Arab world
North American Free Trade Agreement see
NAFTA
North Atlantic Treaty Organization see
NATO
North Korea 213
Nzo, A. 191
open regionalism/integration 165–6, 171,
179
Pakistan 129–30, 138, 213
Papua New Guinea 212, 213
Paraguay 138, 166, 170, 171, 173, 176
peace-building, Eastern Europe 238–9, 240
Pempel, T.J. 93, 94, 99
Peng, D. 214, 216–17, 219
Peru 176
Philippines 133, 134, 211
plurilateralism 112, 113
Poland 289
Polanyi, K. 35
political convergence, MERCOSUR and
EU 178–9, 180
political cooperation, ASEAN 215, 216
political definition of world order 112
political dimensions of new regionalism
8–16
political identity 14–16, 61, 62, 63, 70–3, 239
political systems, ASEAN 218–19
population 279–80
Portugal 176, 180
post-Cold War era 7–8, 79, 108–9, 130,
175, 204
East–West conflict 235–47
Indochina 212
‘post-hegemonic’ international system 4,
7–8, 12, 37–8
post-Second World War era 205–6, 218
postmodern citizenship 66
postmodernist concepts of sovereignty 265
power politics, Eastern Europe 239–41
pre-emptive action, US doctrine of 29, 265
‘preference asymmetry effect’ 39
‘preference dilution effect’ 39
‘presence’ 110, 111
Prodi Commission 198
recognition, political and cultural difference
71–3
regime-boosting regionalism, Africa 192–5
regional agreements 13
bottom-up approach 49–52
as clubs 12–13, 41–4, 46–7, 49–50,
52–3, 129
economic aspects of 39–41
regional blocs 24–8, 25–6
critique 26
vs model, EU 283–5
regional clubs 12–13, 41–4, 46–7, 49–50,
52–3, 129
regional fora 127
regional integration 31, 204–7
regionalism
approaches to 88–9
new, domestic and systemic causes of
4–8
types of 2–4, 165–6
vs regionalization 188
regionalization 127
shadow 195–6
vs regionalism 188
regulatory regionalism, East Asia 101–4
religion
ASEAN and EU 219–20
as source of authority 30
Roberts, A. 256
Index
405
Roney 210
Rosamond, B.J. 198
Ruggie, J. 3, 22, 31, 33, 82
Russia 225–8 passim, 232, 236–43 passim,
289
and Central Asia 119
and EU 118, 267
SAARC (South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation) 129–30,
136, 138, 146, 343a
SADC (Southern African Development
Community) 142–6, 190, 193,
194–5, 332–3a
Sbragia, A. 153, 155, 161
Scandinavian vs German EU models 290–3
Schengen Agreement 210
secessionist movements 31
security 156–7
common foreign and security policy
299–301
Mediterranean/Barcelona Process
229–30, 259, 260–1, 263–6, 267,
268–9
terrorism/war against terror 31, 116,
263–4, 269–70
Seidelman, R. 226–7
shadow regionalization, Africa 195–6
shared citizenship 61–3
Sidaway, J. and Gibb, R. 193, 196
Simon, J.L. 170
Singapore 132, 211
Single European Act (SEA) 209, 210, 211,
215
Slovak Republic 243–4
Smith, A. and Tsoukalis, L. 40
social class issues 281–3
Söderbaum, F. 191
Grant, A.J. and 195
and Taylor, I. 190, 191
‘soft imperialism’ 199
soft vs deep regionalism 146–7, 231–3
South Africa 143, 144–5, 190–1, 196
South East Asia see ASEAN
South Korea 90, 94, 213
Southern Africa 190–1
sovereignty
postmodernist concepts of 265
territorial 10–11, 22, 30, 32, 33
see also nation states
Soysal, Y. 66
Spain 176, 180
spatial development initiatives (SDI),
Africa 190
state-promoted regional cooperation 128
state/national actors 13, 188
Steinberg, R. 162
strategic regional traders 12–14, 27–8
supply and demand for integration 46–9, 52
supranational institutions 39
supranational regions 11
supranationalism 208–9
Sweden 215
systemic/international and domestic/
internal factors 4–8, 128–9
technological unification 32
Telò, M. 31, 36, 114, 117, 120
territorial sovereignty 10–11, 22, 30, 32, 33
terrorism/war against terror 31, 116, 263–4,
269–70
Thailand 134, 135, 211, 219
Therborn, G. 280, 281, 282, 288
trade
and environment, NAFTA and EU 161–3
strategic regional traders 12–14, 27–8
see also globalization; entries
beginning economic; specific
regions
traditionalism 58, 59
transatlantic triangle (NAFTA-EU-
MERCOSUR) 14, 137–41
transnational organizations 31
transregionalism 107
Treaty of Amsterdam 210, 211
Treaty of Asunción 166, 167
Treaty on European Union (Maastricht)
209–10, 211, 215, 249, 259, 261
Treaty of Nice 210, 211
Treaty of Rome 208, 209
Treaty of Westphalia 22
Turkey 229, 232, 258, 259, 267
Ukraine 226–7, 232, 236, 267, 289
unemployment 287–8
unilateralism 112, 113, 116–17, 121–2
see also hegemony; leadership
United Kingdom (UK) see Britain/UK;
British hegemony
United Nations (UN) 179
Charter 120
Security Council 180
European Union and New Regionalism
406
United States (US) 2–10 passim
and ASEAN 131, 132, 134, 213
and Asian–Pacific region 218
Bush administration 29, 96, 104, 116,
117, 175, 178, 265–6
Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA)
153, 163
Clinton administration 117, 175, 179, 266
and East Asia 89–104 passim, 137
East–West conflict 246–7
and EU
approaches to regionalism 102, 107–22
regional encounters 117–20
relationship 28, 108–9, 315, 319
security perceptions 229, 230
GDP 278
hegemony 25, 28–9, 95–8
and MERCOSUR 138–9, 175–6, 180–1
and Middle East 263–6
and NAFTA 141–2, 159
unilateralism 116–17, 121–2
Uruguay 166, 170, 171, 173, 176
USSR, former see Eastern Europe; Russia
Venezuela 138, 171, 174
Vernon, R. 155
Vietnam 134, 212
Vietnam War 211
visas 261
Wallace, H. 78, 86, 154
warfare see military conflicts; NATO;
security; Yugoslavia (Balkans)
Warleigh, A. and Rosamond, B. 201
Weintraub, S. 157, 158, 159
welfare 40, 84, 281–3
‘westernization’, Eastern European view
241–5
World Bank 278
world order
concept of 111–13
EU approach 113–15
US approach 116–17
see also global governance
World Trade Organization (GATT-WTO) 5,
6, 92, 154–5, 162
Yugoslavia (Balkans) 118–19, 226, 227,
228, 236–8, 240, 248
Zimbabwe 195