Telo M. European Union and New Regionalism. Regional Actors and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic Era

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

European Union and New Regionalism

348

Members

Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia.

1.6 Oceania

ANZCERTA (CER: Closer Economic Relationship, 1983)

Purposes

Established in 1983 as a successor to the New Zealand–Australia Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA) which had been set up in 1966. The Antipodean NAFTA

applied only to certain products (excluding agriculture) and was therefore not a full

free trade agreement. CER involved a stronger commitment to the establishment

of free trade between the two countries, with trade in merchandise becoming fully

free by 1990. There is also a commitment to economic integration in relation to

services and the labour market. Integration has not been achieved in investment

and currency matters; Australia unilaterally abrogated an agreement on a common

aviation market in October 1994.

http://www.fta.gov.au/default.aspx?FolderID=283&ArticleID=229

Members

Australia, New Zealand.

SPC: South Paciﬁc Commission, 1947

Purposes

The Commission was established by the governments of Australia, France, the

Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. It became an

NGO providing the member states with technical assistance, scientiﬁc knowledge

and economic assistance for development. On 1 January 1996 the United Kingdom

decided to leave the Commission.

http://www.spc.int/

Members

Australia, Cook Islands, Guam, Eastern Samoa, Fiji, France, French Polynesia,

Futuna, Kiribati, Marianne Island (North), Marshall Island, Micronesia, Nauru,

New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, New Island, Palau, Papuasia, Pitcairn

Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, United States, Vanuatu, Wallis,

Western Samoa.

Appendix

349

2 Interregional organizations

EU-ACP relations: EU + Countries of Africa, Caribbean and Paciﬁc, 1975

Purposes

Established by the EU through the Lomé Convention (Togo), replacing the Yaoundé

Convention and the Arusha agreements. Its purpose is to establish cooperation for

development among its member countries, some of which are former European

colonies. The Lomé Agreement was suceeded by the Cotonou Agreement signed

in Benin in June 2000. One of the major differences with the Lomé convention

is that the partnership aims to reinforce ACP regionalism in order to conclude

interregional arrangements with each regional groups. An other difference with

the Lomé Convention, is that the Cotonou Agreement is extended to new actors

like civil society, private sector, trade unions, local authorities, and so on. These

will be involved in consultations and planning of national development strategies,

provided with access to ﬁnancial resources and involved in the implementation of

programmes.

http://www.acpsec.org/

Members

The 27 Member States of the European Union and Angola, Antigua-Barbuda,

Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,

Central African Republic, Chad, Cook Island, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Democratic

Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, East Timor, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Green Cape, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-

Bissau, Guyana, Eastern Samoa, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati,

Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshal Island, Mauritius, Mauritania,

Micronesia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua

New Guinea, Rwanda, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines,

Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sao Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra

Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and

Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

APEC: Asia–Paciﬁc Economic Cooperation, 1989

Purposes

To serve as a forum for regular discussion on regional trade questions and

cooperation; to sustain the growth and development of the region for the common

good of its peoples and contribute to the growth and development of the world

economy; to enhance positive gains, both for the region and the world economy,

resulting from increasing economic interdependence, to include encouraging the

ﬂow of goods, services, capital and technology, developing and strengthening

the open multilateral trading system in the interest of Asia–Paciﬁc and all other

economies; to reduce barriers to trade in goods and services among participants in

European Union and New Regionalism

350

a manner consistent with WTO principles where applicable and without detriment

to other economies. The main purpose is to set up a free trade area by 2020.

http://www.apec.org/

Members

Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,

Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Peru, Russia, Singapore,

South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, United States, Vietnam.

ASEM: Asia–Europe Meeting, 1994

Purposes

In 1994 the European Commission proposed a ‘New Strategy for Asia’ and the

ASEAN member states approved the ‘Singapore Project’. From both these initiatives

emerged the principle of the Asia–Europe Meeting, with the main purpose of

bringing the two continents closer. Launched in Bangkok in 1996 between the 15

member countries of the European Union, the European Commission and 10 Asian

countries, the ASEM process has developed a global agenda and a new dynamic

between two strategic partners, Asia and Europe. ASEM Summits have taken place

every two years, alternating between Asia and Europe. ASEM potentially covers

all issues of common interest to Europe and Asia. ASEM has a comprehensive

approach, addressing the political, the economic, and the cultural and people-to-

people dimensions of Asia’s relations and partnership with Europe.

http://asem.inter.net.th/

Members

The 27 Member States of the European Union and the European Commission; the

seven member states of ASEAN; China, South Korea and Japan.

Barcelona Process, 1995

Purposes

After 20 years of increasingly intensive bilateral trade and development cooperation

between the EU and 12 Mediterranean partners, the Conference of EU and Southern

Mediterranean Foreign Ministers in Barcelona (27–28 November 1995) marked

the start of a new ‘partnership’ phase including bilateral, multilateral and regional

cooperation. The conference was a ﬁrst step towards a ‘Euro-Mediterranean

Partnership’ (hence called ‘Barcelona Process’). The Barcelona Declaration

adopted at the Conference expresses the partners’ intention to:

establish a common Euro-Mediterranean area for peace and stability based

on fundamental principles including respect for human rights and democracy

(political and security partnership);

•

Appendix

351

create an area of shared prosperity through the progressive establishment of a

free-trade area between the EU and its partners and among the Mediterranean

partners themselves, accompanied by substantial EU ﬁnancial support for

economic transition and for the social and economic consequences of this

reform process (economic and ﬁnancial partnership);

develop human resources, promote understanding between cultures and bring

peoples closer together in the Euro-Mediterranean region, as well as develop

free and ﬂourishing civil societies (social, cultural and human partnership).

http://www.euromedheritage.net/fr/rmsu/ateliers_rmsu/barcelona.htm

Members

The 27 EU member states, Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta,

Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey. Observer: Libya.

FTAA: Free Trade Area of the Americas, 1994

Purposes

The project of the Initiatives of the Americas (1990) is at the root of the Free

Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA, in Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las

Américas (ALCA), in French: Zone de libre-échange des Amériques (ZLEA)

and in Portuguese: Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA)). The latter

has as main aim to liberalize goods, services and investments. The negotiations

were launched by US President Clinton on December 11, 1994 at the Miami

summit conference of thirty-four American countries. However, the FTAA came

to public attention during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas in 2001, a

meeting targeted by massive anti-corporatization and alter-globalization protests.

The Miami negotiations in 2003 met similar protests, though perhaps not as large.

The last summit was held at Mar del Plata, Argentina in January 2005, but no

agreement on FTAA was reached. 26 of the 34 countries present at the negotiations

have pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations.

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/

Members

All the countries of the Americas except Cuba: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa

Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Ecuador, the United States, Grenada, Guatemala,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, the

Dominican Republic, St Lucia, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines,

Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela.

•

European Union and New Regionalism

352

NTA: The New Transatlantic Agenda, 1995

Purposes

On 3 December 1995 at the EU–US Summit in Madrid, European Commission

President Santer, Spanish Prime Minister Gonzalez, as President of the European

Council, and US President Clinton signed the New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA).

The agenda is essentially a political gesture. The US and EU have agreed a NTA

for making swifter and more effective progress towards the political, economic

and security goals they ﬁrst set for themselves in the Transatlantic Declaration of

1990. The Agenda drawn from a more detailed Action Plan identiﬁes a joint work

program in four areas: promoting peace, development and democracy around the

world; responding to global challenges such as international crime, the environment

and disease; contributing to the expansion of world trade and closer economic

relations; building bridges across the Atlantic.

http://www.eurunion.org/partner/euusrelations/AgendasDialoguesSummits.

htm

Members

United States of America and the 27 Member States of the European Union. Rio de

Janeiro Process, 1999.

Purpose

The ‘Rio de Janeiro Process’ started in June 1999 in Brazil with the Euro-Latin

American summit. The main purpose of this initiative is to bring the two continents

closer, creating a strategic partnership. The objective of the Rio Summit was

to strengthen the political, economic and cultural understanding between the

two regions in order to encourage the development of a strategic partnership,

establishing a set of priorities for future joint action in the political and economic

ﬁelds. A second EU-LAC Summit was held in Madrid on 17-18 May 2002. This

summit assessed progress made in the framework of the strategic partnership

established at Rio, emphasising progress in the three main pillars of the relationship:

political dialogue, economic and ﬁnancial relations including trade and capital, and

cooperation in a number of areas. On this occasion, new proposals were made

for the further strengthening of this bi-regional partnership. The third EU-LAC

Summit took place in Guadalajara (Mexico) on 28 May 2004. It achieved a great

deal ﬁnding a common policy line to the 58 participating countries: 33 LAC + 27

EU states. Strong and concrete commitments were taken in three main domains:

Social cohesion, Multilateralism and Regional Integration. The fourth EU-LAC

Summit took place in Vienna (Austria) on 12-13 May 2006. Heads of State decided

in particular, to launch negotiations for an Association Agreement between the EU

and Central America.

http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/la/index.htm

Appendix

353

Members

The 27 member states + the European Commission and all the countries of the

Americas including Cuba and except the Canada and the USA: Antigua and

Barbuda, Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, the

Dominican Republic, St Lucia, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines,

Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela.

OSCE: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1975

Purpose

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe succeeded to the

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe started on 3 July 1975, and

originated the so-called ‘Helsinki Process’. The basic act of the Conference on

Security and Co-operation in Europe was signed on 1 August 1975 in Helsinki, by

Heads of States or governments of 35 states.

Institutionalized as a permanent body on 21 November 1990 (Charter of Paris

for a New Europe), the OSCE has been enlarged and further delineated by the

Helsinki Document (July 1992). the current title has ﬁnally been adopted at the

pan-European summit of Budapest, 5–6 December 1994, to be effective from 1

January 1995.

The OSCE is a security forum and its 55 participating States span the

geographical area from Vancouver to Vladivostok. In this region, it is an important

instrument for early warning, conﬂict prevention, crisis management and post-

conﬂict rehabilitation. The OSCE includes three baskets: a) a comprehensive and

co-operative approach to pan-European security; b) human rights and elections

monitoring; c) economic and environmental cooperation. Members Albania,

Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finand,

France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,

Kazakhstan, Kyrghizstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,

Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian

Federation, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Tajikistan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,

Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Federal Republic

of Yugoslavia.

http://www.osce.org/

European Union and New Regionalism

354

TEP: The Transatlantic Economic Partnership, 1998

Purpose

Announced at the Birmingham summit of the TEP is economic pillar of the New

Transatlantic Agenda, to be achieved by ‘progressively reducing or eliminating

barriers that hinder the ﬂow of goods, services and capital’. A new private sector

group, the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD), was established to deﬁne and

promote the speciﬁc trade and investment agenda needeed to bring the marketplace

to fruition. Thanks in large part to the TABD, Washington and Brussels reached

agreement in 1997 – after years of effort – on a package of mutual recognition

agreements (MRAs) eliminating duplicative testing and certiﬁcation in six sectors.

The US government estimates that this package, which covers about $47 billion

worth of trade, eliminates costs equivalent to two or three percentage points of

tariffs. In the meantime, other problems arose that soured the prospects for broader

transatlantic economic cooperation.

http://www.eurunion.org/partner/euusrelations/AgendasDialoguesSummits.

htm

Members

United States of America and the 27 Member States of the European Union.

3 Other institutions

ECFA: Economic Commission for Africa, 1958

Purposes

United Nations initiative. To facilitate economic development and relations between

member states.

http://www.uneca.org/

Members

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central

African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo,

Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana,

Green Cape, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mozambique,

Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,

Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Appendix

355

ECLA: Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL in Spanish), 1948

Purposes

United Nations initiative. It has been working in the ﬁeld of industrial

development.

http://www.eclac.org/

Members

Antigua-Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,

Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El

Salvador, France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica,

Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, The Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, St Kitts

and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Spain, Surinam, Trinidad and

Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela.

ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Paciﬁc, 1947

Purposes

United Nations initiative (today ECAFE). The main purpose of ESCAP is to

encourage economic and social development in Asia and the Paciﬁc. It acts as a

regional centre of the United Nations and constitutes the only intergovernmental

forum for all Asia and the Paciﬁc. It implements a whole series of development

programmes through technical assistance, services for governmental cooperation,

research, training and information.

http://www.unescap.org/

Members

Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China,

Eastern Samoa, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kiribati, Kyrgizstan,

Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Island, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar,

Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, The

Netherlands, Philippines, Russia, Solomon Islands, Singapore, South Korea, Sri

Lanka, Tajikistan, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, United States,

Vanuatu, Vietnam.

ESCWA: Economic and Social Commission for West Asia, 1974

Purposes

United Nations initiative. To undertake or to support studies on economic and social

perspectives in the region, to collect and to diffuse the information, and to offer

European Union and New Regionalism

356

consulting services. The main work of the ESCWA is being led in collaboration

with other members of the UN.

http://www.escwa.org.lb/

Members

Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine Authority, Qatar,

Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.

Rio Group, 1986

Purposes

Forum dealing with political and development problems of external relations and

issues of regional integration.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_R%C3%ADo

Members

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay,

Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.