Tawa W. Japanese Stage-Step Course: Workbook 1
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
5. Pair work: Question-and-answer
Ask for the meaning in English What is your response?
1. KoNnichi wa.
2. Hajimemashite.
3. OgeNki desu ka.
4. Arigatoo.
5. Hisashiburi desu nee.
KANA PRACTICE: All combinations
1. Reading hiragana
Read the following aloud. Repeat until the sounds come fluently.
Note: = should be pronounced wa (this will be explained later) when it is in brackets [ ]. When
= is not in brackets, pronounce it as it is written, i.e., ha.
E=.NOHJG
:M9?[=]G
:MM[=]G
E-J87@OG
2BI[=]B7K;JG=%#HI/G
F[=]B7K;JG$N.IFG
2BI[=]B7KCOOHJG
2BI[=]-HC'NIHJG
$N.IFE6OIHJG
:?&:4G
:?&[=]-H@M;JG
$N.IFE6OIHJG
,@I<;J6>G
-H@MEML;JKG
EK@H;ML;JG
20 Preparatory Stage (Workbook 1)
OK;JKG
HDHD;JG$N;JKG
EK@H;G
LAN[=])MCN9OOE/ML;J6>G
)MCN94N;J6>G
LAN[=])MCN9O-7E/ML;J6>G
)MCN94N;J6>G
LAN[=]D0O;J6>G
)MCN9D0O;J6>G
LAN[=]@"O;J6>G
)MCN94N;J6>G
$N'J8H+MG
OO>G
#M7@OG
OO>OO>G
$N'D<CNOHJG
OO>$NOBIHI/G
2K<HJKG
>>2K<HJG
2K<HJKG
OO>.F2K<H+MG'NO?$E6OIHJG
2. Writing hiragana
Write the following in hiragana. Write and submit the expressions on a separate sheet of paper.
¨ morning greeting
§ afternoon greeting
greeting used before going to bed
¥ giving thanks to someone
Preparatory Stage (Workbook 1) 21
¡ apologies
¦ introducing yourself
¢ comment on the weather (good weather)
£ comment on the weather (cold)
comment on the weather (hot)
comment on the weather (not so nice)
¤ when asking how the addressee is
a response to ¤
greeting when you have not seen someone for a while
when asking your teacher to repeat something
22 Preparatory Stage (Workbook 1)
Stage 1-1 Basic Structures of Japanese
From this stage onward, each chapter in the Workbook has three steps. All tasks, including Confir -
mation and Production, should be completed orally unless writing is suggested by the instructor(s)
for specific purposes. The space available is not for writing. When writing is requested by your
instructor(s), use a separate sheet.
Step 1
c
CONFIRMATION
Read the corresponding section, Stage 1-1.1(1) and (2), in the Grammar Textbook first.
(1) Schematic composition of the basic sentence; (2) Particles
1. The basic Japanese sentence consists of the ( ) and the ( ).
2. The topic of a sentence must be marked by the particle ( ), which is pronounced ( ).
3. Read each sentence below aloud. Identify the topic of each sentence and particles from the
sentences below.
C,
wz
l
k
¶8n
B
}
l{k]L
6
f
¶85mn
@v
w
µ~8n
s
c
CONFIRMATION
Read the corresponding section, Stage 1-1.2(1) and (2), in the Grammar Textbook first.
(1) The three types of predicate; (2) Nominal predicates
1. Among the expressions learned in the Preparatory Stage, give two examples that contain nomi-
nal predicates.
1: Topic and Comment
2: Predicates
2. New vocabulary: (R: S1-1-1)
Personal names: Japanese have family and given names but no middle names. Names are cus-
tomarily given family name (surname) first, followed by the given name. For instance, UZ
kV]a, ka is the family name and UZV]a is the given name. The inclu-
sion of the characterZ]a indicates that it is a man’s name. Some women’s names end with the
syllable ] (but it is never written with the kanji Zand other kanji that are used only for men’s
names).
The name U*kVFa is a woman’s name, indicated by the use of the character *
Fa. *Fa is one of the most common endings for female given names. There are many other
possible and common endings for women’s names. A few given names may be used for both men
and women, some even using the same kanji.
All Japanese family names and most given names are officially written in kanji, although women’s
given names are often partly or entirely written in hiragana. The same name, for instance V],
a common man’s given name, may be written in any number of ways: UZ, U", U, bZ, b
", etc. The same is true of some family names as well.
The kanji used for some family and given names have idiosyncratic readings specific to the indi-
vidual. It may be difficult to read them correctly without directly asking the name holder. There are
many common names, however, that are easy to read.
Foreign names are written in katakana. Chinese and Korean names, however, are often written in
the kanji used in their home countries.
In Japan, much more often than in the United States, people use surnames (i.e., family names) to
refer to each other outside the home: this is the case in most social settings, even among good
friends. Given names are used among family members, close friends, and with children. At school,
children are most often addressed or referred to by their surnames.
u
: When addressing someone by his or her surname, add u immediately after the name
regardless of the gender or the marital status of the addressee. It is also possible to use u after
24 Stage 1-1 (Workbook 1)
1.
k
u lb
5i
¶8n
¶8n
Tanaka-san freshman Japanese
2. q
{~
y
ulK
)|i
¶8nY
5i
¶8n
Yamada-san student sophomore
3. òêò
8¢8
ulïéñë
s ªµ
¶8nJ
u5i
¶8n
Smith-san American junior
4. ãæ
p
ul9
²
5i
¶8nr
F|
¶8n
Kim-san senior South Korean
5. äíçð
§ °
ulj
ii
¶8nîèñò
©µ8
¶8n
Brown-san teacher English
6. ñ
µ
`
j
ii
l
_
|
¶8n
Li-sensei Chinese
given names. u, however, should never be used to refer to the speaker her/himself. In English,
it is acceptable to refer to oneself by saying, “I am Mr. Smith” or “I am Dr. Smith.” In Japanese,
no title should be added to one’s own name.
b5ia
: Levels of schooling, from elementary school to university, are named in
the following way:
b
5i
first-year student (freshman); first-grade student
Y
5i
second-year student (sophomore); second-grade student
J
u5i
third-year student (junior); third-grade student
9
²
5i
fourth-year student (senior); fourth-grade student
Notice that ia is a common element in the above words, and this part means “student.”
Another common part, that is, 5a, means “year.” b¨, Y¨, Jua, 9²aused
before these kanji mean “one,” “two,” “three,” and “four” respectively.
K)|i¨
: K)|ia refers to “student” at university or college level. Students or
pupils from elementary to high school are referred to as i^¨.
jii¨
: The term jii¨, which has a function somewhat similar to u, refers
to people who are giving instruction in any subject, or in any setting, or to medical doctors. This
term may be used by itself, or after a person’s surname, as in jkiia, which
can mean “Professor Tanaka,” “Dr. Tanaka,” “Mr./Ms. Tanaka” [as teacher or instructor], etc.
j
ii
]l²¡~8n
Good morning, Professor (Mr./Ms., Doctor, etc.).
k
j
ii
]l²¡~8n
Good morning, Professor (Mr./Ms., Doctor, etc.) Tanaka.
F°l
k
j
ii
¶8n
This person here is Professor (Mr./Ms., Doctor, etc.) Tanaka.
Terms for nationality: The kanji means “person,” and it is pronounced when combined
with the name of a country. When the name of a country and the kanji are combined, the com-
bination refers to the nationality.
Country Meaning Nationality Meaning
(nationality)
Japan
Japanese
r
F|
South Korea r
South Korean
_
|
China
Chinese
ïéñë
s ªµ
America ïéñë
American
îèñò
©µ8
England îèñò
English
Stage 1-1 (Workbook 1) 25
PRODUCTION
3. Preparatory task: Do mechanical practice as needed to memorize the new vocabulary for this
unit. Use the structures of this unit whenever appropriate.
4. Translation self-check: The example sentences with the new vocabulary given above have been
translated here into equivalent English sentences (the translation is not word-for-word). Try
checking the accuracy of your translation by translating them back into Japanese.
5. Express the following in Japanese.
CKim-san (freshman; South Korean)
BYamada-san (junior; Japanese)
@Brown-san (senior; English)
?Li-san (teacher; Chinese)
>Tanaka-san (sophomore; American)
=Smith-san (student; class; nationality)
&The speaker (name; class; nationality)
$Your teacher (name; nationality)
c
CONFIRMATION
Read the corresponding section, Stage 1-1.2(3), in the Grammar Textbook first.
(3) Adjectival predicates
1. Among the expressions you have learned in the Preparatory Stage, give two examples that con-
tain adjectival predicates.
2. What are adverbs? Give two examples.
26 Stage 1-1 (Workbook 1)
1. Tanaka-san is a freshman. He is Japanese.
2. Yamada-san is a student. She is a sophomore.
3. Smith-san is an American. He is a junior.
4. Kim-san is a senior. He is a South Korean.
5. Brown-san is a teacher. She is English.
6. Li-sensei is Chinese.
3. New vocabulary (R: S1-1-2)
oupa
: Adjective meaning “cold,” but used only for weather. When describing non-weather-
related things such as drinks and hands, use the adjective (7ªa.
[s7a
and
Esa
: These adjectives mean “hot” and “warm,” respectively. Although
they may be used for non-weather-related things such as “hot drinks” and “warm person,” the
kanji to write them are different: s7a for “hot drinks/other things” and sa for
“warm person/other things.”
About
oupa
and
[s7a
: Note that [s7a is used only to describe weather, but this
adjective may not be used to modify the noun Lf6a, “weather.” The following is not natur-
al Japanese:
*
}
l[
s7
]L
6
f
¶8n
*It is hot weather today.
For the same reason oupa is not used to modify the noun Lf6a.
*
}
lo
up
L
6
f
¶8n
*It is cold weather today.
Reminder: * next to a sentence indicates an unacceptable sentence.
08Vaz
: Adjective meaning “cool,” but used only for weather. This adjective is not used to
describe a person, such as in the English phrase “a cool person.”
“Hot,” “warm,” “cold,” and “cool” in English and in Japanese: The word “warm” can be used in
the summer in English; someone may say, “Oh, it is warm today.” In Japanese, the equivalent
word, Esa, which is translated as “warm,” is not used in the summer. Summer is by
definition hot, and Esa is used only when the speaker feels the warm temperature
when it is supposed to be cool or cold. So, the same principle works for the word 08Vaz,
translated as “cool.” In the meantime, it is acceptable to use the word oupa “cold” in the
summer if the speaker feels the temperature is substantially lower than what he or she expects.
Stage 1-1 (Workbook 1) 27
1.
}
lh
^
o
up
¶8n
today really cold
2.
}
l^6±[
s7
¶8n
Japan very hot
3.
}
_|
lE
s
¶8n
China warm
4.
}
îèñò
©µ8
lh
^
0
8V
z¶8n
England cool
5. ïéñë
s ªµ
l^ 6±M
]]
¶8n
America big
6. r
F|
l<
u¶8n
Korea small
M]]a
and
<au
: These adjectives describe size, meaning “big” or “large” and
“small” or “tiny,” respectively. They are used to describe people as well as things. The implications,
however, may be different from English. See the following sentences:
òêò
8¢8
ul<
u¶8n
k
ulM
]]
¶8n
Smith-san is small. Tanaka-san is big.
These adjectives in Japanese focus more on height than weight. The sentence with <au
therefore does not emphasize how slender òêò8¢8au is, but rather it means “Smith-san is
short.” In the same way, M]]aemphasizes that the person is tall. Though the person may
be of large build, the sentence does not mean that the person is fat.
PRODUCTION
4. Preparatory task: Do mechanical practice as needed to memorize the new vocabulary for this
unit. Use the structures of this unit whenever appropriate.
5. Translation self-check: The example sentences with the new vocabulary given above have been
translated here into equivalent English sentences (the translation is not word-for-word). Try
checking the accuracy of your translation by translating them back into Japanese.
6. Discourse practice: Express the following in Japanese.
CBrown-san (freshman; English). Talk about England (small; cold today).
BLi-san (senior; Chinese). Talk about China (very big; really hot today).
@Smith-san (sophomore; American). Talk about America (very big; warm today).
?Kim-san (junior; South Korean). Talk about South Korea (small; cool today).
>Yamada-san (a student; Japanese). Talk about Japan (very small; very hot today).
=The speaker (a student; class; nationality). Talk about your country (size; weather today).
c
CONFIRMATION
Read the corresponding section, Stage 1-1.2(4), in the Grammar Textbook first.
(4) Verbal predicates
1. Among the expressions you have learned in the Preparatory Stage, give two examples that con-
tain verbal predicates.
28 Stage 1-1 (Workbook 1)
1. It is really cold today.
2. It is very hot in Japan today.
3. It is warm today in China.
4. It is really cool in England today.
5. America is very big.
6. South Korea is small.
2. New vocabulary (R: S1-1-3)
The suffix
a
: When the suffix a is added to the name of a country, it means the lan-
guage of that country. xma “English language” is based on the name of English in kanji
xmF|a. Both xmF|a, and îèñò©µ8a, from the Portuguese, Inglez, are used to
refer to “England.” xmF|a sounds more formal, so it tends to be used on more formal occa-
sions, whereas îèñò ©µ8a is used more often in everyday situations.
²|
: Adverb meaning either “well” or “often,” depending on the verb in the sentence.
R
ma
: The kanji R means “home” or “house” and two readings are provided for this
kanji. Although the two readings may be used interchangeably, refers to the abstract concept
of “home” while m refers to the physical object “house.” Because of this, often is written in
hiragana.
Qmaµ~8
: The verb Qmaµ~8 indicates a return to where the topic belongs, or to the
place where the topic was prior to the assumed event: for instance, home, office, dorm, etc. In
English, such an action is expressed with the verb “to go,” as in “I will go home” or “I will go back
to my dorm room.” In Japanese, this concept may not be expressed with the verb Ia~8 “to
go”; it should be expressed with the verb Qmaµ~8 “to return.”
Stage 1-1 (Workbook 1) 29
Country Meaning Language National
language
Japan
Japanese
r
F|
South Korea r
Korean
_
|
China
Chinese
ïéñë
s ªµ
America x
m
English
îèñò
©µ8
England x
m
English
1. òêò
8¢8
ul
)²| v
w
µ~8n
Japanese well understand
2. ãæ
p
ulx
m
)%
8F
zG
lk
i~8n
English a little can speak
3.
k
ul²|
I
~8n
often go
4. \
sz
q
{~
y
ul R
m
Q
m
µ~8n
tomorrow home return
5. äíçð
§ °
uld
~
XS
/}
z~8n
every day study