Szilas A.P. Production and transport of oil and gas, Gathering and Transportation
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Developments in Petroleum Science,
18
B
PRODUCTION
AND TRANSPORT
OF
OIL
AND GAS
Second completely revised edition
PART
B
Gathering and transportation
DF.VEL,OPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE
Advisory
Editor:
G.
V. Chilingarian
1.
i\
GENE COLLINS
GFOCHEMISTRY
OF
OILFIELD WATERS
2
W.
H.
FERTL
ABNORMAL FORMATION
OF
PRESSURES
3
A
P.
SZILAS
PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT
OF
OIL
AND GAS
4
C
E. B. CONYBEARE
GEOMORPHOLOGY
OF
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
IN SANDSTONE BODIES
5
T
I.-.
YEN and
G.
V. CHILINGARIAN (Editors)
011-
SHALE
6
D.
W.
PEACEMAN
FLINDAMENTALS
OF
NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION
7
G.
V.
CHlLlNGARlAN and
T.
F.
YEN (Editors)
BITLMENS. ASPHALTS AND TAR SANDS
8
L
1'.
DAKE
F1:WDAMENTALS
OF
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
9K
MAGARA
COVPACTION AND FLUID MIGRATION
10
M
T.
SlLVlA and E. A. ROBINSON
DECONVOLUTION
OF
GEOPHYSICAL TIME SERIES IN THE
EXPLORATION FOR OIL AND NATURAL GAS
I
I
<I.
V. <'HILlNGI\RIAN
and
P.
VORABIJTR
DRILLING AND DRILLING FLUIDS
12
T
VAN GOLF-RACHT
FRACTURED HYDROCARBON-RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
I3
I
JOHN FAYERS (Editor)
ENtLANCED OIL RECOVERY
14
C;.
MOZES (Editor)
PAR
A
FFI
N PRODUCTS
15
0.
SERRA
I.
Thf: acquisition
of
logging
data
16
R
E. CHAPMAN
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
17
1..
C.
DONALDSON.
G.
V. CHILINGARIAN and
T.
F.
YEN
ENHANCED
OIL
RECOVERY
I.
F
undamentals and Analyses
18
A.
P.
SZILAS
PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT
OF
OIL AND GAS
Second completely revised edition
A.
I.'low
mechanics and production
9.
Gathering and transportation
FVNDAMENTALS
OF
WELL-LOG INTERPRETATION
Developments in Petroleum Science,
18
B
PRODUCTION
AND
TRANSPORT
OF
OIL
AND
GAS
Second completely
PART
B
Gathering and transportation
by
A.
P.
SZILAS
revised edition
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam-Oxford-New
York-Tokyo
1986
Joint
edition published by
Elsevier Science Puhlishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
and
Ak;tdkniai Kiado, the Publishing House
of
the Hungarian Academy
of
Sciences,
Budapest, Hungary
Fir\t English edition
1975
Translated by B Balkay
Second revised and enlarged edition
1985
and
I986
Translated by B. Balkay and
A.
Kiss
Thc distribution
of
this book is being handled by the following
puhlishers
for the
CJ.S.A.
and Canada
Elsevier Science Publishing
Co.,
Inc.
52
Vanderbilt Avenue,
New York, New York
10017,
USA.
for
the
East European Countries, Korean People’s Republic, Cuba, People’s Republic
of
Vietnam and Mongolia
Kultura Hungarian Foreign Trading
Co.,
P.0.Box
149, H-1389
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for
.ill
remaining areas
Elsevier Science Publishers
Sara
Hurgerhartstraat
25,
P.0
Box
21
I,
lo00
AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Library
of
Congress Cataloging Data
S;ril;ts.
A.
Pd.
Production and transport
of
oil and gas
(Ikvelopments in petroleum science;
I
XB-)
Tr;inslation of Kiiolaj
is
fiildgiztermelis.
I
I’etroleum engineering.
2.
Petroleum-Pipe lines
3.
<;as,
Natural -Pipe lines.
I.
Title.
11.
Series.
TNX70.S9413 I984
622’.338
84-13527
ISBN
0-444-99565-X
(V.
2)
ISBN
0-44499564-
I
(Series)
(
Akddemidi
Kiddo,
Buddpest
1986
Printed in Hungdry
Contents
List
of
symbols and units for frequently used physical quantities
Chapter
6.
Gathering and separation
of
oil and gas
6.
I.
Line pipes
6.1.1.
Steel pipes
6.
I
.2.
Plastic pipes, plastic-lined steel pipes
6.1.3.
Wall thickness
of
pipes
6.2.1.
Valves
6.2.
Valves, pressure regulators
(a) Gate valves
(b) Plug and ball valves
(c)
Globe
valves
6.2.2.
Pressure regulators
6.3.
Internal maintenance
of
pipelines
6.4.
Separation
of
oil
and gas
6.4.1.
Equilibrium calculations
6.4.2.
Factors affecting recovery in the separator
(a) Separator pressure
(b) Separator temperature
(c) Composition
of
the wellstream
(d)
Stage separation
(a) Vertical separators
(b) Horizontal separators
(c) Spherical separators
(a) Choice
of
the separator type
(b)
Separator sizing
(a) Cyclone separators
(b) Three-phase (oil-water -gas) separators
(c) Automatic metering separators
6.4.3.
Basic separator types
6.4.4.
Separator selection
6.4.5.
Special separators
6.4.6.
Low-temperature separation
6.5.
On-lease
oil
storage
6
C'ONTFIUTS
6.5.
I.
Storage
losses
6.5.2.
Oil
storage tanks
6.6.
Fluid tolume measurement
6.6.1.
Measurement
of
crude volume in
tanks
6.6.2.
Dump meter
6.6.3.
Fluid measurement by orifice meters
6.6.4.
Critical flow power
6.6.5.
Positive-displacement meters
6.6.6.
Turbine type flow meters
6.6.7.
Other measurements
6.7.
Oil
and gas gathering and separation systcms
6.7.
I.
Viewpoints
for
designing gathering systems
with
well-testing centres
6.7.2.
Hand-operated well-testing centres
6.7.3.
The automated system
(a) Automated well centres
(b) Automatic custody transfer
(a) The design and location
of
optimum well producing syskms
(b)
Localion
of
the units gathering, treating and transporting
lluici
(c)
The production tetrahedron
6.7.4.
Design of
field
integrated oil prducLion
by\lemb
(FIOPSI
streams from wells
Chapter
7.
Pipeline transportation
of
oil
7.1.
Pressure waves. waterhammer
7.1.
I.
The reasons
of
the waterhammer phenomenon and its mathematical
7.1.2.
Pressure wave in the transport system
7.
I
.3.
Presbure waves
111
oil pipelines
7.2.1.
Mixing at the boundary
of
two slugs
7.2.2.
Scheduling
of
batch transport
7.2.3.
Detection
of
slug's borders
7.3.
I.
The detection
of
larger leaks
7.3.2.
The detection of small leaks
7.4.1.
Oil
transportation with or without applying tanks
7.4.2.
Design
of
fundamental transport operations
representation
7.2.
Slug transportation
7.3.
Leaks and ruptures in pipelines
7.4.
Isothermal
oil
transport
(a) Pressure traverse and maximum capacity of pipelines
(b) Increasing the capacity of pipelines by looping
(c)
Location
of
booster stations
(d) Optimum diameter and trace of the pipeline
(A)The optimum pipe diameter
(B)The optimum trace
of
pipelines
(e) Selection
of
centrifugal pumps
7.5.
lsothermal
oil
transport system
7.6.
Non-isothermal
oil
transport
9
I
95
i07
103
I
Oh
107
I
I7
I
I?
I
Ih
I
lr;
171
I??
124
12x
131
170
140
141
143
115
117
147
147
153
I
56
I
hi
163
167
16')
170
172
175
177
177
179
179
1
X4
1
xx
190
IY
I
195
19x
207
215
CONTENTS
7
7.6.1.
Thermal properties
of
soils
7.6.2.
Temperature
of
oil in steady-state
flow,
in buried pipelines
7.6.3.
The heat-transfer coeflicient
7.6.4.
Calculating the head
loss
for the steady-stale
flow
(a) The
oil
is Newtonian
(A)Chernikin's theory
(B)
Ford's theory (with modification)
(bj The
oil
is
thixotropic-pseudoplastic
7.6.5.
Temperature
of
oil
in transient
flow,
in buried pipelines
7.6.6.
Startup pressure and its reduction
(a) The
oil
is Newtonian
(bj The crude is
thixotropic-pseudoplastic
7.6.7.
Pipelines transporting hot
oil
7.7.
I.
Heat treatment
7.7.2.
Solvent addition
7.7.3.
Chemical treatment
7.7.4.
Oil
transport in a water bed
7.7.
Methods
of
improving flow characteristics
Chapter
8.
Pipeline transportation of natural gas
8.1.
Physical and physico-chemical properties
of
natural gas
X.1.
I.
Equation
ol
state, compressibility. density, gravity
X.
1.2.
Viscosity
8.1.3.
Specific heat, molar heat. adiabatic gas exponent. Joule Thornso.
8.1.4.
Hydrocarbon hydrates
X.2.
Temperature
of
flowing gases
8.3.
Steady-state
flow
in pipeline systems
effect
8.3.1.
Fundamental
flow
equations
X.3.2.
Loopless systems
8.3.3.
Looped systems
8.4.
Transient flow in pipeline systems
8.4.1.
Relationships
for
one pipe Row
8.4.2.
Flow in pipeline systems
8.5.
I.
Principle
of
computation
8.5.2.
Review
of
system-modelling programs
8.5.
Numerical simulation
of
the
flow
in pipeline system by computer
(a) General programs suitable also for the modelling
of
gas
transmissiot
(b) Programs modelling steady states
(c) Programs modelling steady and transient states
(d) Programs solvable by simulation
systems
8.6.
Pipeline transportation
of
natural gas; economy
215
220
223
232
232
23'
235
-.
'
79
240
247
247
249
255
26
I
26
I
266
27
I
275
279
2x
I
2x2
'XX
2x9
293
207
3(X)
301
303
306
315
316
3'1
i
2
j
375
32X
329
329
330
33
I
335
References
34
I
Subject
index
350
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
L'
d
.I/
h
h
h
k
k
k
r
List
of
symbols
and units for frequently used
physical quantities
temperature distribution or diffusivity
factor
specific heat
per unit mass
per mole mass
compressibility
diameter
figure of merit of pipe
acceleration of gravity
head
loss of flow
height, elevation difference
specific enthalpy
equivalent absolute roughness
specific cost of transportation
heat transfer factor per
unit
length
heat transfer factor per
unit
surface
reflectivity factor
transmissivity factor
length, distance from the origin
number
of
moles of system
exponent of exponential law
pressure
pseudoreduced pressure
reduced pressure
volumetric flow rate
mass flow rate
radius
wall thickness of pipe
mixed slug length
valve travel
time, duration, period
of pipe
m2/s
JAkg
Ki
J/(kmole
K)
mZ/N
m
m2;s
m
m
J/kg
m
Ft/(kg
km)
._
m
-
m
3/s
kgls
m
m
m
m
S