Swaminathan N., Bray K.N.C. (eds.) Turbulent Premixed Flames
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Nomenclature 413
Acronyms
ACARE Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe
ATDC after top dead centre
AFR air fuel ratio
BACT best available control technology
BARCT best available retrofit control technology
BDC bottom dead centre
BFG blast furnace gas
BMEP brake mean effective pressure
BSFC brake specific fuel consumption
BTDC before top dead centre
CAA clean air act
CAEP Committee on Aviation and Environmental Protection
CFD computational fluid dynamics
CI compression igrition
COG coke oven gas
CSP computational singular peturbation
DI direct injection
DLE dry low emissions
DLN dry low NO
x
DLTD Darrieus–Landau thermodiffusive instability
DNS direct numerical simulation
DPF diesel particulate filter.
EGR exhaust-gas recirculation
EI emission index: grams of pollutant per kilogram of fuel burnt
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FGM flame-generated manifold
FLOPS floating-point operations per second
FPI flame prolongation ILDM
FSD flame surface density
GHG green house gas
GLM generalised langevian model
HCCI homogeneous charge compression ignition
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
ILDM intrinsic low-dimensional manifold
IMEP indicated mean effective pressure
ISA international standard atmosphere
ISAT in-situ adaptive tabulation
ISFC indicated specific fuel consumption
LBDI learn burn direct injection
LES large-eddy simulation
LDG Linz–Donawitz gas (a by-product of steel making)
LMS least mean squares
LNG liquefied natural gas
LPP lean premixed prevapourised
LTO landing and take off (cycle)
414 Nomenclature
LTC low temperature combustion
MFB mass fraction burnt
MFM multidimensional flamelet-generated manifolds
NAAQS national ambient air quality standards.
NGV nozzle guide vane
OLTF open-loop transfer function
OPR overall pressure ratio at 100% SLS thrust
PDF probability density function
PFI port fuel injection
PIV particle image velocimetry
PLIF planar laser-induced florescence
PM particulate matter
PRF primary reference fuel.
RANS Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes
RHP right half-plane
RQL rich–quench–lean (NO
x
reduction strategy)
SCR selective catalytic reduction
SDR scalar dissipation rate
SFC specific fuel consumption
SGS subgrid scale
SLS sea-level static
SMD Sauter mean diameter.
STR self-tunning regulator
TAPS twin annular premixing swirler
TDC top dead centre
TET turbine entry temperature
TRL technology readiness level
UHC unburnt hydro carbon.
ULBDI ultra lean burn direct injection
URANS unsteady RANS
VOC volatile organic compound
VTEC variable value timing and lift control.
YAG Yttrium aluminium garnet
YLF Yttrium lithium flouoride
Index
Acetylene-air mixture 4, 156
Acid rain 247
Actuator 174, 187–193, 196, 198–200
Acoustics 177, 190, 198–199, 203, 205, 214, 219,
226–227, 229, 397
Boundary condition 217, 219
Acoustic impedance 212, 219–221, 229
Acoustic mode 176, 186, 206, 215, 219, 349
Longitudinal (axial) 206, 215
Circumferential 186–187, 192, 219
Shape 186
Acoustic wave 151–152, 161–162, 164, 166, 168,
173–174, 176,
178, 189–192, 194, 202–203, 206,
210, 222, 346
Activation
energy 9, 154
Adiabatic 42, 85, 102
–103, 126, 299
Air-fuel ratio (AFR) 256–259, 261, 263, 268–274,
277, 299, 322, 331
Altitude relight 317, 322–324, 326, 332
Arnoldi iterative method 218
Arrhenius 111, 169, 208, 222, 394
Atomisation 10, 304–305, 329, 333, 397, 400
Auto-ignition 6, 10, 103, 169–173 , 289–293, 295,
299–300, 303, 314, 327–328, 330, 332, 339–340,
342, 345, 348–350, 366–367, 375, 377, 396–400
Delay time 171, 327–
328, 348
Auto-ignitive burning 4, 152, 168, 173
Propagation velocity 168–169, 171
Two-stage 292
Average
Reynolds 11–12, 66, 92, 151, 206, 275, 376
Favre 66, 75, 77, 85–86, 114
Phase 12, 269, 388
Mass or density weighted
– see Favre
Backward-rate coefficient 9
Bandpass filter 192
BML 18, 41–43, 47–48, 60, 76, 84, 93, 97, 104,
108
Bechtold-Matalon theory 156
Bird ingestion 328
Biofuel 251–252, 396
Bivariate 47
Blast furnace gas (BFG) 339
Blowoff see blowout
Blowout 345, 378, 383–386, 395, 397, 400
Bluff-body 68, 103, 105, 366, 378
Bode diagram 194
Body force 6, 8
Boussinesq approximation 207
Bridging function 83–84
Broadened preheat zone 395, also see thin
reaction zones
Brownian motion 113, 305
Burning mode 3, 55, 75, 97, 103
Burning velocity 32, 66, 76, 339
Laminar 15, 24, 63, 65, 107, 121, 124, 128,
152–153, 155–156, 161–162, 164, 166–167, 386
Turbulent 31–32
, 52, 62–63, 65–66, 104, 107,
111–113, 117–118, 168, 381, 384, 391–394
Bypass ratio 311, 316–317, 319, 323, 330, 332
Calorific value 338–339
Canonical vortex 389
Carbon footprint 378
Catalyst (catalytic) 3, 244, 251, 253
–255, 259,
261–262, 265, 274, 294–296, 304, 342, 344, 365,
397–398
Converter 253, 255, 259, 274, 295
Reduction of NOx with ammonia 254, 342
Three-way 244, 253, 255, 259, 274, 294–295, 342
CFD 27, 151, 219, 275–277, 289, 331, 333–335, 349,
351, 376, 383, 400
Chemical kinetics 28, 31, 171, 372, 377, 396, 400
Chemical reaction rate
see reaction rate
Chemical time scale 56–57, 98, 103, 132
Chemical length scale see flame thickness
Coke oven gas (COG) 339
Closure
Conditional turbulence intensity 106–107, 113
Conditional velocity 47, 104
Conditional scalar dissipation rate 23, 76, 102,
108, 399
Pressure terms 114
415
416 Index
Closure (cont.)
Reaction rate (model) 20, 23, 27, 32, 49, 53, 55,
74–75, 108, 115
Second-moment 17–19, 21, 41, 43, 49–50, 54, 58,
103–104, 106–108, 110, 113–115, 118, 122, 129
Combined cycle 311, 335–336
Combustion
Auto-ignitive 168
Catalytic 397–398
Efficiency 291, 296, 331, 339, 370
Flameless 365–367, 377, 397
Fuel lean (also lean) 1–4, 6, 10, 244, 256, 259,
273, 285, 300, 302, 304, 307–308, 313, 335, 339,
346, 376, 381, 400
Highly
preheated 365–366
Mild
see flameless
Non-premixed 23, 28, 68, 74, 76, 122, 208, 287,
300–301, 378, 380, 382–383, 395, 399
Partially premixed 2–3, 6, 9–10, 21, 32–33, 70,
84, 102–105, 108, 124, 208, 229, 278, 286, 303,
378, 381–383, 387–388, 391, 395, 400
Premixed see lean premixed
Lean
premixed 2–3, 8, 23, 29, 70–72, 74, 76, 84,
105, 173, 176, 200–201, 304, 313, 316, 318, 320,
328, 332, 342, 346–347, 366, 378–383, 386, 397,
400
ultra-lean 20, 260, 263, 272–273, 275, 277, 294,
367–371, 374, 380
Spray 10–11, 302, 400
Stratified 3, 261, 273, 275, 277 (define stratified
in p3)
Combustion instability
see instability
Combustion regime 14, 29–30, 66, 70–71, 82
Corrugated Flamelets 16, 65, 87, 89
Wrinkled Flamelets 15, 89
Distributed reaction 15–16, 395
Thin reaction zones 15–16, 65, 74, 87, 395
Thickened flame 83
Well-stirred 109
Combustion induced oscillation 401,alsosee
combustion instability
Combustor
Annular 182, 202, 218, 221, 226, 228, 319, 326,
336–
337, 343
Configuration 320, 336
DLN 337, 340, 343–350, 378–382
Liner 174, 180, 189, 218, 321, 343, 374–375
LPP 329, 336, 339–340, 342, 378, 380–381
Low-swirl 378, 380
TAPS 12, 314, 320
, 322, 379–382
Compression ignition (CI) 173, 245–246, 252–256,
286, 288–289, 291, 294, 296–297, 300–301, 303,
306, 308, 365
Conditional moment closure
(CMC) 23, 25, 27–28,
61, 76, 102, 386, 391, 399
Conditional mean 23, 47–48, 61–62
Dilatation 52
Reaction rate 23
Scalar dissipation rate 23, 25, 102
Velocity 18–19, 47, 50
Conserved scalar 9, 10, 74, 127, 382, 384,alsosee
mixture fraction
Consumption speed 32
Control
Active 174, 176, 188–189, 191–192, 198, 201, 351
Adaptive 174, 196–198, 200
Closed loop 189, 192, 195–196, 198
Model-based 192, 194
Open loop 189, 192–
194, 196–197, 199
Passive 176
Tuned 187–189
Controller design 194
Controller implementation 196
Counter-gradient 87–88, see scalar flux
Co-variance 11, 13, 19, 21, 23, 33, 43–44, 47–49, 54,
58, 268, 277
Cross-flow 370, 379, 381, 383, 385–386, 395
Cross-stream 329, 334, 399
Cross-stream averaged CMC 399
Curl model 104, 111–114, 122, 125, 131
Cycle efficiency 259, 300, 311, 335
, 349
Cyclic variability 271, 307
Damk
¨
ohler number 14
–15, 18, 23–25, 41, 45, 48,
52, 56, 58, 66–67, 75, 81–99, 102–105, 108,
111–112, 121, 123, 131–132, 384, 389, 398–400
Density weighted Damk
¨
ohler number 91, 92,
94–95
Detonation 151–152, 168–169, 171–173
Dilatation 52–53, 78–79, 84–86, 88–90, 96–97, 107,
202
Dilution
Air 72, 127, 346
Effect 103, 295, 321, 324
Holes 222, 375
Product 16, 72, 74, 294, 339
Dirac delta function 22, 44
Displacement
speed 24, 32, 63, 65, 95
Dissipation rate 17, 23, 25, 70–71, 74, 77–78, 87,
99, 101–102, 384
Algebraic model 25, 97–99
Cross 21, 70
Mixture fraction 21
Progress variable 20–21, 75, 79,
81, 83–84,
97–99, 108
Turbulent kinetic energy 17
, 19, 91, 107, 133
Dissipation-curvature effect 83
DNS 11–12, 16, 26, 28, 31–33, 43, 46, 50–53, 56–57,
60, 76–78, 84, 86–88, 90–100, 102, 107–108,
111, 115, 120–121, 151, 160, 171, 173, 209,
377–378, 382, 386, 390–393, 395–396, 398,
401
Double delta (function) 56, 75
Droplet 10
, 151, 269, 271, 275, 280, 282–285,
305–306, 332, 376
Diameter 275, 279, 304
Evaporation 263, 309, 383, 397, 400
Eddy viscosity 17, 28, 106–107, 129, 133
Eddy-flamelet ineraction 386–387, 389–391
Index 417
EGR 3, 259, 261, 263, 273–274, 278, 289–290,
293–304, 308, 365–366
Eigen-
Decomposition 88, 93
Frequency 188, 226, 228–229
Mode 218, 226–229
Valu e 88, 203, 217–219
Emissions legislation (regulations) 2, 245, 253,
263, 397
Clean air act (CAA) 244–245, 247, 249, 255, 265
Clean air for Europe (is this CAFE?) 245–247,
248
Emissions see pollutant emissions
Equation
CMC 23, 399
Conservation 6, 106–108, 110, 122, 133,
175
Governing 1, 6, 11, 110–111, 134, 206
Field 24
, 60, 74
First-moment 14, 16, 42
Fokker-Planck 113
FSD 24, 30, 61, 63–64, 67, 72, 76, 389–390, 394
Helmholtz 215–216, 226
MDF 105–106
Navier-Stokes 6, 11, 41, 67, 151, 202–203,
206–207, 210, 376
(J)PDF 22–23, 58, 63, 106, 113
Level set or G 28, 53, 61, 63–65, 67–68, 71, 381,
394, 398, see Equation –
Field
Progress variable 18
Reynolds stress or flux 44, 47, 107–108
Scalar dissipation rate 77, 80, 82–83, 87, 102, 398
Scalar gradient
Second-moment 19, 43, 49, 54, 58, 114, 134
State – 7, 17, 42 85, 204
Turbulent flow 13
Wave 215–216
Equivalence ratio 3–5, 52, 70–72, 97, 124, 152–153,
198–199, 202, 204, 222, 227, 256
–259, 262–263,
271, 276–277, 280, 283–286, 290–291, 299–300,
302–303, 305–306, 308, 313, 322, 330, 345–346,
366, 368–374, 379, 381–382
Engine 15–16, 201, 218, 226, 312, 323, 327, 365,
378, 380, 397
Aeroderivative 343, 350
Cycle 317, 332
Design 317, 322, 396
Four-stroke 288, 296
Gas
turbine 2, 186, 229, 311, 342, 365, 376
Growl 381
HCCI 173, 252, 265, 288–300, 304, 306, 308–309,
365–366, 378, 395, 397
Internal combustion (also SI,
CI) 2–3, 8, 47, 103,
168–170, 173, 244, 256, 304, 365, 383
Knock 172, 290, 396
Low-emission 371
Noise 290, 295, 316–317, 321, 343, 366
Two-stroke 288, 295–296
Ethanol 157, 251, 292, 303
Ethylene-air 5, 112, 162
Euler, Eulerian 48, 61
, 64, 105, 110, 216, 220
Exhaust gas recirculation see EGR
Explosion
Confined 164, 167
Spherical 154, 156, 160–161, 163, 167
Thermal 169, 172–173
Unconfined 162
Vented 164
Extinction 16, 50, 66, 77, 103–104, 114, 122–126,
130–131, 153, 158–159, 166–168, 280, 305,
322–323, 339, 346, 382, 387, 396
Fast F
ourier transform (FFT) 188
Feedback 152, 165, 174, 189–191, 194–195, 200
FGR 3
Ficks Law 7, 9, 61–62
Filtered density function (FDF) 103, 110, 131
Filter scale or size 13, 28, 30–31, 64, 66, 73, 103,
206, 391, 393–394, 399
Filtered reaction rate 29–30, 101, also see sub-grid
model
Finite element 203, 209, 217–218
First-moment equation see Equation
Flame
Blowout, blowoff 122, 345, 378, 383–386, 395,
397, 400
Cellular 151, 156–161,
164–166
Compact 199, 205, 213, 378
Cool 292, 301, 304, 306
Cracked 157
Curvature 24, 29, 53, 62–63, 91, 95, 152–153,
159, 390–391
Cusp 159, 381
Front position 65, 71
Index 3, 382, 395
Kernel 90, 96–97, 99, 103, 168, 259, 264, 271,
306–307
Lift-off 378, 384
Leading edge 100, 104, 109, 111, 132, 153, 164,
167
, 383
Non-premixed or diffusion see
non-premixed
combustion
Partially premixed see partially premixed
combustion
Pilot 123, 201, 319–320 327, 345, 379–380, 383
Premixed see premixed combustion
Propagation 62, 64, 73, 83–84, 91, 100, 120, 162,
164–166, 169, 173, 264, 365
Quenching 152, 168, 257, 399
Response 176–177, 204–205, 223–228
Spherical 32, 103, 154–155, 160, 162, 392–393
Stratified see stratified combustion
Stretch 53–54, 58, 63, 76, 91,
100, 152, 154, 157,
159–161, 391
T
hickened 28–30
, 53, 67, 83, 208, 383
Transfer function (FTF) 177, 199, 206, 210, 212,
214–215, 222, 224, 226–229
Triple 382–384
Flamelet acceleration 120–121
Flame-brush thickness 67
Flame-generated turbulence 101
418 Index
Flame holder 68
Flame speed 157–158, 160–162, 165–166, 205, 339,
342, 348, 380
Laminar 4–5, 31, 53, 64, 84, 86, 208, 384
Modified 92, 95
Normalised 4
Stretched 154–155, 157–158, 161
Turbulent 1, 31, 65, 100–102
Unstable 160–161
Flame surface density (FSD) 25–26, 28–29, 32, 42,
53–55, 60–65, 67–69, 71–74, 76–77, 92, 98
Flame thickness 39, 54–
55, 57, 65–66, 111, 152,
154, 395
Thermal thickness 15, 67, 208, 391, 394
Zeldovich thickness 15, 57, 99
Flame tracking 30, see G-equation
Flame wrinkling factor 29, 73, 98, 391
Flammability limit 128, 264, 371, 382
Flash-back (flashback) 10, 50, 202, 326–328,
330–331, 339–340, 342, 345, 347–349, 366, 375,
380–381, 395–397, 399–400
FLOPS 377
Fluctuation level parameter 84
Forward-rate
coefficient 9
Four-step scheme 114
Fractal 29–30, 98, 108, 115, 160
Fuel consumption 245–246, 260–265, 273, 277, 298,
304, 319, 327
Fuel economy 244–247, 252, 255, 274, 277, 279,
296–297, 307–309
Corporate average fuel economy 245, 247
Fuel-air mixing 3, 313, 322, 333, 342, 385, 397
Fuel-air ratio (FAR) 177, 304, 306, 311, 318, 331,
345–347, 349
, 366, 368
Fuel injection (injector) 174, 177
, 190–191, 221,
253–254, 256, 258, 263, 266–267, 269, 271, 273,
279, 289, 298, 308–309, 312–313, 318–320, 324,
326–327, 330, 332–334, 336–339, 342, 344,
348–349, 379, 381, 383, 386
Axially staged 319, 326, 367–368
Tubes 374–375
(Fuel) rich combustion 286, 289, 373, 382, 397, 400
Fuel spray 263, 272, 277
, 279, 283, 301, 305, 334,
397
Fuel staging 315, 320, 322–323, 325, 345
Fuel temperature 318
G-equation 24–25, 28, 53, 60–61, 63–68, 71, 74,
381, 394, 398
Gasoline 168–170, 173, 244, 246–248, 252–256,
261, 263, 269, 279, 282, 288, 291–297, 300,
303–305, 308, 375
Gas turbine 3, 11, 15–
16, 103, 190, 197, 202, 206,
214–215, 229, 313, 322, 327–328, 333, 337,
341–342, 345–347, 349–351, 365–368, 374–375,
378–379, 381, 383, 386, 388, 396, 399
Aero 2, 186, 312, 326, 332
Stationary/industrial/ground-based 201, 311,
335–336, 340, 342, 345, 349–350
Turbine entry temperature
(TET) 310
Generalised FSD 24–25, 30, 55, 62
Ghost-fluid-method 67
Gibson length scale 29
Greenhouse gas 27, 244, 396
Heat loss 72, 259, 261, 271, 273, 278, 397, 400
Heat release rate 4, 30, 56–59, 63, 74, 165–171,
174, 176, 196, 198, 289, 304, 346, 387, 397
Heat-release-induced straining 89, 94–95
Heaviside function 44, 72, 111, 124
Heat release
Mean 56–59, 174, 192
Parameter 20, 41, 85
Unsteady 173–174, 189–190, 203–205, 217, 223
Helmholtz
Damper 347
Equation see Equation –
Helmholtz
Resonator 174, 178, 182–189
Solver 206, 215, 221, 224, 226–229
High expansion ratio 118
High-pressure ratio 337, 366
High-speed imaging 306, 378
Homentropic 216
Hot spot 169, 171–172
Huygen 24, 382
Hydrocarbon-air mixture 5, 168
Hypothesis 12, 73, 83, 87, 133, 229, 389, 401
Ergodic 12
Ignition 3, 44, 68, 131, 163–164
, 172–173, 252,
256–257, 259, 263–266, 272, 278–279, 286,
293–294, 297, 302, 304, 319, 326, 365, 368, 395
Auto- 6, 10
, 103, 152, 169–171, 174, 289–290,
295, 299, 314, 327, 330, 332, 339, 342, 345, 348,
366, 375, 377, 396, 399–400
Chemical 4
Delay stage/time 4, 170, 285, 292, 300, 303
Timin
g 269–271, 277, 285, 289, 301, 366
Two-stage 290, 292–293
Injection timing 259, 263, 267–270, 273, 275,
277–278, 300
Interaction index 205
Internal combustion engine see engine
Instability (-ies)
Cellular 157
Combustion 173, 176–177, 186–187, 191–193,
196, 203, 218, 320–321, 323–324, 327, 331,
339–340, 343, 345–350, 381, 383, 387–388
Darrieus-Landau
2, 153
Hydrodynamic 2
K
elvin-Helmholtz 151
Rayleigh-Taylor 2, 163–
164
Thermoacoustic 2, 152, 164–166, 173, 176, 202,
204–206, 208–209, 216, 226, 229, 331
Thermo-diffusive 2, 87
integral scale 74, 386, 389, 391, 393
Intermittency 42, 45, 47, 49, 60
Internal EGR 289, 295, 297–298, 365,–seeFGR
Irrotational 216
Isenthalpic flow 8
Index 419
Isentropic 162, 183, 220
Isocomposition 32
Isoscalar 26, 61–63, 74, 89
Isosurface 24, 32, 47, 53–55, 61, 63–64, 66–67, 74,
76–77, 214
Jacobi-Davidson method 218
k-ε model 17, 41, 105, 129–130
Karlovitz number 15, 29, 41, 53, 89, 91, 384
Karlovitz stretch factor 58, 152, 157, 167
Kerosene 222, 313, 332, 348, 366, 375–376
Klimov-Williams 15–16
Kolmogorov scale 15, 26–27, 29, 41, 75, 89, 98–100,
109, 209, 392
Lag
factor 158
Lagrangian 107–108
, 110, 114, 117, 119, 129, 134
Laminarisation 166
Langevin model 103, 135
Binomial 104, 113–115, 128
Generalized 107
Laser instrumentation 304
CARS 304, 306
ILIDS 304
LIF 276, 304–305
LII 304
Mie scattering 282–285
Phase-Doppler anemometry 269, 332
PIV see velocimetry
PLIF 269–270, 275–276, 283, 302, 305–306,
369–371
, 380–382, 387–389, 395
Rayleigh scattering 302, 305, 395
,
R-CARS 306
Velocimetry 165, 304, 381,
LBDI 252–253, 255, 260–261, 272–274, 308, 314
Leading edge 104, 109, 111, 132, 153, 164, 167, 280,
383
speed 100
Leading-order terms 86, 97–98
Lean-burn 3, 15–16, 173, 176, 245–248, 252–253,
255–265, 267, 269, 271, 273–274, 278–280, 295,
298–299, 301, 304, 306–309, 315, 322, 331–334,
340, 400
Lean premixed pre-vapourised (LPP) 200
, 320,
327–329, 331–332, 336, 339–340, 342, 344–345,
348–349, 378, 380–383
Level-set method see G-equation, field equation
Lewis number 7–8, 20, 31, 42–43, 52, 78–79, 85–87,
89, 96, 153–154
LES 11–14, 16, 27–33, 41–42, 52, 60–69, 73, 75,
101–103, 107, 131, 151, 202–203, 205–215,
221–224, 226–229, 333–334, 376, 381, 383, 386,
389–395, 398–400
Linear eddy model (
LEM) 26–28, 31
Linz-Donawitz gas (LDG) 339
Least mean square estimation (LMSE) 83,
104–106, 113–114
Liquified natural gas (LNG) 339
Local
Air quality 314, 340, 342
Damkohler number 89, 91–92
Extinction see extinction
Karlovitz number 89
Look-up table 70–71, 74
Low-dimensional 27, 73
Low temperature combustion (L
TC) 252, 288,
290, 294, 299–301, 306, 308–309
Low-order method 203
Low-Mach-number 42, 67, 85, 105, 107, 122, 210,
221
Markstein number 59, 76, 152–153, 155, 161,
166–167, 384
Markstein diffusivity 91, 95, 97
Mass fraction burned (MFB) 271
Mass-weighted 13, 22, 45
Mean flow equation see first moment equation
MFM 70
Micromixing 25, 102
Misfire 257, 259, 278, 290–291, 296, 306, 396
Mixing frequency see scalar dissipation rate
Mixture formation 275–276,
280–282, 305
Mixture fraction 9, 14, 21
, 23, 27, 69, 71, 74,
124–125, 289, 384–385
Monovariate 21
Monte-Carlo 103, 110, 114
Multiscale 104, 109, 131
Multivariate 47
Nanoparticle 397
Navier-Stokes equation 67, 202–203, 206–207, 210
National ambient air quality Standards (NAAQS)
247–249
Non-adiabatic 103
Non-gradient see counter-gradient
Non-premixed see flame
NOx (see also Pollutant emissions: Nitrogen
oxides)
After treatment 253, 258, 263
Control 342, 345
Emissions limits 317, 341, 350
Nyquist 191, 194–196
Obukhov-Corrsin scale 99
One-step 105, 222
Operability 311, 313
, 320–322, 324
Order of magnitude analysis (OMA) 77, 79,
81–82, 85
Oscillation Frequency 164, 200, 226
Out-of-flamelet contribution 84
Overall pressure ratio (OPR) 309–311, 314,
317–318, 329–332
Over-pressure 162
Particle interaction model 104
Particulate filter 252
PDF
Beta 21–22, 56, 59
Definition 18
420 Index
PDF (cont.)
Favre (mass weighted) 22, 45, 53, 83
Flamelet 56, 59
Joint 22–23, 46–47, 58, 76, 97, 102, 105, 131
Presumed 21–25, 27–28, 53–54, 56, 69, 73, 115,
398
Reynolds 45
Transported 22–23, 25, 27–28, 102–105, 107,
109–115, 122–123, 126–127, 130, 134, 399–400
Peclet number 154–155, 159
Perforated plate 178–180, 182, 185
Perturbation growth rate 154–
155
Phase locked 387–388
PIV 280, 381–382, 388–389, 391, 395
PLIF 269–270, 275–276, 283, 302, 305–306,
369–371, 380–382, 387–389, 395
Pollution 244, 249, 251, 255, 307, 309, 311, 314,
316, 342, 365
Pollutant emissions
Carbon monoxide 4, 71, 122, 126, 171, 247, 251,
253, 258, 265, 274, 280, 287, 291, 296, 299–300,
304, 306, 313–316, 320–321, 327, 334, 340, 346,
365–366, 370, 372–376, 378–382, 387, 395, 397,
400
Carbon dioxide 4, 71, 222, 244
–246, 254–255,
263, 287, 291, 294, 304, 308, 316, 339, 344,
365–366, 373, 378–380
Hydrocarbon 246, 251, 253–254, 257–258, 264,
277, 280, 291, 300–301, 304, 378, 397
Nitrogen oxides 4, 132, 168, 173
, 202, 245–247,
250–251, 253–255, 257–259, 261–263, 265, 268,
270, 273–274, 277, 286, 291, 293–296, 298–300,
303–304, 307–308, 310, 312–322, 324–329,
331–332, 335–337, 340–345, 349–350, 365–366,
369–370, 372–373, 375–376, 378–382, 387, 395,
397
Ozone 246–251, 254–255, 316, 329, 341
Particulates 247–248, 250–253, 255, 304, 308,
341, 397
Soot 31, 66, 277–278, 280, 286, 289, 299, 301,
303–305, 366, 382, 395, 397
P
oly-aromatic cyclic
hydrocarbon 397
Port fuel injection 258, 298
Positive definite 78, 198
Power generation 2, 311, 339, 366, 379
Power-producing devices 1
Prandtl number 7, 208, 340
Premixing
Duct 327–331, 345, 347–348
Length 320
Pressure-acceleration see pressure-dilatation
Pressure-dilatation 19, 107, 115–116, 118–119
Pressure ratio 172, 309–312, 315, 317, 321, 329,
331–332, 335, 337, 350, 366
Pressure-related 19, 105, 107, 132
Progress variable 18, 21, 23–25, 27,
42, 46–47, 49,
52, 54, 58, 62, 65–68, 72–77, 82–83, 85–86,
95–96, 98–100, 115, 117–118, 122–123,
127–130, 167, 394, 399
Propane-air flame 68, 163
Quasi-1D 219–
220
Quasi-random 47
Radiation 7, 166, 218, 316, 323, 341, 348, 375, 382,
397, 399–400
RANS 11–14, 16, 26, 28, 31–33, 41–42, 49–50,
60–64, 66, 68, 75, 101–102, 151, 206–207,
214–215, 376, 383, 386, 389, 393, 398–400
Rayleigh scattering 302, 305, 395
Reaction
mechanism 8, 56
Reaction rate 8, 11, 14, 16, 20–21, 23, 26–30, 32, 43,
47, 49, 53, 55–58, 60, 74, 78, 81, 86–87, 101,
103, 108–109, 111–112, 114–116, 132, 208, 327,
339, 382, 394, 398–399
Reaction surface 21, 389
Reaction-zone structure 47
Realisability 58
, 98–99, 103
Recirculation 3, 127, 168, 259, 282–283, 294, 326,
348, 365–366, 378–379, 381, 383, 386, 388
Reignition 103, 152, 323
Relight 166, 168, 313, 317, 322–324, 326, 332
Residence time 171, 259, 313
, 316, 321, 325, 328,
343, 349, 369, 381–383
Resolution 13, 29, 33, 70–71, 86, 101, 160, 202, 223,
305, 307, 378, 387, 389, 392, 395
Reynolds number 11, 14–15, 33, 43, 76, 79, 82, 96,
102, 104, 109, 111, 120, 121, 124, 126, 130, 132,
151, 167, 209, 340, 392, 401
Reynolds flux 16, 43, 44
Reynolds
stress 11, 13–14, 16–17, 19, 28, 41, 43–44,
47, 49, 80–81, 92, 107–108, 110, 122, 132–134
Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) 3, 320–321
Rich dome 380
Rijke tube 191–194, 196–197, 200–201
Round-off errors 111
Scalar transport
Counter-gradient 19, 22, 28, 32, 42, 47, 50–52,
87–88, 101, 108, 116, 122, 124, 399
Gradient 17, 19, 22, 28, 32, 41–43, 47, 50–52,
103, 117, 399
Equation 50, 118,
also see equation
– second
moment
Scalar-dissipation-rate 25, 71, 74
Scalar gradient alignment 89–90, 93, 98
Schmidt number 7, 15, 18, 28, 79, 106, 208
Scramjet 383, 386
Self-tuning regulator 197
Sensitivity 4, 32, 55, 58, 102, 122–123, 125–126,
169, 228, 333, 397
Sequestration 366
Shear-stress component 6
Shock-tube experiment 9
Shock
wave 164, 168–169, 171–172
Single-point 64, 83, 113
Smoke 277–279, 286, 304, 307, 313–314, 318, 321,
365
SO
2
247, 250–251, 340–341
Sound absorption 178, 180–181, 186
Space-filtered 64
Index 421
Spark-ignit(ed)(ion) (SI) 3, 47, 173, 245–246, 248,
252–253, 255–258, 263–264, 271, 280, 286, 289,
291, 296, 299, 306–309
Spark (ignition) timing 269–271, 277, 289,
295–296, 301, 366, see also ignition – timing
Spark location 279
Spray combustion 10–11, 302, 325, 400
Spray break-up 305
Staging
Axial 343
Parallel 343
Steady-state flame 114
Steam injection 311, 340, 343
Stoichiometric 3, 8, 10, 68–69, 99, 105, 111–112,
119–124, 162, 164, 170–171, 252–257, 259–261,
263–264, 267–268, 271, 273–274, 288, 291, 296,
300, 308, 331, 346, 384–385
Stoichiometric
coefficient 8
Strain tensor 88
Stratification 72, 269
, 275, 277, 279, 284, 290–291,
299, 306, 382
Stratified charge 257, 261, 263–265, 267, 269, 277,
279, 283, 285, 289
Streamtube 32, 52–53, 152
Stretch efficiency function 30
, 389, 392, 394–395
Stretched flamelet 59
Stretch leakage 62
Stretch rate
Extinction 153, 168
Strouhal number 178–181, 183–184
Subgrid
Dynamic model 28–31, 64
Flux 28
Kinetic energy 28
PDF 29–30
Reaction (burning) rate 28, 62, 69, 101
Scale-similarity 28
Smagorinsky 28, 222, 394
Surface-based 64
Surface density function (SDF) 24–25, 54–55,
76–77
Surface-to-volume ratio 116, 119
Swirl 168, 221–223, 226–229, 266–272,
275,
279–281, 291, 300, 314, 320, 325–327, 329, 332,
348, 365–366, 368–369, 378, 380, 383, 385–386,
388
Swirler
Air 325–326
Counter-rotating 221
Syngas/synfuel 339, 342, 378
–380, 398
Tabulated chemistry 30, 68–69
Taylor microscale 58, 78–79
Thermoacoustic see instability
Thermochemistry 4, 42, 103–105, 113, 122, 400
Thermodiffusive see instability
Thermal-expansion effect 77–79
Thickened flame model 28, 30, 67
Thickening factor 208–209,
394
Thrust 309–311
, 313, 315, 317, 319, 322–323,
327–330, 367
Timer-averaging procedure 110
Time-dependent mean value 12
Time scale ratio 80, 98, 108–109, 113–114,
121–126, 132
Transfer function 177, 193–194, 196, 198–199, 206,
212, 223, 391
Tumb l e 267–269
Turb i ne 2–3, 11, 15–16, 103, 186, 190, 197, 201–202,
206, 214–215, 219, 229, 309, 335, 365–368,
374–375, 378–379, 381, 383, 386–388, 396–399
Turbulence-chemistry interaction 208
Turbulence-induced
extinction 168
Turbulence-scalar interaction 78, 80, 84, 86–87,
90–91, 93
Turbulent flame quench (quenching) 152, 168,
257, 259, 274, 319, 397–400
Turbulent kinetic energy 14, 17, 48, 50, 91, 107,
130, 133–134, 209, 268
Turbulent scalar flux see Reynolds flux
Turbulent Prandtl number 208
Turbulent Schmidt number 18, 208
Turbulent transport see Reynolds flux, Reynolds
stress
TVD scheme 110
Twin annular premixing swirler (TAPS) 10, 314,
320, 322, 379–382
Two-phase flow 334, 376
T
wo-way 2
ULBDI 260–261
Unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) 66, 274, 278–279,
291, 296, 299, 303, 313–315, 381
U-shaped 60
Ultra-lean 20, 260, 263, 272–273, 275, 277, 294,
367–371, 374, 380
Unstable mode 192, 195–196, 201, 215
Variable density 28, 81, 107
Velocity-reaction formulation 43, 104
Vaporization 222, 320, 376
Variable geometry 174, 321, 324, 345
Vari a nce
Favre
45, 75–76
Transport equation 45
V
iscous dissipation see dissipation rate
Water injection 311, 326, 339
Water ingestion 322
Wave equation 215–216
Wave number 154–156, 158–159, 186, 209–210,
220
Well-stirred 109
Wide-angled diffuser 100
Workhorse 75
Zeldovich number 20, 86, 88, 154
Zero-order approximation 119