Cambridge University Press, 2011. 438 p. ISBN:0521769612.
A work on turbulent premixed combustion is timely because of increased conce about the environmental impact of combustion and the search for new combustion concepts and technologies. An improved understanding of lean fuel turbulent premixed flames must play a central role in the fundamental science of these new concepts. Lean premixed flames have the potential to offer ultra-low emission levels, but they are notoriously susceptible to combustion oscillations. Thus, sophisticated control measures are inevitably required. The editors' intent is to set out the modeling aspects in the field of turbulent premixed combustion. Good progress has been made recently on this topic. Thus, it is timely to edit a cohesive volume containing contributions from inteational experts on various subtopics of the lean premixed flame problem.
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Fundamentals and Challenges
Aims and Coverage
Background
Goveing Equations
Chemical Reaction Rate
Mixture Fraction
Spray Combustion
Levels of Simulation
DNS
RANS
LES
Equations of Turbulent Flow
Combustion Regimes
Modelling Strategies
Turbulent Transport
Reaction-Rate Closures
Models for LES
Data for Model Validation references
Modelling Methods
Laminar Flamelets and the Bray, Moss, and Libby Mode
The BML Model
Application to Stagnating Flows
Gradient and Counter-Gradient Scalar Transport
Laminar Flamelets
A Simple Laminar Flamelet Model
Conclusions
Flame Surface Density and the G Equation
Flame Surface Density and the G Equation
Flame Surface Density
The G Equation for Laminar and Corrugated Turbulent Flames
Detailed Chemistry Modelling with FSD
FSD as a PDF Ingredient
Conclusion
Scalar-Dissipation-Rate Approach
Interlinks among SDR, FSD, and Mean Reaction Rate
Transport Equation for the SDR
A Situation of Reference – Non-Reactive Scalars
SDR in Premixed Flames and Its Modelling
Algebraic Models
Predictions of Measurable Quantities
LES Modelling for the SDR Approach
Final Remarks Transported Probability Density Function Methods for Premixed Turbulent Flames
Alteative PDF Transport Equations
Closures for the Velocity Field
Closures for the Scalar Dissipation Rate
Reaction and Diffusion Terms
Solution Methods
Freely Propagating Premixed Turbulent Flames
The Impact of Molecular-Mixing Terms
Closure of Pressure Terms
Premixed Flames at High Reynolds Numbers
Partially Premixed Flames
Scalar Transport at High Reynolds Numbers
Conclusions
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
References
Combustion Instabilities
Instabilities in Flames
Flame Instabilities
Turbulent Buing, Extinctions, Relights, and Acoustic Waves
Auto-Ignitive Buing
Control Strategies for Combustion Instabilities
Energy and Combustion Oscillations
Passive Control
Tuned Passive Control
Active Control
Simulation of Thermoacoustic Instability
Basic Equations and Levels of Description
LES of Compressible Reacting Flows
3D Helmholtz Solver
Upstream–Downstream Acoustic Conditions
Application to an Annular Combustor
Conclusions references
Lean Flames in Practice
Application of Lean Flames in Inteal Combustion Engines
Legislation for Fuel Economy and for Emissions
Lean-Bu Combustion Concepts for IC Engines
Role of Experiments for Lean-Bu Combustion in IC Engines
Concluding Remarks
Application of Lean Flames in Aero Gas Turbines
Background to the Design of Current Aero Gas Turbine Combustors
Scoping the Low-Emissions Combustor Design Problem
Emissions Requirements
Engine Design Trend and Effect of Engine Cycle on Emissions
History of Emissions Research to C.E. 2000
Operability
Performance Compromise after Concept Demonstration
Lean-Bu Options
Conclusions
Application of Lean Flames in Stationary Gas Turbines
Common Combustor Con?gurations
Fuels
Water Injection
Emissions Regulations
Available NOx Control Technologies
Lean Blowoff
Combustion Instability
Flashback
Auto-Ignition
Exteal Aerodynamics
Combustion Research for Industrial Gas Turbines
Future Trends and Research Emphasis references
Future Directions
Utilization of Hot But Gas for Better Control of Combustion and Emissions
Axially Staged Lean-Mixture Injection
Application of the Concept to Gas Turbine Combustors
Numerical Simulation towards Design Optimization
Future Directions and Applications of Lean Premixed Combustion
LPP Combustors
Reliable Models that Can Predict Lift-Off and Blowout
Limits of Flames in Co-Flows or Cross-Flows
New Technology in Measurement Techniques
Unresolved Fundamental Issues
Summary
Future Directions in Modelling
Modelling Requirements
Assessment of Models
Future Directions references
Nomenclature
Index
A work on turbulent premixed combustion is timely because of increased conce about the environmental impact of combustion and the search for new combustion concepts and technologies. An improved understanding of lean fuel turbulent premixed flames must play a central role in the fundamental science of these new concepts. Lean premixed flames have the potential to offer ultra-low emission levels, but they are notoriously susceptible to combustion oscillations. Thus, sophisticated control measures are inevitably required. The editors' intent is to set out the modeling aspects in the field of turbulent premixed combustion. Good progress has been made recently on this topic. Thus, it is timely to edit a cohesive volume containing contributions from inteational experts on various subtopics of the lean premixed flame problem.
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Fundamentals and Challenges
Aims and Coverage
Background
Goveing Equations
Chemical Reaction Rate
Mixture Fraction
Spray Combustion
Levels of Simulation
DNS
RANS
LES
Equations of Turbulent Flow
Combustion Regimes
Modelling Strategies
Turbulent Transport
Reaction-Rate Closures
Models for LES
Data for Model Validation references
Modelling Methods
Laminar Flamelets and the Bray, Moss, and Libby Mode
The BML Model
Application to Stagnating Flows
Gradient and Counter-Gradient Scalar Transport
Laminar Flamelets
A Simple Laminar Flamelet Model
Conclusions
Flame Surface Density and the G Equation
Flame Surface Density and the G Equation
Flame Surface Density
The G Equation for Laminar and Corrugated Turbulent Flames
Detailed Chemistry Modelling with FSD
FSD as a PDF Ingredient
Conclusion
Scalar-Dissipation-Rate Approach
Interlinks among SDR, FSD, and Mean Reaction Rate
Transport Equation for the SDR
A Situation of Reference – Non-Reactive Scalars
SDR in Premixed Flames and Its Modelling
Algebraic Models
Predictions of Measurable Quantities
LES Modelling for the SDR Approach
Final Remarks Transported Probability Density Function Methods for Premixed Turbulent Flames
Alteative PDF Transport Equations
Closures for the Velocity Field
Closures for the Scalar Dissipation Rate
Reaction and Diffusion Terms
Solution Methods
Freely Propagating Premixed Turbulent Flames
The Impact of Molecular-Mixing Terms
Closure of Pressure Terms
Premixed Flames at High Reynolds Numbers
Partially Premixed Flames
Scalar Transport at High Reynolds Numbers
Conclusions
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
References
Combustion Instabilities
Instabilities in Flames
Flame Instabilities
Turbulent Buing, Extinctions, Relights, and Acoustic Waves
Auto-Ignitive Buing
Control Strategies for Combustion Instabilities
Energy and Combustion Oscillations
Passive Control
Tuned Passive Control
Active Control
Simulation of Thermoacoustic Instability
Basic Equations and Levels of Description
LES of Compressible Reacting Flows
3D Helmholtz Solver
Upstream–Downstream Acoustic Conditions
Application to an Annular Combustor
Conclusions references
Lean Flames in Practice
Application of Lean Flames in Inteal Combustion Engines
Legislation for Fuel Economy and for Emissions
Lean-Bu Combustion Concepts for IC Engines
Role of Experiments for Lean-Bu Combustion in IC Engines
Concluding Remarks
Application of Lean Flames in Aero Gas Turbines
Background to the Design of Current Aero Gas Turbine Combustors
Scoping the Low-Emissions Combustor Design Problem
Emissions Requirements
Engine Design Trend and Effect of Engine Cycle on Emissions
History of Emissions Research to C.E. 2000
Operability
Performance Compromise after Concept Demonstration
Lean-Bu Options
Conclusions
Application of Lean Flames in Stationary Gas Turbines
Common Combustor Con?gurations
Fuels
Water Injection
Emissions Regulations
Available NOx Control Technologies
Lean Blowoff
Combustion Instability
Flashback
Auto-Ignition
Exteal Aerodynamics
Combustion Research for Industrial Gas Turbines
Future Trends and Research Emphasis references
Future Directions
Utilization of Hot But Gas for Better Control of Combustion and Emissions
Axially Staged Lean-Mixture Injection
Application of the Concept to Gas Turbine Combustors
Numerical Simulation towards Design Optimization
Future Directions and Applications of Lean Premixed Combustion
LPP Combustors
Reliable Models that Can Predict Lift-Off and Blowout
Limits of Flames in Co-Flows or Cross-Flows
New Technology in Measurement Techniques
Unresolved Fundamental Issues
Summary
Future Directions in Modelling
Modelling Requirements
Assessment of Models
Future Directions references
Nomenclature
Index