Sussex R., Cubberley P. The Slavic Languages

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Masc masculine

N nasal (vowel)

Neg negative

Neut neuter

Nom nominative

O, Obj object

Obl oblique

Pal palatal

Part participle

Pass passive

Pej pejorative

Perf perfect

Pers person, personal

Pl plural

Poss possessive

PPP past passive participle

Pred predicate

Pref prefix

Prep preposition

Prepnl prepositional

Prfv perfective

Pro pronominal

Procl proclitic

Pron pronoun

PV1 First Palatalization of Velars

PV2 Second Palatalization of Velars

PV3 Third Palatalization of Velars

Q question

Refl reflexive

Rel relative

S subject

Sg singular

Sup supine

Trans transitive

V verb; vowel

Vel velar

Voc vocative

A.2 Linguistic terms 589

APPENDIX B: ORTHOGRAPHY

AND TRANSLITERATION

B.1 Diacritics and symbols

B.1.1 Diacritics

Note

1. Where orthographic use is noted (‘orth.’), details may be found in

section II).

2. ‘Spec. orth.’ means orthographic only in special contexts, mainly

lexicographic and pedagogical.

3. ‘Translit.’ means transliteration from Cyrillic.

¨(vertical prime)

phonetic (before a syllable): primary stress in IPA, or abnormal stress

in fixed-stress languages

(subscript prime)

phonetic (before a syllable): secondary stress in IPA or in fixed-stress

languages

(italic prime)

phonemic (after a consonant) palatalized consonant (see B.2 below)

translit. (after a consonant): Cyrillic { (‘‘soft sign’’)

(double italic prime)

translit. (after a consonant): Russian Cyrillic y (‘‘hard sign’’)

(acute)

orth. (over a consonant): (alveolo-)palatal: Pol, Sorb s

, Mac k

orth. (over a vowel): quality: Pol o

¼ [u], Sorb o

¼ [¨u

] or [o]

orth. (over a vowel): long vowel in Czech and Slovak

phonemic (over a vowel): Proto-Slavic rising (acute) pitch

spec. orth. (over a vowel): long rising tone in B/C/S; in Slovenian either

the same or (in the non-tonal variant) high

quality of long /e/ and /o/; stress in East Slavic

and Bulgarian

’(apostrophe)

orth. (after t, d, l): palatal: Cz, Slk t’= [c], d’ ¼ [g], l’ ¼ [

]

590

phonemic (after a consonant): palatal consonant, e.g. /k’/

(grave)

spec. orth. (over a vowel): short rising tone in B/C/S; short falling tone or

short vowel in Slovenian

translit. (over e): e

in Russian and Belarusian ¼ Cyrillic ’

(double grave)

spec. orth. (over a vowel): short falling tone in B/C/S

(circumflex)

orth. (over o): Slk o

¼ diphthong [u

]

(caron)

orth. (over e): Cz, PSl e

¼ /j + e/ or /e/ with palatalization

of the preceding consonant

orth. (over a consonant): Czech, Slovak, B/C/S, Slovenian

palatal (post-alveolar) consonant, e.g. c

zˇ n

(breve)

phonemic (over a vowel): short vowel in Indo-European and

Proto-Slavic

translit. (over a vowel): Blg a˘ ¼ Cyrillic y, phonetic schwa [

]

Bel u˘ ¼ Cyrillic Ó, phonemic /w/ or u

/ ( [w] )

k(inverted breve)

phonemic (over a vowel): Proto-Slavic non-rising (circumflex) pitch

spec. orth. (over a vowel): long falling tone in B/C/S; in Slovenian

either the same or (in the non-tonal variant)

low quality of long /e/ and /o/

(subscript inverted breve)

phonemic/phonetic (under i, u): semivowel or glide (/i

_(dot)

orth. (over z): Pol

z ¼ /zˇ /([d])

+(diaeresis)

orth. (over a): Slk a

¼ [æ]

orth. (over e): Bel e

¼ /jo/ or ‘soft consonant + /o/’

spec. orth. (over e): Rus e

¼ /jo/ or ‘soft consonant + /o/’

˛(hook, ogonek)

orth. (under a, e): Pol e˛ a˛ ¼ nasal vowels

phonemic (under e, o): PSl e˛ o˛ ¼ nasal vowels

–

(macron)

phonemic (over a vowel): longvowel in Indo-European and Proto-Slavic

spec. orth. (over a vowel): long post-tonic vowel in B/C/S

(ring, circle)

orth. (over u): Cz u

¼ long [u:]

(subscript ring, circle)

phonemic (under a consonant): vocalic (syllabic) consonant, e.g. /r

B.1 Diacritics and symbols 591

phonetic (under a consonant): voiceless consonant, e.g. [r

]

(subscript vertical line)

phonetic (under a consonant): vocalic (syllabic) consonant, e.g. [r

]

superscript letters:

B.1.2 Symbols

B.2 Orthographical systems

B.2.1 Old Church Slavonic (table B.1)

The order of letters is by the transliterated form (col. 1) of the most commonly

accepted alphabetical order, based on the numerical value of the letters, as well as

the standard order in the modern Cyrillic alphabets (col. 1a). (The use of letters

for numbers followed the Ancient and Medieval Greek principle, and also the

Greek values up to omega, after which there is some uncertainty about the values of

certain letters (Col. 1b).) The Glagolitic forms are given in col. 2 (both older, round,

and later, Croatian ‘‘square’’ shapes), and col. 2a gives the numerical values, which

were allotted to all letters in distinction from the Cyrillic values. Col. 3 gives the

formal reflexes of the letters in the modern Cyrillic languages (as marked: no

comment means that all languages have this shape and value, a dash means none

have it).

B.2.2 Modern languages (tables B.2–B.12)

The order of letters is by the alphabetical order of each language. In non-Cyrillic

languages diacritic forms and digraphs which represent separate phonemes but are

not lexicographically distinguished are indented and marked as follows:

1. ¼ may be initial (thus have a capital form) and are ordered separately

within a lexicographic entry (this type is rare, since a capital normally

implies a separate letter section);

w phonemic/phonetic (after a consonant): labialized consonant, e.g. k

h phonemic/phonetic (after a consonant): aspirated consonant, e.g. k

j phonemic/phonetic (after a consonant): palatalized consonant, e.g. t

˜ phonemic/phonetic (after a consonant): velarized consonant, e.g. l

# in examples: word boundary

- in examples: word-internal morpheme separator for word-structure

and glosses

– in examples: orthographical hyphen in morpheme-separated examples

592 Appendix B

B.1. Old Church Slavonic

1 1a 1b 2 2a 3

Translit. Cyrillic Numerical Glagolitic Numerical Modern

1 1 ‘

– 2 a

2 3 b

3 4 c

4 5 d

5 6 e

zˇ

– 7 f

6 8 Mac s

7 9 g

8 20 h

10 10 Bel, Ukr i

pre–1918 Rus i

– 30 Serb  (and “)

20 40 i

30 50 j

40 60 k

50 70 l

70 80 m

80 90 n

100 100 o

200 200 p

300 300 q

400 400 r

500 500 s

600 600 t

800 700 –

900 900 u

90 1000 v

– 800 w

– – Blg, Rus x

(

)) – – Blg, Rus œ

– – Bel, Rus œI

ı˘ ({)

– – Blg, ESl {

)

– – pre–1918 Rus

pre–1945 Blg

ju – – }

–– –~

– – – Ukr «

e˛

900 ––

e˛/je˛

– ––

o˛

– – pre–1945 Blg

jo˛ – ––

60 – – –

700 – – –

9 – pre–1918 Rus o

i/v

400 – pre–1918 Rus v

B.2 Orthographical systems 593

2. ¼ may be initial (hence with capital), but are not ordered separately;

3. ¼ may not be initial, but are ordered separately;

4. ¼ may not be initial and are not ordered separately.

For Cyrillic languages, the order is by transliterated forms in Cyrillic order, with

Cyrillic shown in col. 2.

For the phonemic ‘‘realizations’’ of the letters, refer to chapter 3 for the effects,

the major ones being:

1. devoicing of word-final obstruents (all except B/C/S and Ukrainian);

2. neutralization of voice in obstruent clusters (all languages, at least to

some extent);

3. assimilation of place or mode of consonant articulation in clusters (all

languages, at least to some extent);

4. vowel quality changes related to stress position (especially Russian

and Belarusian, also Bulgarian and Slovenian; orthographically

reflected only in Belarusian).

Where the basic phonemic transcription differs from the graph, it is shown in

slashes.

B.2. Bulgarian

Translit. Cyrillic Translit. Cyrillic

aAa pOn

b Ba r Po

v Cb s Qp

g Dc t Rq

d Ed u Sr

dzˇ (2) Ef df f Ts

e Fe x Ut

zˇ Gf c Vu

z H ˛ c

i I

I s

j ˜— s

t Yx

k Ji a

Z œ

l Kj

(3) {

m Lk ju ^}

n Ml ja _~

o Nm

594 Appendix B

B.3. Macedonian

Translit. Cyrillic Translit. Cyrillic

aAa nMl

b Ba nj §

v Cb o Nm

g Dc p On

d Ed r Po

`cﬀ s Qp

e Fe t Rq

zˇ Gf k

ﬀ

iﬀ

z Hg u Sr

dz S ‹ f Ts

i I I x (h) Ut

j ¥ﬁ c Vu

k Ji c

l Kj dzˇ '†

lj ƒﬂ s

m Lk ’’

B.4. B/C/S

(Order is of the Roman (Croatian) alphabet; Cyrillic

order matches others, especially Macedonian)

Roman Cyrillic Roman Cyrillic

aA Aa lL Kj

bB Ba lj Lj ƒﬂ

cC Vu mM Lk

Wv nN Ml

¤– nj Nj §

dD Ed oO Nm

dzˇ Dzˇ '† pP On

dj Dj (d¯Ð) ¡ “ rR Po

eE Fe sS Qp

fF Ts s

gG Dc tT Rq

hH Ut/x/ u U Sr

iI I I vV Cb

jJ ¥ﬁ zZ H ˛

kK Ji zˇ Z

B.2 Orthographical systems 595

B.5. Slovenian

a A lj Lj

bB mM

cC nN

nj Nj

dD oO

dzˇ Dzˇ pP

eE rR

fF sS

gG s

h H /x/ t T

iI uU

jJ vV

kK zZ

lL zˇ Z

B.6. Russian

Translit. Cyrillic Translit. Cyrillic

aAa rPo

b Ba s Qp

v Cb t Rq

g Dc u Sr

d Ed f Ts

e Fe x Ut

(2) ˆe

/o/ c Vu

zˇ Gf c

z Hg s

i Ih s

j ˜—

(3) œ

k Ji y [z

l Kj

(3) {

m Lk e

n Ml ju ^}

o Nm ja _~

p On

596 Appendix B

B.7. Ukrainian

Translit. Cyrillic Translit. Cyrillic

aAa mLk

b Ba n Ml

v Cb o Nm

h Dc p On

(g ¥·)rPo

d Ed s Qp

dz (2) Eg dg t Rq

dzˇ (2) Ef df u Sr

e Fe f Ts

je « « x Ut

zˇ Gf c Vu

z Hg c

y Ih s

i I i s

ji ¸ ı

ju ^}

j ˜— ja _~

k Ji

(3) {

l Kj ’(4) ’

B.8. Belarusian

Translit. Cyrillic Translit. Cyrillic

aAa oNm

b Ba p On

v Cb r Po

h Dc s Qp

d Ed t Rq

dzˇ (2) Ef df u Sr

dz (2) Eg dg u

˙

f Ts

e Fe x Ut

ˆ e

/o/ c Vu

zˇ Gf c

z Hg s

i I i y [z

j ˜—

(3) {

k Ji ’(4) ’

l Kj e

m Lk ju ^}

n Ml ja _~

B.2 Orthographical systems 597

B.9. Polish

aA łŁ /w/

a˛ (3) m M

bB nN

cC n

(3)

ch Ch (2) /x/ o O

cz Cz (2) /c

(3) /u/

dD rR

dz, Dz (2) rz Rz (2) /zˇ /

dz´ Dz´ (1) s S

z (1) /dzˇ / sz Sz (2) /s

eE s

e˛ (3) t T

fF uU

g G w W /v/

(h H) /x/ y Y

iI zZ

jJ z´ Z

Z/zˇ /

B.10. Sorbian

aA oO

bB o

(4) (not LSorb) /uo/

cC pP

dD r

(3) (not LSorb) /s

dz´ Dz´ LSorb: r

(4) /r

eE sS

(3) /ie/ s

f F LSorb: s

gG tT

hH c

ch Ch (not LSorb) /x/ u U

iI wW

j J y (4)

kK zZ

łŁ /w/ zˇ Z

l L LSorb: z´ Z

(4)

598 Appendix B