Sussex R., Cubberley P. The Slavic Languages
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these Germans were resettled in parts of Germany, and Poles were re-establishe d
in the newly vacated zones. The Polish inhabitants of these areas are not
dialectally homogeneous, having come from different parts of the country, a
situation mirrored in similarly resettled areas of the Czech and Slovak Republics.
These factors limit the numbers of transitional dialects, particularly to Czech and
Slovak in the south, since Polish has not had the same long-standing direct
dialectal contact with Czech and Slovak. However, there are transitions to
Kashubian in the north, and historically to Belarusian and Ukrainian in the east.
The traditional dialects of Polish are four – five, if Kashubian (Pol Kaszuby,
kaszubski)(Kash) is also counted as a dialect. As noted in 2.4.3, Kashubian is both
less than a language and more than a dialect of standard Polish, hence its appear-
ance in this chapter under ‘Polish dialects’ but with a subset of its own dialects
(10.4.2.3). The four areas are: (a) Great Poland (Pol Wielkopolska)(Wielk) in the
west, centred on the cities of Poznan
´
and Gniezno. These dialects are generally held
to have been the basis for the formation of literary Polish. As a result, they show
fewer features which distinguish them from modern standard Polish; (b) Little
Poland (Pol Małopolska)(Mał) in the south-east, centered on Cracow (Pol Krako
´
w),
an important second influence on the development of the modern standard lan-
guage; (c) Mazovia (Pol Mazowsze)(Maz), the area around the capital Warsaw
Table 10.8. Dialects of Sorbian
(‘ ¼ CS’ here means the same as either Upper Sorbian or Lower Sorbian as appropriate)
CS-USb USb-Dial Trans-Sb LSb-Dial CS-LSb
Phonology
/g/ h ¼ CS W-: h; E-: g ¼ CS g
/c
ˇ
c/ both ¼ CS W-: c
ˇ
; E-: c ¼ CS c
/t
0
d
0
/c
´
/dz´ ¼ CS c
´
/dz´ ¼ CS s
´
/z´
Morphology
Supine – ¼ CS – þ (North) –
Verbal Noun -enjo -enjo/-enje -enjo/-enje ¼ CS -enjo
Dual Number þ(South) þ¼CS þ
Nom/AccDuMasc -aj ¼ CS W-: -aj; E-: -a ¼ CS -a
MascPers þ¼CS – ¼ CS –
Aor/Imperf þ¼CS – ¼ CS –
Lexical
‘yes’ haj haj/ju/jow W-: haj; E-: jo ¼ CS jo
‘who’ s
ˇ
to
´
s
ˇ
tu do chto/ko chto
‘say’ prajic
´
prajic
´
/rjec prajic
´
¼ CS gronis
´
10.4 West Slavic 529
(Pol Warszawa) and to its east and north-east; and (d) Silesia (Pol S
´
las
´
k)(Sil ) in the
south-west, around the mining city of Katowice.
The Polish dialects are traditionally divided by Mazovianism (Pol mazurzenie),
which is found in Mazovia, Małopolska and northern Silesia. Mazovianism
involves the collapse of the dentals and post-alveolars /s
ˇ
zˇ c
ˇ
dzˇ / into a single series
of dentals /s z c dz/, similar to the cokan
0
e of Belarusian and north Russian
dialects:
(34) CS-Pol czapka [¨tS
apka] ‘hat’ Maz [¨ts
apka]
CS-Pol
_
zaba [¨daba] ‘frog’ Maz [¨zaba]
10.4.2.1 Phonology
Features distinguishing Polish dialects include the many realizations
of the nasal vowels (/a˛ e˛/): in Mał both may appear as denasalized [a]
or [O] (East Mał) or nasal [a
˜
] (South Mał); the back nasal may be [Om],
the front nasal [
~
e] (West Mał); this last is also the result in West Maz,
while Central Maz has [a
˜
] for /e˛/ and [u
˜
] for /a/. Only in Sil are the
nasal vowels and distinct quality retained. Wielk shows the realization
typical of the colloquial standard (3.3.2.3).
Prothetic /v w/ before /o/ are common in Wielk (and Kash): CS-Pol
oko ‘eye’, Wielk [vOkO], Kash [wOkO].
Apart from Mazovianism, the most widely used characteristic distin-
guishing the dialects is regressive assimilation of voice across word-
boundaries (see 3.4.3.4). In Maz (and in Kash) final voiceless consonants
are not voiced before a word beginning with a vowel or a sonorant; in
Wielk, Mał and Sil such consonants are voiced:
(35) brat idzie ‘the brother is going’
CS-Pol, Maz [¨brat ¨ide] Wielk, Mał, Sil [¨brad ¨ide]
brat robi ‘the brother is doing’
CS-Pol, Maz [¨brat ¨rOb
i
i] Wielk, Mał, Sil [¨brad ¨rOb
i
i]
In Wielk, and also in Kash, the progressive assimilation of /v/ to [f] does
not take place: CS-Pol two
´
j ‘your [SgMasc]’ [tfuj], Wielk, Kash [tvuj].
Maz shows an instability in the palatalization of the velars /k g/ before
/e˛/: standard Polish hard velars can be softened: CS-Pol moge˛ [¨mOg
~
e]
‘I can’, Maz [¨mOg
i
~
e]; and soft velars (before /e/) can be hardened:
CS-Pol kiedy ‘when’ [k
i
e-], Maz [k
i
e-] or [ke-]
In Mał final /-x/ may be realized as [k]: CS-Pol na nogach ‘on one’s
feet’ [-ax], Mał [-ak].
530 10. Dialects
In Sil there is a reflex of /r
0
/as[rd
], perhaps a transition to the Czech /r
ˇ
/,
which is pronounced as a simultaneous [r] and [d]:
(36) ‘river’ [NomSg]: CS-Pol rzeka [¨deka] Sil [¨rdeka] (Cz r
ˇ
eka)
The velarization of /n/ to [l] before velars, common to all of West
Slavic, but not East Slavic, does not occur in Maz: CS-Pol bank ‘bank’
[balk], Maz (and ESl) [bank].
10.4.2.2 Morphology
Some Mał and Sil dialects have a 1 Person plural of verbs in [-va], and
a 2 Person plural in -ta (the old dual forms):
(37) ‘we are sitting’: CS-Pol siedzimy Mał siedzi[va]
‘you [Pl] are sitting’: CS-Pol siedzicie Mał siedzi[ta]
Some Maz dialects have -m in the 1 Person plural – a transition to East
Slavic. Some Sil dialects have 1 Pl -me, and Kash has -me
¨
[m
e
]or-ma
and 2 Pl -ta.
In Mał and Sil there are non-standard inflexions for ja-stem nouns, with
an accusative singular in -a
7
(CS-Pol -e˛) (that is, the effect of lengthening)
and a genitive singular in -e (CS-Pol -i) (that is, a reflex of e
ˇ
), the latter
also optional in Kash:
(38) ‘earth’ [AccSg, GenSg]:
CS-Pol ziemie˛, ziemi Mał, Sil ziemia˛ Mał, Sil, Kash ziemie
The summary table (table 10.9) follows and incorporates the discussion of
Kashubian.
10.4.2.3 Kashubian and its dialects
Kashubian, according to Ethnologue, is spoken by about 3,000 people in northern
Poland. Poles tend to regard Kashubian as a dialect of Polish, prompted by the lack
of ethnic or linguistic cohesion of the Kashubians. On the other hand, Kashubian is
more distinct from other Polish variants than is any single Polish dialect. But it
lacks the status of a full literary language (2.4.3), and is very much under the
domination of Polish in official, cultural and educational life. Seen in this light,
Kashubian is a transitional dialect to the former West Baltic Slavic languages
Polabian and Slovincian (2.4.3–4).
Among the features which differentiate Kashubian as a whole from Polish,
whether as a language or a dialect, of interest are the following.
10.4 West Slavic 531
Vowels
the merging of /i/ and /y/ into /i/;
short /i/ > /
e
/ (written e
¨
) (‘quiet’: ce
¨
chi [¨ts
e
xi], Pol cichy [¨t
ixI]).
Consonants
the loss of the hard soft opposition;
loss of the alveolo-palatals (s
´
z´ c
´
dz´ ), which become /s z c dz/ (similar to
mazurzenie and known in Polish as kaszubienie) (cf. ce
¨
chi above).
Internally, Kashubian itself has two well-defined dialect areas. In the southern
Kashubian dialect (S-Kash) stress is initial, as in Sorbian to the west, and like Czech
and Slovak to the south of Polish, and in some of the southernmost dialects of
Małopolska (and in the literary language of the sixteenth century). In contrast,
northern Kashubian dialects (N-Kash) have free and mobile stress, as in East Slavic
and Bulgarian. North-eastern Kashubian also collapses /l/ and /ł/ into a single /l/,
and changes /x/ before a front vowel into /s
ˇ
/ (an extension of the PV2 alternation):
CS-Pol muchy ‘flies’ [NomPl], N-Kash mus
ˇ
i.
In addition, some verbs in -aj- with a 1SgPres in -am in CS-Pol show -aje˛ in
N-Kash, -o
´
m in S-Kash: CS-Pol szukam ‘I seek’, N-Kash szukaje˛, S-Kash szuko
´
m.
Table 10.9 summarizes the key features of both Polish and Kashubian.
Table 10.9. Dialects of Polish and Kashubian
CS-Pol Wielk Maz Mał Sil Kash.
Phonology
mazurzenie –(ss
ˇ
s
´
) ¼ CS þ (s) þ (s) N: þ;S:(s s
ˇ
)
voice sandhi N: ;S:þþ – þþ –
/v/ after stk fv¼ CS ¼ CS ¼ CS v
denasalize /a˛ e˛/– þ / ¼CS E: þ¼CS –
prothetic /v/ before o- þ ––– – þ
unstable velars – ¼ CS þþ þ c
ˇ
dzˇ
final /-x/ ¼ [-k] – ¼ CS ¼ CS þ¼CS –
/n/ before velar l ¼ CS n ¼ CS ¼ CS l
stress penult ¼ CS ¼ CS S: initial
N: penult
¼ CS S: initial
N: free
Morphology
AccSg ja- (< o˛)-e˛ ¼ CS ¼ CS -a
˛ -a˛ -e˛
GenSg ja- (< e˛.i) -i ¼ CS ¼ CS -e -e -i/-e
¨
1SgPres -aj- -am ¼ CS ¼ CS ¼ CS ¼ CS N: -aje˛
S: -o
´
m
1PlPres -my ¼ CS -m -va -my/-me/-va -m
e
/-ma
2PlPres -cie ¼ CS ¼ CS -ta ¼ CS -ta
532 10. Dialects
10.4.3 Dialects of Czech
The Czech Republic consists of two main areas, Bohemia and Moravia. The Czech
Republic borders on Germany in the west and south-west; on Poland in the north;
on Slovakia in the east; and on Austria in the south.
Czech dialects are commonly divided into three (Stieber, 1965) or four (Hora
´
lek,
1962; Short, 1993a) major groups. The three basic dialects are Bohemian (or Czech
proper, Cz c
ˇesky
´
)(Boh), Central Moravian (Hana
´
k, Cz hana
´
cky
´
)(Han) and Lach
(or Silesian, Cz las
ˇ
sky
´
)(Lach). Short adds Moravian-Slovak, called also Eastern
Moravian (Cz slova
´
cky
´
)(E-Mor), and others (e.g. de Bray, 1980c: 45) additionally
divide the Bohemian region into three sub-regions (Central – around Prague
(Cz Praha), North-East, and South-West). We shall follow the intermediate posi-
tion of Short (1993a).
It is also important to remember that in Czech there is a significant gap between
the phonology of the national written standard language (spisovna
´
c
ˇ
es
ˇ
tina), stand-
ard spoken Czech (hovorova
´
c
ˇ
es
ˇ
tina) and colloquial Czech (obecna
´
c
ˇ
es
ˇ
tina) (2.4.5,
11.3.2). The distance from standard Czech becomes progressively greater as one
moves eastwards from Bohemia through the Hana
´
k dialects to the Lach dialects
and Eastern Moravian.
10.4.3.1 Phonology
Treatment of the long vowels: in the Bohemian dialects, which cover
the western part of the Czech Republic and the cities of Prague, Plzen
ˇ
and Liberec, there are several important classes of diphthongs from
long vowels:
(38a) /y´ / > [ei 9]: mly
´
n ‘mill’ Boh [mlei
˘
n]
(38b) /ı
´
/ > [ei 9] after /s z c/ (i.e. after hard):
vozı
´
k ‘little wagon’ Boh [¨vOzei
˘
k]
(38c) /u´ / > [Ou9]: u
´
stav ‘institute’: CS-Cz [u:] Boh [Ou9]
The Hana
´
k dialects, centered on the city of Brno, collapse Czech /u u´ /
(from PSl u, o˛) into /o o
´
/:
(39a) ‘torment’: CS-Cz muka Han moka
‘flour’: CS-Cz mouka Han mo
´
ka
They also collapse Czech /y´ ı
´
ej] into /e
´
/:
10.4 West Slavic 533
(39b) ‘good’ [MascNomSg]: CS-Cz dobry
´
Han dobre
´
‘best’: CS-Cz nejleps
ˇ
ı
´
Han ne
´
leps
ˇ
ı
´
In Lach there are no long vowels, as in Polish: muka, dobry, nejleps
ˇ
i.
Prothetic /v-/: in Boh and colloquial Czech there is a prothetic [v-],
also common in certain contexts in Sorbian, Belarusian and
Ukrainian: CS-Cz okno ‘window’; Boh, Colloq-Cz vokno.
In Han the prothetic [v-] of Boh has been extended to a prothetic
[h-], more like Sorbian: CS-Cz u
´
tery
´
‘Tuesday’, Han ho
´
terek.
Stress is initial as in standard Czech, except in Lach, which has
penultimate stress, confirming its transitional role to Polish.
Lach has, also like Polish, lost phonemic quantity (see (1)). Han
and E-Mor retain it, but vowels are often short where CS-Cz vowels
are long (like Slovak): CS-Cz vra
´
na ‘crow’, Han, E-Mor (and Slk)
vrana.
Czech pr
ˇ
ehla
´
ska (3.2.1.5): all except Boh have limitations on realiza-
tions of pr
ˇ
ehla
´
ska: Lach: a > e, root-internally only; Han: a > e, u > i,
root-internally only; E-Mor: never:
(40) ‘to be lying’: CS-Cz, Lach, Han lezˇet E-Mor lezˇat
‘soul’ NomSg: CS-Cz dus
ˇ
e Lach, Han, E-Mor dus
ˇ
a
‘foreign’: CS-Cz, Han cizı
´
Lach, E-Mor cuzı
´
‘I drink’: CS-Cz piji Han piju/pijo Lach, E-Mor piju.
In E-Mor, as in Slovak, Czech /e
ˇ
/ becomes [e] after labials: CS-Cz ve
ˇra
‘faith’ [vjera], E-Mor (and Slk) [vera].
Vocalic liquids: in Lach vocalic liquids, from whatever Proto-Slavic
source, as in Sorbian, Polish and East Slavic, are usually replaced by
‘vowel þ liquid’, while in E-Mor vocalic /l/ has become /u/ (/r
˚
/is
retained):
(41) ‘full’: CS-Cz plny
´
Lach pylny E-Mor puny
´
‘neck’: CS-Cz, EMor krk Lach kryk/kyrk
E-Mor (like Slovak) even has vocalic /r
˚
/ in more cases than CS-Cz:
CS-Cz zˇerd’ ‘mast’, E-Mor zˇrd (Slk zˇrd’).
/v/: in E-Mor, as a further part of the transition to Slovak, /v/
becomes [u
˘
] finally and before consonants (as also happens in
Belarusian and Ukrainian): CS-Cz pravda ‘truth’ [-vd-], E-Mor (and
Slk) [-u
˘
d-].
534 10. Dialects
Palatalization: in a reverse of Mazovianism, Lach, like Polish, con-
verts /s z t d/ to /s
´
z´ c
´
dz´ / before front vowels and /j/: CS-Cz zima
‘winter’ [zi-], Lach (and Pol) []ima.
Also in Lach, /t d n/ automatically become palatal [c ł] before /e/, as
in Slovak: CS-Cz ten ‘that’ [ten], Lach (and Slk) [cen].
Voice sandhi: the voicing of final consonants across word boundaries
in Lach and Han follows the pattern of Slovak and South Polish,
namely, obstruents are voiced even before initial vowels or sonorants:
(42) k mostu ‘towards the bridge’:
CS-Cz [k¨mOstu] Lach, Han (and Slk) [g¨mOstu]
10.4.3.2 Morphology
In Boh the instrumental plural of nouns has [-ma] (the old dual) for
CS-Cz [-mi]: CS-Cz knihami ‘books’ [InstrPl], Boh knihama.
In Lach and E-Mor the accusative plural of animate nouns takes the
form of the genitive plural, whereas in CS-Cz it has the form of an
inanimate nominative plural:
(43) ‘sons’ [AccPl]: CS-Cz syny Lach syn [uv] (see below)
In E-Mor the dative/locative singular masculine has -oj, not -ovi as in
CS-Cz; and the dative/locative plural masculine and neuter have -om
(= Pol Masc/Neut and Slk Masc) and -och (= Slk Masc): CS-Cz
chlapu
˚
m, chlapech ‘fellow’ [Dat/LocPl], E-Mor (and Slk) chlapom,
chlapoch.
Lach has the genitive plural masculine in [-uv] (cf. Pol -o
´
w): CS-Cz
sousedu
˚
‘neighbors’ [GenPl], Lach sus
´
eduv (Pol sa
7
siado
´
w).
In verbs of the aj and i classes, the 3 Person plural present/non-past
has a non-standard ending in Boh (-aj, -ej) and Han (-ijo
´
):
(44) ‘they do’: CS-Cz, Han de
ˇlajı
´
Boh de
ˇlaj
‘they walk’: CS-Cz chodı
´
Boh chod’ej Han chodijo
´
The key features of the individual dialects are shown in table 10.10.
10.4.4 Dialects of Slovak
Slovakia is bounded by the Czech Republic in the west and north-west; by Poland
in the north and east; and by Ukraine in the east. The southern borders with
10.4 West Slavic 535
Austria and Hungary are also important in the map of Slovak dialects. Slovak and
Czech dialects show good levels of mutual comprehension.
The Central Slovak dialects (Cen-Slk), based on the town of Martin close to the
geographical centre of Slovakia, were promoted by S
ˇ
tu´ r (2.4.6) in the nineteenth
century as the basis for modern literary Slovak. But Bratislava, the capital of
Slovakia, is situated at the south-western boundary and close to the border with
Austria, on the outer edge of the Western Slovak dialect area (W-Slk).
In the west the dialects merge with Eastern Moravian Czech, though with some
fairly clear isoglosses for specific features. In the east the dialects (E-Slk) show
features which are transitional to Polish, though Slovak and Polish were separated
by German settlements until 1945. To a lesser extent there are transitional dialects
to the Carpathian (south-west) dialects of Ukrainian. Central Slovak dialects show
some properties, sometimes known as ‘‘Yugoslavisms’’, which reflect South Slavic
elements, and so stand out from the continuous chain between the western and
eastern dialects.
Table 10.10. Dialects of Czech
CS-Cz Boh Han Lach E-Mor
Phonology
Vowels
y´ ,ı
´
ej e
´
y, i ¼ CS
e
´
ı
´
i/ı
´
e ¼ CS
u´ /ou ou o
´
ou u´
fusion of i/y þ¼CS ¼ CS – ¼ CS
pr
ˇ
ehla
´
ska: a > e þ¼CS þ internal þ internal –
pr
ˇ
ehla
´
ska: u > i þ¼CS þ internal – –
syllabic /r
˚
/ þ¼CS ¼ CS Vr / rV ¼ CS
syllabic /l
˚
/ þ¼CS ¼ CS Vl/lV u
vowel length þ¼CS ¼ CS – ¼ CS
stress initial ¼ CS ¼ CS penult ¼ CS
Consonants
prothetic C – v v/h ¼ CS ¼ CS
tdnsoft before /e/ – ¼ CS ¼ CS þ¼CS
szcdz> s
´
z
´
c
´
dz
´
– ¼ CS ¼ CS þ¼CS
voice sandhi – ¼ CS þþ¼CS
Morphology
InstrPl mi ma ¼ CS ¼ CS ¼ CS
DatPl Masc/Neut u˚ m ¼ CS ¼ CS um om
LocPl Masc/Neut ech ¼ CS ¼ CS ¼ CS och
GenPl Masc u˚ ¼ CS ¼ CS uv ¼ CS
3PlPres -aj- ajı
´
aj ¼ CS aji ¼ CS
3PlPres -i- ı
´
ej ijo
´
i ¼ CS
536 10. Dialects
10.4.4.1 Phonology
a. A series of features opposes the central dialects and standard Slovak to
the western and eastern dialects:
Proto-Slavic initial orC- olC- with non-rising pitch: Cen-Slk has
only raC- laC-, and CS-Slk most often has the same, while W-Slk
(like Czech) and E-Slk (like Polish) have roC- loC- (3.2.1.7):
(45) ‘willow’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk rakyta W-Slk, E-Slk rokita
‘elbow’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk laket’ W-Slk lokec
E-Slk loket’
raC-/laC- is also the South Slavic result.
Proto-Slavic jers: the jers give predominantly /e/ in W-Slk and
E-Slk, but a larger range of outcomes – including /o/ and /a/ (the
result in B/C/S and dialectal Slovenian) as well as /e/ – is found in
Cen-Slk and CS-Slk:
(46) ‘rye’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk razˇ W-Slk, E-Slk rezˇ
‘oats’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk ovos W-Slk, E-Slk oves
Proto-Slavic e˛: the result of /a
¨
/ for Proto-Slavic short /e˛/ after
labials is limited to CS-Slk and Cen-Slk, while W-Slk has /a/ and
E-Slk /e/:
(47) ‘meat’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk ma
¨
so W-Slk maso E-Slk meso
Slovak diphthongs: the characteristic Slovak diphthongs ie
and uo (orth. o
ˆ
) are replaced by monophthongs in both W-Slk
and E-Slk. In the east this links with Polish and in the west with
Czech:
(48) ‘measure’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk miera W-Slk me
´
ra/mı
´
ra
E-Slk mera/mira
‘horse’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk ko
ˆ
n
ˇ
W-Slk ko
´
n
ˇ
/ku
´
n
ˇ
E-Slk kon
ˇ
/kun
ˇ
Proto-Slavic stj/skj/zdj/zgj: the resulting sequences are s
ˇ
t’/zˇd’ in
Cen-Slk and CS-Slk, s
ˇ
c
ˇ
/zˇdzˇ inW-Slk and E-Slk:
(49) ‘still’: CS-Slk, Cen-Slk es
ˇ
t’e W-Slk, E-Slk es
ˇ
c
ˇe
/v/: final /v/ becomes [u
˘
] in CS-Slk and Cen-Slk, but [f ] or [v] in
W-Slk and E-Slk:
10.4 West Slavic 537
(50) bratov ‘brothers’ [GenPl]:
CS-Slk, Cen-Slk [-Ou9] W-Slk [-Of ]/[-Ov] E-Slk [-Of]
b. Several features are distinctive of individual dialects.
1. Western
The boundary with Eastern-Moravian Czech is most clearly
marked by the isogloss of Cz /r
ˇ
/ Slk /r/, as in Cz r
ˇ
eka, Slk
rieka ‘river’ (3.4.1).
Vowel length is contrastive, as in CS-Slk and CS-Cz, but the
Slovak Rhythmic Law (3.5.2) is not operative.
The Proto-Slavic back jer (y) is realized as /e/ after a hard con-
sonant, in contrast to CS-Slk /o/:
(51) PSl syny ‘sleep’:CS-Slk (ESl) son W-Slk (Cz, Pol) sen
The two /l/ phonemes are reduced to one (with the loss of the soft
one): CS-Slk l’ud ‘people’, W-Slk lud.
The palatal stops /t’/ and /d’/ of the standard become hard dental
affricates /c/, /dz/: CS-Slk deti ‘children’ [¨eci], W-Slk dzeci
[¨dz
ets
i].
Gemination of consonants is common: CS-Slk ma
¨
so ‘meat’,
W-Slk masso.
2. Central
Although situated geographically between W-Slk and E-Slk, Cen-
Slk shows some similarities (in bold) with South Slavic (Slovenian
and C
ˇ
akavian Croatian):
(52) PSl Cen-Slk W-Slk E-Slk SouthSl
y, { e/o/a e e C
ˇ
ak a
(Kajk, Sln e)
‘rye’ CS-Slk razˇ raz
ˇ
rezˇ rezˇ C
ˇ
ak,
B/C/S ra
&
z
ˇ
o
&
RC RaC RoC RoC RaC
‘elbow’ CS-Slk laket’ laket’ lokec loket’ Sln la
´
ket,
B/C/S la
&
kat
Although it is the basis for modern literary Slovak, Cen-Slk also
shows some features not found in the literary language:
Proto-Slavic tl/dl are preserved in E-Slk and W-Slk, and in
CS-Slk, but are simplified to /l/ in Cen-Slk, as in B/C/S and
Slovenian (and East Slavic) (see also below under Morphology):
CS-Slk s
ˇ
idlo ‘awl’, Cen-Slk s
ˇ
ilo,B/C/Ss
ˇ
ı``lo.
538 10. Dialects