Suny R.G. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 3: The Twentieth Century
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elections (cont.)
Russian presidential (1996) 369–70
to Communist Party, manipulation of 152
to Congress of People’s Deputies (1989)
327–8
to Duma (1993) 363
to legislatures of republics (1990) 328
to Presidency (indirect) 328
to Soviet legislature (1989) 329
see also political parties
electoral law
reforms (1907) 69
Russian Federation 363, 367
electronics 572
elites
and communes 418
identification with Europe 683
initial reaction to outbreak of First World
War 95
nationalist 109
women 470
emigration
during civil war 166, 390
Jews 307, 508, 512
from post-Soviet Russia 408, 576
from tsarist Russia 386, 387
from western regions (Second World War)
538
´
emigr
´
es
radicalisation of 99
return of (1917) 109
empires
and international trade 219
Stalinist view of imperialism 665
employers’ organisations 84
employment
job security (under Brezhnev) 301–2
post-Soviet unemployment 466
unemployment under NEP 391, 393,
450
energy production 194
see also coal; natural gas; oil
Engels, Friedrich 552
enterprise paternalism 458–62
entrepreneurs 405
environment, degradation of 408, 410
environmentalist movements 542
Ermash, Filip 624
Erofeev, Viktor 628, 633
Esenin, Sergei 589
Estonia 495, 524–6
deportations (1940s) 505–6, 538
dissidents 542
economy 532
First World War 95, 525
incorporated in USSR 505
inter-war independence 150, 525, 533
land privatisation 437, 438
liberal democracy 354, 518
National Front 512
nationalism 131, 543, 545
post-Soviet independence 346, 546
Revolution of 1905 525
Russians in 506, 547
Estonian Popular Front (1988) 543
Estonian Progressive People’s Party 525
Estonian Social Democratic Workers’
Party 525
Ethiopia 308, 314
ethnic minorities see nationalities
ethnography, in Stalinist USSR 210
Eurobonds 373
Eurocommunism 683, 694
Gorbachev and 697
Europe
balance of power 95
and Brezhnev’s Peace Programme
306
cultural influence on Russia 579, 590
fear of ‘contagion’ of revolution 111
Little Entente (1934) 649
political geography 495
relations with USA 675
see also West, the
European Union
and Baltic States 518, 547
enlargement 408
Evlogii, Archbishop 99
Evtushenko, Evgenii 615, 616
‘Heirs of Stalin’ 616
‘Zima Station’ 612
executions
of imperial army officers 109
of Jews 609
under Stolypin 69
see also Great Purges; show trials
Extraordinary Commission to Combat
Counter-revolution and Sabotage
(Cheka) 146
Ezhov, N. I., head of political police 212, 214,
215
Ezhovshchina see Great Purges
Fadeev, Aleksandr
Rout 595
Young Guard 595, 608
806
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Fainsod, Merle 27
How Russia is Ruled 25
Smolensk Under Soviet Rule 25
families
Bolshevik legislation on 173–4, 472–3
collective child-rearing ideal 180
collective rights in communes 413
hierarchies within 413
household organisation 86, 412, 445
patriarchy within 413, 468
return to traditional model 209–10, 476–7
family law codes
1926 Family Code 173, 476
1936 209, 481–2
1944 484, 486
1968 488, 490
1992 bill defeated 493
famine
1921–3 11, 148, 162, 166, 171–2, 178
1931–3 Ukraine 16, 40, 196, 398, 424, 500, 536
1946–7 455, 664
death tolls 148, 166, 196, 201
Farrell, James T., novelist 17, 19
fascism
comparison with Marxism 24–5
effect of rise of on Western ideological
loyalties 17, 649
Popular Front against 650–2
Fatherland-All Russia political coalition 377
Federation Council (1990) 329
Federation Council, Russian Federation
(1993) 363
elections to 366
Filev, Anatolii 686
film industry 582, 591–2, 600, 624
in decline 631–2
and glasnost’ 630
Soiuzkino organisation 596
films 208, 582
‘about agriculture’ 613
anti-Semitic 608
anti-Western 608
French cinema week (1955) 611
historical 613–14
Hollywood 171, 591
Moscow International Film Festival (1959)
611
musical 599
pirated foreign videos 627
portrayal of women 623
republican studios 625–6
Russian nationalist rewriting 608–9
screening of previously forbidden 324, 630
socialist realism in 596–7
The Amphibious Man 616
‘trophy’ German and American 607
under zastoi 624–6
see also Eisenstein
Filonov, Pavel 582
Finland 676
communism in 664
independence 150, 495
and Japan 652
nationalism in 130, 149
Soviet war in 18, 222, 228, 236, 656
Finns
deportations 202, 502
nationalism among 91, 102
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets (June
1917) 123
First Congress of Peasant Soviets (May
1917) 123
First International 707
First World War 94, 219
Bolshevik demand for peace 135–6
and Bolshevik view of socialism 714
Eastern Front 95
and effect of revolution in Russia 107–11
German occupation of borderlands (1918)
111–13
Great Retreat (1915) 100, 104
June offensive (1917) 109
and labour migration 387
military campaigns (1914–16) 96–7
munitions crisis 96, 104
outbreak of 94–6
and peasants 416–17
politics of war 104–7
Provisional Government’s policy (1917)
122–6
women in industry 471
Fischer, Louis (1890–1977), T he Nation
correspondent 12, 18
Assignment in Utopia 16
The Soviets in World Affairs 16
Fischer, Ruth 35
Fitzgerald, F. Scott 15
Fitzpatrick, Sheila 51–2, 53, 57, 58
Five-Year Plan, First (1928–32)
assessment of 397–8
bureaucracy for 395
Gerschenkron effect (on data) 397
intention of rapid economic growth 394
investment in heavy industry 193
and labour productivity 396–7
Stakhanovism 396
807
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Five-Year Plan, First (1928–32)(cont.)
targets and budgets 395–6
Western enthusiasm for 14
workers’ enthusiasm for 54
Five-Year Plans 394–8
Fokin, Mikhail 582
folk traditions 500
music 599
and rural religion 87
Food Army (Prodarmiia) 159
food supplies
after February Revolution 117
food crimes (1941) 229
forced requisitioning of (1919) 161–2
problems under Bolshevik government
158–63
rationing 158
Second World War 233
subsidised 302
see also grain
Footman, David 36
forced labour 203, 402
under Stalinism 193, 400, 401
see also Gulag labour camps
Foreign Office (British), Information and
Research Department (IRD) 39
foreign policy
Afghanistan 311–12, 691–4
alignment with Weimar Germany 640
and alliance with Britain (1940) 658–61
anti-Japanese front 652–4
arms reduction talks (1985–8) 339
China 641–3, 688–90, 691
conflict between revolutionary rhetoric
and pragmatism 643–6
d
´
etente 54, 305–8
as European great power (1992–2001) 699,
700–4
and expectation of world revolution (1917)
636–7
fear of France 646–7
institutions of 668–9
natural allies of (1953–6) 675–81
as normal great power (1985–91) 694–700
as part of great power condominium 663–7
perception of capitalist encirclement 113,
667–73
Popular Front against Fascism 650–2, 654
purpose of Comintern 636–7
relations between Comintern and
Narkomindel 639–40
shift away from revolution in Europe 638–9
and Soviet identity 705
as superpower 682–91
and threat of Nazi Germany 648–50
see also Cold War; international relations;
Soviet identity
Foucault, Michel 57, 59
France 219
academic study of Russia 7
anti-fascism 651–2
and Far East 646, 652
Front Populaire 651
and perception of threat 662
policy against international communism
645, 646
relations with 645, 646–7, 649–50, 651–2
surrender (1940) 657
Francis, David, US ambassador to Russia 9
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, assassination
of 95
Frank, I.M., physicist 559
Frankfurt School 28
freedom
cultural 629–34
Gorbachev’s use of word 322
intellectual 550, 570–1
freedom of speech 323, 715
see also censorship; liberties; press freedom
French Communist Party (PCF) 645, 651
French Revolution, symbols of liberty 119
Friedrich, Carl (1901–84), political scientist 22,
55
Frunze, Mikhail Vasilevich, and Red Army
235
F
¨
ul
¨
op-Miller, Ren
´
e 42
Fundamental Laws (1906) 68
and definition of autocratic power 70
Furmanov, Dmitrii, Chapae v 208, 587, 597
Futurists 79, 588
Gaidai, Leonid, film-maker 624
Gaidar, Egor 335, 368
market liberalisation plans (1991–2) 358, 360
Galich, Aleksandr 626
Galicia 95, 99
expulsion of enemy aliens 99
nationalism in 529, 534
Russian occupation (1914) 96, 99
scorched earth policy (1915) 99
to Poland 530
Gardin, Vladimir 583
Garst, Roswell, American farmer 278
gas see natural gas
Gaugauz Republic (Moldova) 546
Gaulle, Charles de, French president 286
808
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Gazeta-Kopeika (St Petersburg daily
newspaper) 78
Gdansk, Poland, Lenin Shipyards strike 313
Geertz, Clifford 57
gender studies 55
General Secretary
powers of (late 1980s) 320, 327, 695
role in central decision-making 685
genetics, and Lysenko affair 558–9
Geneva
four-power conference (1955) 285
US–USSR summit (1985) 339
Genoa Conference (1922) 175
Georgia 95, 354
collectivisation in 423
effect of conflict on economy 408
film-making 625
independence 349, 355, 515
Mensheviks in 94, 124, 150, 497
and minorities 92, 515
nationalism in 91, 131, 345, 512, 513
relationship to RSFSR 174, 702
subsumed into Transcaucasian Republic
(1922) 175
Gerashchenko, Viktor, head of Russian
Central Bank 360
Gerasimov, Gennadii, Gorbachev’s press
spokesman 341
German, Aleksei, Roadcheck 630
German, Pavel, ‘Brick Factory’ 590
German Social Democratic Party (SPD) 709,
711, 713
Germans in Russia
deportations 202, 226, 401, 502
popular aggression towards (First World
War) 100
Germany
anti-Comintern pact with Japan (1936) 653
and Belorussia 528, 538
and Bolsheviks 135–6, 145, 200
economy 107, 233
First World War 102
capitulation and fall of monarchy (1918)
111
invasion of Russia (1917–18) 110
offensive on Eastern Front (1914) 96
Schlieffen Plan 96
and Georgia 150
invasion of Soviet Union (1941) 18, 222, 223,
225, 230
retreat (1942–5) 223
KPD (Communist party) 647, 648, 649
Lenin’s hopes for revolution in 636, 637, 639
and Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1939)
18, 221, 659
reunification (1990) 341
rise of Nazism 647–8
rise of 95, 219
science in 562
Second World War 225, 228
Germany, East 286
and Berlin Ultimatum (1958) 286–7
Germany, West 286
and Brezhnev 306
Gerschenkron, Alexander (1904–78) 38, 384
‘Gerschenkron effect’ (on data) 397
Getty, J. Arch 53
Gierek, Edward, Polish communist 312, 313
Ginzberg, Evgenia 482
Gitelman, Zvi 56
GKO (Gosudarstvennyi Komitet Oborony) (State
Defence Committee) 229, 240, 242,
255
autonomy of members 257
compared with Politburo 256
dissolution (1945) 259
Gladkov, Aleksandr, playwright 606
Gladkov, Fedor, Cement 587, 595
Glasgow University, Institute of Soviet and
East European Studies 36
glasnost’
and Chernobyl’ disaster 574–5
concept of 323, 404, 695
cultural freedom under 629–34
and nationalism 344, 514, 542–4
and visibility of economic failures 333
Glassboro, summit meeting (1967) 300
‘God-Seeking’, spiritual searching 80
Gogoberidze, Lana, film-maker 626, 630
Gold Standard, adoption (1897) 386
Golder, Frank (1877–1927), historian 11
Goldman, Emma, anarchist 10
Gomul
ka, Wladislaw, Poland 312, 676
relations with Khrushchev 677
Goncharova, Nataliia 582
Gorbachev, Mikhail 46, 61, 684
agricultural incentive schemes 432–3
Andropov’s support for 317, 688
attempt to preserve Union (1991) 346–8,
514
attempted coup (August 1991) 347–9
aversion to violence 338, 340, 349, 545
on Brezhnev era 293
as Central Committee secretary (1978) 310
and democratisation 320–1
and economic reform 321, 333–4, 404–5
809
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Gorbachev, Mikhail (cont.)
election as president (1990) 328
and ending of the Cold War 336–42
foreign policy 695–700
introduction of contested elections 327
meeting with Bush (1989) 341
move from reform to systemic change
(perestroika) 325–31
and need for scientific-technical progress
574
and new freedoms 322–5
and normalisation of relations with West
699–700
overview of changes 316
plans to remove 331, 357
policy on nationalities 513–14, 544
relations with Politburo 317–19
resignation address (25 December 1991)
349–51
retreat from economic reform plan 335
security concessions 700
and Social Democracy 694
speech to Central Committee conference
(1984) 318
view of Eastern Europe 336, 340, 697–8
view of Khrushchev 291
view of ‘path to socialism’ 697, 730
Gorbatov, Boris, journalist 602
Gorer, Geoffrey 23
Gorky, Maxim 401
and ‘God-Building’ 82
and New Life newspaper 584
and socialist realism 207, 594
Goskino (State Department of Cinema) 624
Gosplan (state planning agency) 169, 198, 391
and agricultural output quotas 425
and Five-Year Plan 395
and perestroika 405
Gottwald, Klement, President of
Czechoslovakia 665
government
relations with parastatals (First World
War) 105, 106
see also Provisional Government
Grachev, Pavel, defence minister 365, 519
grain
crises (1927–8) 188–9, 194, 199
exports to fund industrialisation 188–9, 190,
194
imports from West (1960sand1970s) 279,
288, 306, 431
procurements in 1930s 194, 197, 394, 398, 422
quota assessment (Bolshevik) 158
state monopoly 127
taxes (to replace requisitioning) 169, 178,
419
see also food supplies
gramophone 582, 590
Gramsci, Antonio 57
Granick, David 31
Great Britain 225, 647
alliance negotiations 655, 658–61
and Armenia 150
and China 643
Communist Party in 649
foreign policy interests 219, 662
and Georgia 150
and India 641
mutual assistance pact (1941) 223
post-war relations with USA 665
relations with Labour administration 645
relations severed (1927) 200, 246, 643
as threat to USSR and socialism 663
trade agreement (1921) 641
withdrawal from Russia (1919) 638
Great Depression (from 1929) 219
Great Purges (Ezhovshchina) 40, 52–3, 212, 213,
251, 266
and arts 598–9, 600
and industry 454
labour camps 202
mechanisms of 213
operational order no. 447 212
and perception of threat 213–14
Red Army command staff (1937–38) 221,
228, 236
statistics on 40
xenophobia in 213
see also deportations; purges; repression
Grechko, Andrei, minister of defence 307,
309
Greece, Italian invasion (1940) 659
Green movement (peasants) 147
rebellions (1918–21) 161–2
Griazodubova, Valentina 480
Grinevetskii, V. I. 392
Grinevskii, Oleg 684
Grishin, Viktor 301, 319, 320
Gri
ˇ
skevi
ˇ
cius, Petras 309
Groman, Vladimir, economist 395
Gromyko, Andrei, foreign minister 307, 326,
685, 695
and Afghanistan 692
Grossman, Vasilii 614
Forever Flowing 632
Life and Fate 324
810
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Groznyi, Chechnya 377, 519
Guchkov, Aleksander, War Minister in
Provisional Government 107
Gulag labour camp colonies 203, 215, 400
deaths 226
institutional responsibility for 675
popular culture in 609
release of political prisoners (1955) 276
Gumbinnen, Battle of 96
Gumilev, Nikolai 588, 589
Guomindang, Chinese nationalist party 642,
652, 653, 667
Gurian, Waldemar 23
Habermas, J
¨
urgen 57
hammer-and-sickle emblem 178
Happy-Go-Lucky Fellows (film) 597
Harper, Samuel Northrop (1882–1943) 11, 12,
42
The Government of the Soviet Union 12
Harvard Interview Project 21
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System
(Ukraine) 55
Harvard University, Russian Research Center
21, 22
harvests 171, 178, 180
drought (1963) 288
drought (1975) 308
poor (1960s) 279
Havel, V
´
aclav, president of Czech Republic 577
Haxthausen, Baron August de 7
Hazard, John N. 22
health
infant mortality 470, 491, 542
post-Soviet 408, 492
see also disease
health care, under Stalinism 206
Hellman, Lillian 18
Helsinki Accords (1975) 307, 312
Helsinki Watch human rights groups
in Lithuania 541
in Ukraine 541
Henderson, Loy, American diplomat 13
Herberstein, Sigismund von, Notes upon
Russia (1517–49) 7
Hess, Rudolf, flight to Britain 660
Hindus, Maurice (1891–1969), journalist 12, 15
historiography
archives 292
of Brezhnev era 292–5
of the civil war 140–2
exceptionalism of Sovietology 41
methodologies
modernisation theory 293
move from political science to social
history 37–43
oral histories 293
Pokrovsky School of history (1920s) 499
post-Soviet 57–64
problems of 5–6, 63–4
revisionist 43–54
shifts in
social history of Soviet west 522–3
Hitler, Adolf
and invasion of Soviet Union 658, 659
Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin (1939)
221
perception of 647, 648
plans for invasion of Britain 658–9
war aims on eastern front 219, 232
Ho Chi Minh 646, 673
Hobsbawm, Eric J., historian 22
homosexuality, outlawed 481
Hook, Sidney 19
Hoover, Herbert, US president 11, 172, 647
Horney, Karen, Neurosis and Human Growth 43
housing
communal 280, 400, 445
Khrushchev’s policies 280, 488
subsidised 302
urban 83
How the Steel was Tempered (film) 209
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, Ukrainian
president 496, 530, 536
Hughes, H. Stuart 22
Hughes, Langston (1902–67) 14
human rights (liberties)
CC Ideology Department and 696
in Chechnya 377
Helsinki Watch groups 541
Western demands for 307, 312
Hungarian Soviet Republic 145
Hungary
conformity with Moscow 671, 677
economic model 299, 331
elections (1947) 666
suppression of 1956 uprising 41, 277, 286,
677–9
and Transcarpathia 535
Huntington, Samuel P. 29, 32
Iabloko party 368
Ianaev, Gennadii 347
Ianushkevich, Nikolai, chief of staff (1915) 98,
101
Iaroslavl’ province, peasant out-migration 443
811
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Iavlinskii, Grigorii 368
economic reform plans 334
Iazov, Dmitrii, minister of defence 348
ideology 13
centrality of 20, 57
Communist party 156–7
power of 44
withering of Marxism-Leninism 344
Ilenko, Iurii, film-maker 625
Ilichev, Leonid, ideological adviser to
Khrushchev 616
Imperial Navy, Baltic Fleet at Kronstadt 120
imperialism
Stalinist view of 665
and trade 219
Independent Miners’ Union 464
India 641
Khrushchev’s visit 285, 681
individualism 62
in cultural thaw 727–8
as liberal goal 73
socialist view of 73
Indochina 646
Indonesia, Khrushchev’s visit 285
Industrial Party, trial (1930) 560
industrialisation 48, 67
deindustrialisation in 1990s 441
Five-Year Plans 394–8, 451
and formation of urban proletariat 440
and growth of urban working population
83, 387
and rearmament 220–1, 238
tsarist 386–8
under NEP 187, 190, 394
under Stalin 192, 200
western republics 539
industrialists
and February Revolution 121
reaction to 1917 strikes 129
industry
collapse of (1918–19) 164, 167, 390
consumer goods 488
cost-accounting (khozraschet) system for
factories 169, 404, 450
councils of labour collectives (STKs) 463
efficiencies 456
enterprise paternalism 458–62
factory committees of workers (1917) 121,
129, 163
factory provision of housing and food 199,
461
falling productivity 308
foreign investment 306
investment (first Five-Year Plan) 193
iron and steel production 194
large-scale state 169, 258
and Law on the State Enterprise (1987) 333
liberalism among managers 460–1
management 459–61
nationalisation 158
opposition to economic transformation
(1991–2) 359–60
post-war growth 456
and research institutes 572
scientists and 551, 558
secret ‘company towns’ 241
technological levels 386, 387, 392, 393, 551
trust groupings 169
under Khrushchev 279–80
under NEP 190
under War Communism 157
use of forced labour 401
war mobilisation 106, 230
work force 83, 454
reductions 445–6, 466
workers’ control of 157, 158
see also defence industry; economy; labour
infant mortality 470, 491, 542
inflation
1990s 372, 405, 463
after 1992 price liberalisation 359, 435
crisis of 1917 128
and currency reform 170
hidden 198
information
institutionalised lack of 683–5
on military inferiority 696
Ingrian peasants, deported to Murmansk
401
Ingush people
allowed to return 282
deportations 401, 502, 503
and Ossetians 515
Inkeles, Alex 55
Institute of Europe 696
Institute of Global Economics and
International Relations
(IMEMO) 658, 687, 696
institutions
effect on Russian character 7
of foreign policy 668–9
under Stalin 215
see also State Duma
insurance, unemployment 450
intellectuals (intelligentsia)
and Bolshevik cultural policy 155, 579
812
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and February Revolution 131
identification with Europe 683
materialist-idealist split 580
and nationalist protests 512, 540–1
and political ideologies of dissent 72–6
and reformist discourse 688
and Russian culture 579–80
and spiritual revivalism 82
‘worker-intellectuals’ 585
Inter-Regional Group of Deputies, within
Congress 328
International Monetary Fund 373
international relations
arms reduction talks (1985–8) 339
d
´
etente 54, 305–8
doctrine of ‘reasonable sufficiency’ of
weapons (Gorbachev) 339
interpretation of threat 662
nature of power in 662–3
International Science Foundation
576
International Science and Technology
Centre 576
internationalism 123
among radical opposition 105
Ioffe, A. A., emissary to China 642
Ioffe, Abram, physicist 558, 564
and London science conference 561
Ioseliani, Otar 626
Iran, Khomeini revolution (1979) 311
Irkutsk, revolutionary committee (March
1917) 117
iron and steel production 194
Isakovsky, Mikhail, lyricist 597
Ishmukhamedov, Elier, film-maker 625
Iskander, Fazil
editor 628, 730
‘Tree of Childhood’ 620
Iskra organisation (1900–3) 711–12
and political liberties 712–13
split 713
Iskusstvo kino film journal 608
Islam
Bolshevik government and 150–1
fears of post-Soviet fundamentalism 518
Israel, war with Egypt (1973) 307
Italy, imperial ambitions 219
Ittifak, Tatarstan independence
movement 518
Iudin, Pavel, ambassador to China 680
Iur’eva, Izabella, singer 598
Ivan Groznyi (film) 208
Ivanov, Viacheslav 581
Ivanov, Vsevolod, Armoured Train
No.14–69 607
Izvestiia newspaper 703
Jackson, Senator Henry M., and
Jackson–Vanik amendment (1974)
307
Jadid Muslims 150
James, C.L.R. 19
Japan 68
anti-Comintern pact with Germany (1936)
653
conflict with 652–4
invasion (1918) 636
invasion of Manchuria 647, 652
and Nazi–Soviet pact 654
Neutrality Pact (1940) 660
Second World War 219, 222,
223
troops in Siberia 145
war with China 653
Jaruzelski, General Wojciech, Poland 313
jazz 208, 590, 597
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee ( JAC) 507,
668
Jews 56, 90
Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan for
507
Babii Yar massacre (Ukraine) 503
blamed for 1905 unrest 90
deaths within Soviet Union 226
and Doctors’ Plot (1952–3) 264, 508,
668
emigration movement 307, 508, 512
executions 609
in First World War 99, 100–2, 387
Holocaust deaths 225, 226
and korenizatsiia 506
massacred by Whites 146
nationalism among 91–2
‘pogroms’ against 90, 506
Stalinist policies against 506–8, 668
see also anti-Semitism
John of Kronstadt, Father (d.1908) 80
John Paul II, Pope 312
Johnson, Lyndon, US president 300
journalists
accounts of Bolshevik revolution 8
accounts of Soviet Russia 10, 15–16
ideological interpretations by 15–16
investigative 630
Second World War 602
Western, disillusionment of 15
813
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978-0-521-81144-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century
Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny
Index
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Index
journals 627, 632
closed 663
Symbolist 581
Jowitt, Kenneth 60
K
´
ad
´
ar, J
´
anos 299, 678
Kadets (Constitutional Democratic Party) 73,
550, 552
defence of imperial-national state 116, 130
Provisional Siberian Government 145
resignation from Provisional Government
126
and second coalition of Provisional
Government 126
Kafengauz, Lev, economist 395
Kaganovich, Lazar 242, 263, 508, 675
and downfall of Beria 726
and Khrushchev 276, 277, 677
membership of Politburo 249, 260
as party General Secretary in Ukraine 535
and Stalin 186
Kaganovich, M. M. 460
Kaiser, Robert 15
Kalatozov, Mikhail, Cranes are Flying (film) 281
Kaledin, General 149
Kalinin, Mikhail 251, 420
and de-kulakisation 722
and Jewish Autonomous Region 507
president of USSR 246, 248
Kalmyks, deportation of 502
Kaluga province, peasant out-migration 443
Kamenev, L. B. (1883–1936) 125
and Lenin’s plan to overthrow Provisional
Government 134
and Stalin 184
and Trotsky 185, 245
Kandinskii, Vasilii 582
Kania, Stanisl
aw, Polish communist 313
Kantaria, M.V. 504
Kapitsa, P. L. 559, 564
letter to Khrushchev 567
letter to Stalin 566
Karachai people, deportation of 502
Karakhan, Lev, and China 642
Karelia
deportation of Finns from 202
Russian settlement 393
Karmal, Babrak, Afghan Parcham faction 311,
693
Karpovich, Michael (1888–1959) 38, 39
Katayev, Valentin
For the Power of the Soviets 608
Time Forward! 208, 595
Katyn forest, massacre 538
Kautsky, Karl
The Erfurt Programme 708, 710
and theory of Social Democracy 708–9
Kazakhstan 305, 354
and Commonwealth of Independent States
516
famine (1932–3) 500
industrialisation 401
nationalism 344, 512
resistance to collectivisation 423
Russians in 501
Virgin Lands programme 275, 429
Kazakhs, in First World War 103
Kazan’ 151, 414
Keenan, Edward 42
Keldysh, M.V. 571
Kemerovo, Siberia, urban growth 201
Kennan, George 13, 20–1
Siberia and the Exile System 7
Kennedy, John F., US president 287, 288
Kent, Rockwell 18
Kerblay, Basile 37
Kerensky, Aleksandr 131, 135
and Kornilov rebellion 132–3
preparations for military offensive 125–6
Provisional Government 109, 111, 116
Kerner, Robert, historian 13
KGB
power of under Andropov 299
resistance to dissolution of USSR 347
and transition under Yeltsin 356
Khabarovsk, population growth 201
Khalkhin-Gol, battle of (1939) 654
Khasbulatov, Ruslan 361
Khiva, captured by Bolsheviks 151
Khizha, Georgii 359
Khlebnikov, Velimir 588
Kholodnaia, Vera 583
Khomeini, Ayatollah, Iran 311
khozraschet (cost-accounting system) 169, 404,
450
Khrulev, General 256
Khrushchev, Nikita 26, 242, 683
and 22nd Congress (1961) 614, 615, 728–9
agricultural policies 278–9
Virgin Lands scheme 275, 279, 296, 402,
429
attempt by ‘anti-party group’ to depose
(1957) 277–8
biography 272–3
and China 284, 680–1, 689–90
and Cuban Missile Crisis 287–8
814
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81144-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century
Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny
Index
More information
Index
and cultural thaw 281, 288–9, 610–17, 675,
682
and de-Stalinisation 276–7, 614
death (1971) 290
deposition 289–90, 682
and economy 402, 683
and Kennedy 286, 287
as leader 270–1, 296, 685
legacy 41, 291
and Malenkov 275–6, 277, 675, 679
membership of Politburo 252, 265
and Molotov 275, 276
and nationalities 282, 509–11
and nuclear test-ban treaty 288
personality and rise of 263, 270–2
policies towards women 486–8
and relations with West 272, 285–8
relations with writers and artists 277,
280–2, 288–9, 616
retreat from cultural thaw (1963) 616
role in Stalinism 273
and science 567–8
‘Secret Speech’ (1956) 268–9, 276, 296, 611,
674
and succession struggle 274–8
suppression of religion 282
and Third World 284, 681, 690
and toleration of difference 673–9
and Ukraine 509
visits to Beijing 283
and Yugoslavia 276, 284
Khrushchev, Sergei (son) 269, 279
Khutsiev, Marlen 623
Ilich’s Gate 616
Kiev 529
taken by Germany (1941) 222
Kiisk, Kalj
¨
o, Estonian film-maker, Madness 618
Kim Il-Sung, Korea 672
Kingissepp, Viktor, Estonian Bolshevik 525
Kinoglaz newsreel series 591
Kirgizia republic 393
see also Kyrgyzstan
Kirichenko, Aleksei Illarionovich, Ukraine 509
Kirienko, Sergei, prime minister 371, 374
Kirilenko, Andrei 297
and Afghanistan 692
Kirov, Sergei 186, 249
murder of (1934) 250
Kissinger, Henry, US foreign policy
adviser 306, 308
Klimov, Elem, film director 630
Knorin, Vil’gel’m Georgievich,
Comintern 648, 650
Koestler, Arthur (1905–83), Darkness at
Noon 18, 62, 324
Kohl, Helmut, German chancellor 342
Kolbin, Gennadii, Kazakhstan 344, 513
Kolchak, Admiral, leader of Whites 112, 145
kolkhozy see collective farms
Kollontai, Aleksandra, director of
Zhenotdel 122, 474
kombedy (committees of village poor) 159, 160,
418
Kommersant newspaper 703
Komsomol (Communist Youth League) 174,
455, 593
Komsomol’sk-na-Amure industrial town 401
Konev, Marshal Ivan Stepanovich 679
Korea 676
Korean War 241, 672
Koreans in eastern Russia, deportations
of 202, 401, 502
korenizatsiia (indigenisation) 176, 180, 210,
498–9
and Jews 506
Ukraine 535
Korneichuk, Aleksandr, journalist 602
Kornilov, General Lavr 110
rebellion 132–3
Korsh theatre 581
Kosior, Stanislav 249, 251, 535
Kosolapov, Richard, editor of Kommunist 318
Kosovo, NATO war in 703, 704
Kostroma province, peasant
out-migration 443
Kosygin, Aleksei 297, 309
and Afghanistan 692
economic decentralisation 299
Kotkin, Stephen 58
Kozin, Vadim, singer 598, 601
Kozlov, Frol, deputy to Khrushchev 290
Kozyrev, Andrei, Russian foreign minister 702
Krasin, L. B., Communist party leader 154
Krasnoiarsk-26 closed city 401
Kraval’, I. A., statistical agency 203
Kravchuk, Leonid, president of Ukraine 347,
349, 516, 547
Krestinskii, Nikolai 648
Kriachkov, A. D., architect of Novosibirsk 204
Kritika (journal) 59
Kritsman, L., on War Communism 157
Kriuchkov, Vladimir, KGB 348
Kronstadt, naval uprising (1921) 148, 166, 168
Kronstadt soviet, in 1917 118
Kruchenykh, Aleksander 588
Krymov, Iurii, Tanker Derbent 595
815
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81144-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century
Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny
Index
More information