Sperling E. The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics

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SUPPRESSEDTHEPOLITICALSYSTEMSINTHESECOUNTRIESASWELLASIN6IETNAM

CONTINUETOCONFRONTPROBLEMSOFPOLITICALLEGITIMACYTHATCOULDBECOME

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INTHEINTERNALCONmICTSANDTENSOFMILLIONSHAVEBEENDISPLACED!NDTHE

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THE#OLD7ARINSEVERALOFTHESECONmICTSHADNEGATIVECONSEQUENCESFOR

DOMESTICANDREGIONALSECURITY

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NATIONAL IDENTITY POLITICAL LEGITIMACY THE TITLE TO RULE AND DISTRIBUTIVE

JUSTICETHATAREOFTENINTERCONNECTED7ITHTHEBANKRUPTCYOFTHESOCIALIST

MODELANDTHETRANSITIONSTODEMOCRACYINSEVERALCOUNTRIESTHENUMBER

OF INTERNAL CONmICTS OVER THE LEGITIMACY OF POLITICAL SYSTEM HAS DECLINED

IN !SIA (OWEVER POLITICAL LEGITIMACY OF CERTAIN GOVERNMENTS CONTINUES

TO BE CONTESTED FROM TIME TO TIME AND THE LEGITIMACY OF THEREMAINING

COMMUNISTANDAUTHORITARIANSYSTEMSARELIKELYTOCONFRONTCHALLENGESIN

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DUECOURSE4HEPROJECTDEALSWITHINTERNALCONmICTSARISINGFROMTHEPROCESS

OFCONSTRUCTINGNATIONALIDENTITYWITHSPECIlCFOCUSONCONmICTSROOTEDIN

THE RELATIONSHIP OF MINORITY COMMUNITIES TO THE NATIONSTATE (ERE TOO

MANY!SIANSTATESHAVEMADECONSIDERABLEPROGRESSINCONSTRUCTINGNATIONAL

COMMUNITIESBUT SEVERAL STATESINCLUDINGSOME MAJOR ONESSTILLCONFRONT

SERIOUSPROBLEMSTHATHAVEDEGENERATEDINTOVIOLENTCONmICT"YAFFECTING

THE POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF THE STATE AS WELL AS THE PHYSICAL

CULTURALECONOMICANDPOLITICALSECURITYOFINDIVIDUALSANDGROUPSTHESE

CONmICTSHAVEGREATPOTENTIALTOAFFECTDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALSTABILITY

0URPOSE

4HEPROJECTINVESTIGATESTHEDYNAMICSANDMANAGEMENTOFlVEKEYINTERNAL

CONmICTS IN !SIA!CEH AND 0APUA IN )NDONESIA THE -ORO CONmICT IN

SOUTHERN0HILIPPINESANDTHECONmICTSPERTAININGTO4IBETAND8INJIANGIN

#HINA3PECIlCALLYITINVESTIGATESTHEFOLLOWING

 7HY ON WHAT BASIS HOW IN WHAT FORM AND WHEN DOES GROUP

DIFFERENTIATIONANDPOLITICALCONSCIOUSNESSEMERGE

 7HATARETHESPECIlCISSUESOFCONTENTIONINSUCHCONmICTS!RETHESE

OFTHEINSTRUMENTALORCOGNITIVETYPE)FBOTHWHATISTHERELATIONSHIP

BETWEENTHEM(AVETHEISSUESOFCONTENTIONALTEREDOVERTIME!RETHE

CONmICTSLIKELYTOUNDERGOFURTHERREDElNITION

 7HENWHYANDUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCESCANSUCHCONTENTIONSLEAD

TO VIOLENT CONmICT 5NDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES HAVE THEY NOT LED TO

VIOLENTCONmICT

 (OWCANTHECONmICTSBEMANAGEDSETTLEDANDEVENTUALLYRESOLVED

7HATAREPOLICYCHOICES$OOPTIONSSUCHASNATIONALSELFDETERMINATION

AUTONOMYFEDERALISMELECTORALDESIGNANDCONSOCIATIONALISMEXHAUST

THE LIST OF CHOICES AVAILABLE TO MEET THE ASPIRATIONS OF MINORITY

COMMUNITIES!RETHEREINNOVATIVEWAYSOFTHINKINGABOUTIDENTITYAND

SOVEREIGNTYTHATCANMEETTHEASPIRATIONSOFTHEMINORITYCOMMUNITIES

WITHOUTCREATINGNEWSOVEREIGNNATIONSTATES

 7HATISTHEROLEOFTHEREGIONALANDINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITIESINTHE

PROTECTIONOFMINORITYCOMMUNITIES

 (OWANDWHENDOESAPOLICYCHOICEBECOMERELEVANT

$ESIGN

!STUDYGROUPHASBEENORGANIZEDFOREACHOFTHElVECONmICTSINVESTIGATED

INTHESTUDY7ITHAPRINCIPALRESEARCHEREACHTHESTUDYGROUPSCOMPRISE

PRACTITIONERSANDSCHOLARSFROMTHERESPECTIVE!SIANCOUNTRIESINCLUDINGTHE

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REGIONORPROVINCETHATISTHEFOCUSOFTHECONmICTTHE5NITED3TATESAND

!USTRALIA&ORCOMPOSITIONOFSTUDYGROUPSPLEASESEETHEPARTICIPANTSLIST

!LLlVESTUDYGROUPSMETJOINTLYFORTHElRSTTIMEIN7ASHINGTON$#

FROM 3EPTEMBER  THROUGH /CTOBER   /VER A PERIOD OF FOUR

DAYSPARTICIPANTSENGAGEDININTENSIVEDISCUSSIONOFAWIDERANGEOFISSUES

PERTAININGTOTHElVECONmICTSINVESTIGATEDINTHEPROJECT)NADDITIONTO

IDENTIFYINGKEYISSUESFORRESEARCHANDPUBLICATIONTHEMEETINGFACILITATED

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS COUNTRY PERSPECTIVES AND INTERACTION AMONG

SCHOLARSWHOHADNOTPREVIOUSLYWORKEDTOGETHER"ASEDONDISCUSSIONAT

THEMEETINGlVERESEARCHMONOGRAPHLENGTHSTUDIESONEPERCONmICTAND

TWENTYPOLICYPAPERSFOURPERCONmICTWERECOMMISSIONED

3TUDYGROUPSMETSEPARATELYFORTHESECONDMEETING4HE!CEHAND0APUA

STUDY GROUP MEETINGS WERE HELD IN "ALI ON *UNE  THE 3OUTHERN

0HILIPPINES STUDY GROUP MET IN -ANILA ON *UNE  AND THE4IBET AND

8INJIANG STUDY GROUPS WERE HELD IN (ONOLULUFROM !UGUST  THROUGH

4HETHIRDMEETINGOFALLSTUDYGROUPSWASHELDFROM&EBRUARY

THROUGH-ARCHIN7ASHINGTON$#4HESEMEETINGSREVIEWED

RECENTDEVELOPMENTSRELATINGTOTHE CONmICTS CRITICALLY REVIEWEDTHElRST

DRAFTS OF THE POLICY PAPERS PREPARED FOR THE PROJECT REVIEWED THE BOOK

PROPOSALS BY THE PRINCIPAL RESEARCHERS AND IDENTIlED NEW TOPICS FOR

RESEARCH

0UBLICATIONS

4HEPROJECTWILLRESULTINlVERESEARCHMONOGRAPHSBOOKLENGTHSTUDIES

ANDABOUTTWENTYPOLICYPAPERS

2ESEARCH -ONOGRAPHS4O BE AUTHORED BY THE PRINCIPAL RESEARCHERS THESE

MONOGRAPHS PRESENT A BOOKLENGTH STUDY OF THE KEY ISSUES PERTAINING

TO EACH OF THE lVE CONmICTS  3UBJECT TO SATISFACTORY PEER REVIEW THE

MONOGRAPHSWILLAPPEARINTHE%AST7EST#ENTER7ASHINGTONSERIES!SIAN

3ECURITYANDTHE%AST7EST#ENTER SERIES #ONTEMPORARY)SSUESINTHE!SIA

0ACIlCBOTHPUBLISHEDBYTHE3TANFORD5NIVERSITY0RESS

0OLICY 0APERS 4HE POLICY PAPERS PROVIDE A DETAILED STUDY OF PARTICULAR

ASPECTSOFEACHCONmICT3UBJECTTOSATISFACTORYPEERREVIEWTHESE

TOWORDESSAYSWILLBEPUBLISHEDINTHE%7#7ASHINGTON0OLICY

3TUDIESSERIESANDBECIRCULATEDWIDELYTOKEYPERSONNELANDINSTITUTIONS

INTHEPOLICYANDINTELLECTUALCOMMUNITIESANDTHEMEDIAINTHERESPECTIVE

!SIANCOUNTRIES5NITED3TATESANDOTHERRELEVANTCOUNTRIES



0UBLIC&ORUMS

4OENGAGETHEINFORMEDPUBLICANDTODISSEMINATETHElNDINGSOFTHEPROJECT

TOAWIDEAUDIENCEPUBLICFORUMSHAVEBEENORGANIZEDINCONJUNCTIONWITH

STUDYGROUPMEETINGS

4WOPUBLICFORUMS WEREORGANIZEDIN7ASHINGTON$#INCONJUNCTION

WITHTHElRSTSTUDYGROUPMEETING4HElRSTFORUMCOSPONSOREDBYTHE

5NITED3TATES)NDONESIA3OCIETYDISCUSSEDTHE!CEHAND0APUACONmICTS

4HESECONDFORUMCOSPONSOREDBYTHE5NITED3TATES)NSTITUTEOF0EACE

THE!SIA0ROGRAMOFTHE7OODROW7ILSON)NTERNATIONAL#ENTERANDTHE

3IGUR#ENTEROFTHE'EORGE7ASHINGTON5NIVERSITYDISCUSSEDTHE4IBETAND

8INJIANGCONmICTS

0UBLICFORUMSWEREALSOORGANIZEDIN*AKARTAAND-ANILAINCONJUNCTION

WITHTHESECONDSTUDYGROUPMEETINGS4HE*AKARTAPUBLICFORUMON!CEH

AND 0APUA COSPONSORED BY THE #ENTER FOR 3TRATEGIC AND )NTERNATIONAL

3TUDIESIN*AKARTAANDTHE3OUTHERN0HILIPPINESPUBLICFORUMCOSPONSORED

BY THE 0OLICY #ENTER OF THE !SIAN )NSTITUTE OF -ANAGEMENT ATTRACTED

PERSONSFROMGOVERNMENTMEDIATHINKTANKSACTIVISTGROUPSDIPLOMATIC

COMMUNITYANDTHEPUBLIC

)N CONJUNCTION WITH THE THIRD STUDY GROUP MEETINGS ALSO HELD IN

7ASHINGTON $# THREE PUBLIC FORUMS WERE OFFERED 4HE lRST FORUM

COSPONSOREDBYTHE5NITED3TATES)NDONESIA3OCIETYADDRESSEDTHECONmICTS

IN!CEHAND0APUA4HESECONDFORUMCOSPONSOREDBYTHE3IGUR#ENTER

OFTHE'EORGE7ASHINGTON5NIVERSITYDISCUSSEDTHECONmICTSIN4IBETAND

8INJIANG!THIRDFORUMWASHELDTODISCUSSTHECONmICTINTHE3OUTHERN

0HILIPPINES4HISFORUMWASCOSPONSOREDBYTHE5NITED3TATES)NSTITUTEOF

0EACE

&UNDING3UPPORT

4HIS PROJECT IS SUPPORTED WITH A GENEROUS GRANT FROM THE #ARNEGIE

#ORPORATIONOF.EW9ORK

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