Snyder T. The Reconstruction of Nations Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. 384 p
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Index
355
Abwehr:
Alexander I: ,
Allies (Second World War): , , ,
, , ,
Alphabet:
Anders, Wladyslaw:
Andrusovo, Treaty of: , ,
Antall, József:
Antonovych, Volodomyr:
Armia Krajowa: See Home Army.
Auschwitz:
Ausˇra: –
Austria (Habsburg domains): –,
–,
Austro-Marxists:
Ba’al Shem Tov:
Bahushevich, Frantishak:
Baker, James:
Balicki, Zygmunt:
Basanavicˇius, Jonas: –, , ,
Basilian Order: ,
Belarus (post-): –, , –
; territory, ; Vilnius revanchism,
; Roman Catholic Church, –
; under Lukashenka, –; lan-
guage, –; national identity,
–; population, ; and Europe,
–
Belarusian language: and Lithuanian
peasants, ; morphology, ; flexibility
of speakers, , ; political attraction,
–; in interwar Vilnius, ; in post-
Belarus, –
Belarusian National Council:
Belarusian National Front: ,
Belarusian national revival: –, –
Belorussian SSR: foundation, , ; en-
largement, , , , , ; and
Vilnius, –, ; durability, ; in
Kultura program, –; in Polish
eastern policy, , –; during
Belorussian SSR (continued )
–, –; minorities, –
; purges, ; and Second World
War, –
Ben Solomon, Elijah:
Berdyczów: ,
Bereza Kartuska:
Beria, Lavrentii:
Berlin Wall: ,
Berynda, Pamvo:
Beskidy Mountains: , ,
Bialowiez˙ a (Belovezha): ,
Biblical translations: into Ruthenian ver-
nacular, ; into Church Slavonic, ,
; into Belarusian,
Bieszczady Mountains:
Bolshevik Revolution: , , ,
Bolshevik Russia: –, , , ,
, . See also Soviet Union.
Bonaparte, Napoleon: ,
Borders: and national revivals, , ;
and nation-states, , , ; and
elections, ; and universities, ; and
alliances, , –; postwar, ,
, , , ; and UPA, ; and
homogeneity, –, ; in national
identity, , –, –; in
Kultura program, , , ; Ger-
man-Polish, , , ; in Polish
eastern policy, –, , –,
–, –, –, ;
French-German,
Borovetsec:
Borusewicz, Bogdan:
Bosnia: . See also Yugoslavia.
Bratslav:
Brazauskas, Algirdas: ,
Brest:
Brest-Litovsk negotiations:
Brest Union: origins, –; resistance
to, –, ; and Stalin,
Brody:
Bug (Buh) River: , , , ,
Bulgaria: , , ,
Bush, George H. W.:
Butkevicˇius, Audrius: ,
Byzantium:
Calvinism: ,
Catherine II:
CDU:
Censuses: Russian imperial, , ; So-
viet, –, –; Belarusian, –
Central Lithuania:
Chagall, Marc:
Chamberlain, Austin:
Chancery Slavonic language: origins, ;
use, , , ; comparisons, –,
; as retrospect,
Chechnya:
Chelm (Kholm): ,
Chernihiv Collegium:
Chilin´ski, Michal:
Christian-National Union (ZChN): –
Church Slavonic language: in Vilnius, ;
biblical translations, , ; weak-
nesses, –,; in Austrian Gali-
cia,
Churchill, Winston: ,
C
ˇ
iurlionis, Mikolajus,
Clement XIV:
Clinton, Bill: ,
Cold War: , ,
Collaboration: –, –, ,
–
Communism: , . See also commu-
nists, Soviet Union.
Communist International:
Communist Party of Western Belorussia:
,
Communist Party of Western Ukraine:
Communists, Polish: Second World War,
–; governance, –, –
, –, –; after , –
,
Index
356
Constantinople: ,
Constitution of May: ,
Cossack hetmanate: under Poland, ;
under Russia, ,
Cossacks: in Poland, –; languages,
; and nationality, –
Counter-Reformation: in Lithuania, –
; in Ukraine, –
Cracow: , , , , ,
Crimean Khanate: ,
Crimean Peninsula: , ,
Crimean Tatars: ,
Crimean War: ,
Croatia: . See also Yugoslavia.
CSCE: ,
CSU:
Czartoryski, Adam: , ,
Czech language:
Czech national revival: –,
Czechoslovak idea:
Czechoslovakia: , , –, –
, ,
Czeczot (Chachot), Jan:
Dante:
Danylo:
Daukantas, Simonas: –,
DDT:
Denikin, Anton:
Deportations: – from Lithuania,
–; – from Lithuania,
–, –, ; – from
Lithuania, ; – under Nazi
occupation, ; – from Soviet
West Ukraine, , , ; –
Polish-Ukrainian, , , –,
–, , ; Stalin and, ; s
in USSR, , ; of UPA families,
; and nationalism, –
Dmowski, Roman: –, , , ,
Dnipro River: ,
Dobra Szlachecka: ,
Dontsov, Dmytro: , ,
Dovnar-Zapolski, Mitrofan,
Drach, Ivan:
Drohomanov, Mykhailo: , ,
Dubinin, Viktor:
Dunin-Martsinkevich, Vincent:
East Germany: –
Eastern policy, Polish: intellectual origins,
–; in –, , –,
; and Germany, –, –;
and end of USSR, –; European
standards, –, ; minority
rights, –, ; problems, ;
domestic politics, –; conse-
quences, , , , –; and
postcommunists, ; and
Kwas´niewski, –
Eastern Schism:
Elections: to Austrian assemblies, ,
, , ; in interwar Poland, ,
; in postwar Poland, ; after ,
, ; in Belarus,
Emigration: ,
Entente (First World War): , , ,
,
Ethnic cleansing: causes, –, –,
–; of Vilnius, –; Soviet,
–, –, , , –, ;
consequences: , –, ; Polish-
Ukrainian, –, –, ,
, , ; models, –; Nazi,
; rescue, , ; propaganda, –
; postwar plans, –; commu-
nist Polish, –; of Germans, ;
memory, –; and identity, ;
of Yugoslavia, ; reconciliation, –
See also nationalism, deportations.
Ethnicity: –, –, –, , –
, , , –, , , –,
, –, , –, –,
, , –,
Euro (currency):
European standards (Polish policy): the-
ory, –; practice, –
Index
357
European Union (EU): , , , ,
–
February Revolution:
Federalism: , , –, , –
, , , . See also socialist fed-
eralism, Kultura.
Final Solution: Vilnius, –, , ;
Ukraine, –, , , ; as
cause, –; in Poland, ; in Pol-
ish communist history,
Forefather’s Eve:
France: as model nation, ; diplomacy,
Franko, Ivan: –
French Revolution: ,
Galicia (eastern, Halychyna): medieval
Poland, , , ; Austria, –,
–, , ; population, –,
, ; after First World War, –
; definition, ; interwar Poland,
–, –, ; Soviet occupa-
tion –, , ; Nazi occupa-
tion –, , , , , ;
Polish-Ukrainian war , –;
postwar disposition, ; as Western
Ukraine: –. See also Polish-West
Ukrainian War.
Galician autonomy: ,
Gazeta Wyborcza: ,
Gdan´sk:
Gediminas: , , ,
Generalgouvernement: , , , ,
,
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich:
Georgia:
Geremek, Bronislaw: , ,
Germany: nineteenth century model, –
, , ; after First World War, –
; unification in , , , –
, –, , ; post- Pol-
ish relations, –, –; Ost-
politik, , , . See also East
Germany, Nazi Germany.
Giedroyc, Jerzy: life, , , ; inter-
war policies, –; establishes Kul-
tura, ; eastern program, , ,
; influence, , –,
Gierek, Edward:
Gieysztor, Jakób:
Gle˛boczyca: –, –
Golem: ,
Gomulka, Wladyslaw: , ,
Gorbachev, Mikhail: –, , ,
,
Grabski, Stanislaw: at Riga, –, ,
; youth, ; on Russia, ; on
Ukraine, ; and national assimila-
tion, , ; in Moscow , –
Grabski, Wladyslaw:
Grain trade: , , ,
Grand strategy: –
Graz˙ yna:
Great Britain: postwar hopes, , ; na-
tional identity, ; and German unifi-
cation, –; borders, . See also
Allies, Entente.
Great Depression: ,
Greek Catholic Church: created, , ;
Ukrainian character, –, ;
banned in USSR, , ; during Sec-
ond World War, , ; interwar
Poland, . See also Uniate Church.
Greek language:
Hadiach Union: –
Haller, Józef:
Hasidism: ,
Haskalah: ,
Hebrew language: , , –,
Herder, Johann Gottfried von: –
Hilfspolizei: , ,
Historical methods: –, and national-
ism, –, –, –, –
; and chronology, –; and eth-
nic cleansing, , –; and geno-
cide,
History of Ukraine-Rus’:
Hitler, Adolf: , , , ,
Index
358
Holocaust: See Final Solution.
Holówko, Tadeusz:
Home Army: in Lithuania, ; war aims,
–, , ; in Volhynia, –
; at war, , ; in postwar
Poland, –; AK-WiN, ; his-
tory,
Hromada:
Hrushevs’kyi, Mykhailo: , –,
,
Hucisko:
Hungary: , , , ,
Huta Stepan´ska:
Hutsuls:
Identity documents: , , –,
, –, , , , ,
Industrialization: , ,
International law: , , ,
International relations, theories of: –
,
Iron Wolf: myth, ; organization,
Irony: , , ,
Italy: , ,
Ivan IV (The Terrible):
Jadwiga:
January Uprising: consequences, , , ,
, ; national ideas, , ; Lithua-
nian perceptions, ; in Ukraine,
Jaruzelski, Wojciech: –, , ,
,
Jaworzno: ,
Jeremiah II: –
Jesuits: , , , , , –, ,
Jews: biblical translators, ; ennobled, ;
legal status in Polish-Lithuanian Com-
monwealth, , , , ; in Russian
empire, , , –; reform attempts,
; in Vilnius, , , –, –,
; modern politics, –, –;
Final Solution in Vilnius, –; th-
century Ukraine, ; th-century
Ukraine, ; Austrian Galicia, –
; Polish-West Ukrainian War, ;
interwar Volhynia, ; Soviet occupa-
tion –, ; Final Solution in
Ukraine, –, , , ; –
deportations, ; emigration from
postwar Poland, ; Poland in ,
Joffe, Adolf:
Jogailo (Jagiello): baptism and election,
; titles,
John Paul II: , , –,
Joseph II,
Józewski, Henryk: –,
Kalinowski, Konstanty: , –,
Kamieniec Podolski: ,
Katyn Forest: ,
Kaunas: , , , , , ,
Kazimierz I (the Great):
Kazimierz IV:
Kennkarten: See identity documents.
KGB: , . See also NKVD.
Kharkiv Collegium:
Kharkiv revival,
Kharkiv University:
Kholm Eparchate:
Khmel’nyts’kyi, Bohdan: , –
Khmel’nyts’kyi Uprising: causes, –;
consequences, –
Khrushchev, Nikita: ,
Kiebiech, Viacheslav: ,
Klimov, Ivan:
Kochanowski, Jan:
Kohl, Helmut: , ,
Kolomya:
Konrad Wallenrod: , , , , –
KOR:
Korenizatsiia: . See also Belorussian
SSR, nationality policy, Ukrainian
SSR.
Kos´ciuszko, Tadeusz:
Kosovo: , , , ,
Kossowski, Waclaw: ,
Kostrzewa-Zorbas, Grzegorz: , ,
,
Index
359
Kotzebue, August von:
KPN: ,
Krajowcy: –
Kraków: See Cracow.
Kravchuk, Leonid: , , ,
Krewo Union:
Kuchma, Leonid: –,
Kudirka, Vincas: , –
Kultura: foundation, ; eastern pro-
gram, –, , ; influence,
, –, ,
Kuna, Henry:
Kuron´, Jacek: , , ,
Kuropaty: , –
Kursk, Battle of:
Kuty:
Kwas´niewski, Aleksander: –, ,
–
Kyiv: in Lithuania, ; in Poland, , –
; university, ; ecclesiastical see,
; Brest Union, , in Muscovy, ;
in Ukrainian national revival, ; con-
nection to L’viv, , ; as capital
–, , ; in Polish eastern
policy, –; territory, ; as capi-
tal after , –, . See also
Ukraine (post-).
Kyiv Academy: ,
Kyivan Rus’: civilization, –, –;
succession, , –, , , ,
Kymantaite˙ , Sofija:
Land reform: ,
Landsberg, Gabriel:
Landsberg, Kazimierz:
Landsbergis, Vytautas: family, –;
politics, , , , , –
Landsbergis-Z
ˇ
emkalnis, Vytautas: ,
Latin language: medieval Poland, , ,
; use by Cossacks, ; literary lan-
guage in Russian empire, ; in Aus-
trian Galicia,
Lebensraum:
Lemkos: in , ; Second World War,
–; postwar fate, , , ;
and UPA, –
Lenin, Vladimir: , , . See also
Bolshevik Russia; Soviet Union.
Lex Grabski:
Lit-Bel SSR: ,
Literacy: –,
Lithuania, Grand Duchy of: expansion,
–, –; religions, –, ;
languages, –; statutes, –, ,
, ; as restrospect, –, –,
–, –, –, , , –
, ; population, , , ; dura-
bility, –, , , ; fate of terri-
tories, ,
Lithuania (post-): –, , –
, –, –
Lithuanian Democratic Party:
Lithuanian language: in Vilnius: , ; in
Polish-Lithuanian-Commonwealth: ,
, ; reform, –; durability, ;
impenetrability, , ; Russian policy,
, ; and national ideas, –, –
; in Lithuanian SSR among Poles,
Lithuanian nationality policy: interwar,
, –; after , ,
Lithuanian national revival: –, –
, ,
Lithuanian Poles: –, –, –,
–, –, , –, , –
, –,
Lithuanian SSR: foundation(s): , ; as-
similation of Vilnius, –; in Kul-
tura program, –; in Polish east-
ern policy, , –; minorities,
–; schooling, –
London Poles: ,
Lotnik, Waldemar: ,
Lublin: , , ,
Lublin Union: early modern Ukraine, ,
–, ; origins, –; language,
; provisions, –, –; Lithua-
nian national revival, –, ; sym-
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360
bolic rejection, –, , ; sym-
bolic rehabilitation, –
Lukashenka, Aleksandr: , –,
,
Lutheranism:
Lutskevich, Anton: ,
L’viv: In medieval Poland, –, ;
in Austrian Galicia, , , ; con-
nection to Kyiv, , ; university,
, , , ; population, , ;
after First World War, –; inter-
war Poland, ; during Second World
War, , , ; postwar disposition,
, , , ; in Kultura program,
; territorial summary, ; in
Ukraine after ,
L’viv University: , , ,
Lypyns’kyi, Vyacheslav:
Mackevicˇius, Antanas,
Majdanek: ,
Makarczyk, Jerzy:
Maria Theresa:
Mariampol school: , ,
Marshall Plan:
Martial law (Poland),
Matulaitis, Jurgis:
Mazepa, Ivan:
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz: , ,
Memory: –,
Merksys, Antanas: ,
Michnik, Adam: , , , , ,
Mickiewicz, Adam: citations: , , , ,
, –, –, , , –, ;
life, –, , , ; political ideas,
–, , –, , ; nation-
alist readings of, –, –, , ,
, , , –; historical views,
–, , , –, ; monumen-
talized, –, ; and Franko,
Mieroszewski, Juliusz: life: , ; eastern
program, –; influence, –
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw: , ,
Miksˇas, Jurgis,
Milosˇevic´, Slobodan:
Milosz, Czeslaw:
Minorities: See Nationality Policy, Vil-
nius.
Minsk: , , , , –, , , ,
–, , ,
Mitterrand, François:
Moczulski, Leszek:
Modernity:
Modernization, theories of: , –, –
Mohyla, Petro: ,
Moldova: , ,
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact: , , ,
, ,
Molotov, Vyacheslav, , ,
Moscow: , , , , , , ,
–,
Mossor, Stefan: –
Mudryi, Vasyl’:
Muraviev, M. N.: –
Muscovy, Grand Duchy of: protector of
Orthodoxy, ; political claims, ; al-
liance with Cossacks, –; contact
with Europe, –; territory, .
See also Russian empire.
Mussolini, Benito:
Narbutt, Teodor: , , , ,
Narutavicˇius, Stanislavas:
Narutowicz, Gabriel: ,
Nasha Niva: ,
Nathan of Hanover: ,
National communism: in Lithuania, –
; in Poland, –, –, –
, ; in USSR,
National Democracy (Polish): origins,
–; on Lithuania, –; on bor-
ders, –, , ; in Austria, ;
on Ukraine, , , , –,
; on Russia,
National Democratic Party (Ukrainian):
Index
361
National revivals: Polish, –; Belarus-
ian, –, –; Czech, –, ;
Lithuanian, –, –, ; Russian,
–, ; Ukrainian, –,
Nationalism: historiography and, , ,
, , –, , –, –
; theories of, –, –, –;
conditions for success, , , –,
, –, –; power of error,
, , ; and language, , –,
–, –, –; and early
modern patriotism, –, –, ,
, , , ; medieval-modern syn-
theses, , , , , –, –,
–, –, , , , , ;
peasants, –, , , , ; social
status, , , –, –, , ,
–; political advantages, –,
–, –; Romanticism, , ,
, –; religion and, –, ,
, ; socialism and, –; com-
munism and, , , –, –
, ; ethnic cleansing and, , ,
; channeled by diplomacy, –,
, ; Kultura program and, –
; partition, –
Nationality policy: Russian imperial, ,
, , –, , –; Soviet, ,
–, –, –, –, ,
, , –, –; Lithuanian
interwar, , –; Lithuanian after
, , ; Polish interwar, –,
–, , , –, , ; Pol-
ish communist, –, –; Pol-
ish post-,
NATO: Yugoslavia intervention, , ,
; and Ukraine, , –; enlarge-
ment, , , –, ; united
Germany and, ; Polish policy, ;
and Lithuania, –, ; and Rus-
sian-Polish relations, –; and
Lukashenka,
Nazi Germany: invasion of Poland, ,
, , ; invasion of USSR, , ;
nationality policy in Lithuania, –;
murder of Jews, –, , –,
, , , ; and Ukrainian na-
tionalism, ; occupation policy, –
, –, ; and Belarus, . See
also SS, Wehrmacht, Final Solution.
Nemyrych, Iurii: –
Nikon:
NKVD: in Vilnius, , , , ; in
Ukraine, , , ; in Poland, ;
Kuropaty massacre, ,
Nobility (Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian):
rights, –, , ; early modern re-
ligion, , ; definition, ; corrup-
tion, ; and modern nationalism, ,
, , , –, ; after , ; in
Russian service, –, ; middle
gentry, , , ; Ukrainian mag-
nates, ; Polish nobles in Russian
Ukraine, –; Polish nobles in
Austrian Galicia, –, –,
November Uprising: ,
Nowa Nowica:
Nowogródek,
Nuclear weapons: , ,
October Revolution: See Bolshevik Revo-
lution.
Oder (Odra) River:
Operation Rzeszów: –
Operation Tempest (Burza):
Operation Vistula: –, , ,
, , ; evaluations, , ; and
Polish-Ukrainian relations, –
Orlyk, Pylyp:
Orthodoxy: in Grand Duchy of Lithua-
nia, –, ; in Muscovy, , , ,
; absorbs Uniate Church, ; Rus-
sian imperial conversions, –; after
Brest Union, –; and Cossacks,
–, ; in Austrian Galicia, ; in
Volhynia, , , ; in USSR, ;
in Belarus after ,
Ostroh: , , ,
Index
362
Ostroh Bible: ,
Ostroz’kyi, Konstantyn: , , –
Ottoman empire: . See also Crimean
Khanate, Crimean Tatars, Jeremiah II.
OUN: foundation, ; political goals,
, ; practices, –, –;
split,
OUN-Bandera: emergence, ; murder
of Ukrainians, ; cleansing of Poles,
–; creation of UPA, ; ideol-
ogy, ; postwar, . See also UPA.
OUN-Melnyk: emergence, ; rivalry
with OUN-Bandera, ; tactics, –
; ideology, ; and UPA, .
Ozolas, Romualdas: –
Pale of Settlement:
Pameriai (Ponary) Forest: , , , ,
Pan-Slavism: and spelling reform, ; and
national revivals,
Pan Tadeusz: cited, , , ; origins, –
, ; content: –, , ; and
Lithuanian revival, –, –;
Belarusian translations, –, –;
interwar Lithuania, ; postcommunist
Poland,
Partitions (Poland-Lithuania): ,
Partnership for Peace: . See also
NATO.
Passports: See identity documents.
Pavlychko, Dmytro: –
Pazniak, Zenon: , ,
Peasant Battalions: –
Peasant uprisings: , –
Peasants: and Polish uprisings, , ;
and Russian land reform, ; and mod-
ern nationalism, , ; and Lithuanian
revival, , ; self-appellations, ; in
deportations, , , ; and Brest
Union, ; in th-century Ukraine,
; land hunger, , –; in Aus-
trian Galicia, –; in Ukrainian re-
vival, –
Pereiaslav: ,
Peter I (the Great): , ,
Petliura, Symon: –
Piedmont:
Pieracki, Bronislaw:
Pilsudski, Józef: life, –; national
ideas, , , , , , –; and
Vilnius, , –; federation plans,
, , , , ; and Petliura, ,
, –; governance, , , ,
Pluto, Stanislav:
Podgornyi, Nikolai:
Polesie: –
Polish Army (Soviet-controlled): , ,
Polish-Bolshevik War: –,
Polish Committee for National Libera-
tion (PKWN): ,
Polish Independence Compact (PPN):
Polish language: spread to Lithuania, –
, , , , , , , , ; in me-
dieval Poland, , ; collects Renais-
sance neologisms, ; in Belarusian re-
vival, –; in Uniate Church, –
, ; in Orthodox Church, –;
spread to Ukraine, , –; use by
Cossacks, ; literary language in Rus-
sian empire, ; use by Jews in Galicia,
–
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: foun-
dation, , , –; political ideas, –
, , ; destruction, –, –
; durability, , , –; as posi-
tive retrospect, , , , , , ,
–, , –; revival op-
posed by nationalists, , –, ,
, ; by USSR, –; by Kul-
tura, ; by diplomacy, –, ;
place of Ukraine in, –; and Cos-
sacks, ; golden age, ; compared to
EU,
Polish Military Historical Institute:
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363