Snyder T. The Reconstruction of Nations Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. 384 p

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The Reconstruction of Nations

Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus,

1569–1999

Timothy Snyder

Yale University Press

New Haven & London

Published with the assistance of the Frederick W. Hilles Fund of Yale University.

reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that

copying permitted by Sections  and  of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by

reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers.

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Snyder, Timothy.

The reconstruction of nations : Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus,

‒ / Timothy Snyder.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN --- (alk. paper)

. Europe, Eastern—History—th century. I. Title.

DJK. .S 

.—dc



A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the

Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library

Resources.



For

Marianna Brown Snyder and Guy Estel Snyder

and in memory of

Lucile Fisher Hadley and Herbert Miller Hadley

Contents

vii

Names and Sources, ix

Gazetteer, xi

Maps, xiii

Introduction, 

Part I The Contested Lithuanian-Belarusian Fatherland

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (–), 

2 Lithuania! My Fatherland! ( –), 

3 The First World War and the Wilno Question (–), 

4 The Second World War and the Vilnius Question

(–), 

5 Epilogue: Soviet Lithuanian Vilnius (–), 

Part II The Embattled Ukrainian Borderland

Early Modern Ukraine (–), 

7 Galicia and Volhynia at the Margin (–), 

8 The Ethnic Cleansing of Western Ukraine (–), 

9 The Ethnic Cleansing of Southeastern Poland ( –), 

10 Epilogue: Communism and Cleansed Memories

(–), 

Part III The Reconstructed Polish Homeland

Patriotic Oppositions and State Interests (–), 

12 The Normative Nation-State ( –), 

13 European Standards and Polish Interests (–), 

14 Envoi: Returns to Europe, 

Abbreviations, 

Archives, 

Document Collections, 

Notes, 

Acknowledgments, 

Index, 

Contents

viii

Names and Sources

The subjects of this book are the transformation of national ideas, the

causes of ethnic cleansing, and the conditions for national reconcilia-

tion. One theme is the contestation of territory, and contested places

are known by different names to different people at different times.

Another theme is the difference between history and memory, a dif-

ference revealed when care is taken with names. The body of this book

will name cities between Warsaw and Moscow according to the usage

of the people in question at the relevant moment. This minimizes

anachronism, recalls the importance of language to nationalism, and

emphasizes that the disposition of cities is never ﬁnal. The gazetteer

provides toponyms in eight languages in use as of this writing.

The names of countries also require some attention. In this work,

attributes of the medieval principality of Kyivan Rus’ are denoted by

the term “Rusian.” The culture of East Slavs within the early modern

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is called “Ruthenian.” The adjec-

tive “Russian” is reserved for the Russian empire, the Russian Soviet

Federative Socialist Republic, and the Russian Federation. “Ukrain-

ian” is a geographical term in the medieval and early modern periods,