Schenken Suzanne O’Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics (2 Volumes)

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cotting as a nonviolent tactic. I think we showed the world that nonvio-

lence can work to make social change....I think we have laid a pattern of

how farm workers are eventually going to get out of their bondage. It may

not happen right now in our foreseeable future, but the pattern is there

and farm workers are going to make it.”

From 1991 to 1993, she took a leave of absence from UFW to work

on the Feminist Majority’s Feminization of Power campaign, a project

that encourages Latinas to run for public office. She then returned to the

UFW and began organizing the 20,000 workers in California’s strawberry

industry.

Born in Dawson, New Mexico, Huerta earned her associate’s degree

from Stockton College.

See also The Feminist Majority

References Felner, “Dolores Huerta” (1998); H. W. Wilson, Current Biography

Yearbook, 1997 (1997); Garcia, “Dolores Huerta: Woman, Organizer, and

Symbol” (1993).

Hufstedler, Shirley Ann Mount (b. 1925)

The first secretary of the U.S. Department of Education, Shirley Huf-

stedler served from 1979 to 1981. Creating the department had been one

of President Jimmy Carter’s pledges in his 1976 campaign and Congress

had authorized establishing the Department of Education in September

1979. Confirmed by the Senate on 30 November 1979, Hufstedler’s initial

task was to bring together 152 federal education programs previously ad-

ministered by the Defense Department and the Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare. She explained: “The federal government cannot

simply ‘set policy’ in terms of what should be done to help school systems.

The most we can do is to help them help themselves and to try to create a

climate in which people can begin to think in cooperation terms instead

of confrontation terms.” The department officially opened on 4 May 1980.

Born in Denver, Colorado, Shirley Hufstedler earned her bachelor’s

degree in business administration in 1945 and her law degree from Stan-

ford University in 1949. In private law practice from 1950 to 1960, she was

special legal consultant to the California state attorney general. Appointed

to fill an unexpired term as judge on the Los Angeles Superior Court in

1961, she was elected to a full term the next year and served until 1966,

when she was appointed to the California State Court of Appeals for the

Second District. In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson appointed Hufstedler

to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the second woman to

serve on the federal appellate bench.

Hufstedler chaired the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform,

which was created by Congress in 1990 and dissolved in 1997.

Hufstedler, Shirley Ann Mount 345

See also Cabinets, Women in Presidential

References H. W. Wilson, Current Biography Yearbook, 1980 (1980).

Hull, Jane Dee Bowersock (b. 1935)

Republican Jane Dee Hull became governor of Arizona on 5 September

1997. Hull entered politics in 1965 as a precinct committeewoman,

worked in Republican campaigns, and served in the Arizona House of

Representatives from 1979 to 1993. In 1989, she served as the state’s first

female speaker of the house and was Arizona secretary of state from 1995

to 1997. Her tenure in the office ended when incumbent Arizona gover-

nor Fife Symington III was convicted of fraud and removed from office.

The state constitution provides that the secretary of state becomes gover-

nor when the office is vacant. Hull was elected governor in 1998 for a

full term.

Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Jane Hull earned her bachelor of sci-

ence degree from the University of Kansas, did postgraduate work in po-

litical science and economics at Arizona State University, and graduated

from the Josephson Ethics Institute.

See also Governors, Women; State Legislatures, Women in

References www.governor.state.az.us/news/html.

Humphrey Brown, Muriel Fay Buck (1912–1998)

Democrat Muriel Humphrey of Minnesota served in the U.S. Senate from

25 January 1978 to 7 November 1978. Her life as a political wife began in

1943, when her first husband, Hubert Humphrey, ran for mayor of Min-

346 Hull, Jane Dee Bowersock

Governor Jane Dee

Hull (R-AZ) was

joined by her grandson

at campaign head-

quarters in Phoenix,

Arizona, to celebrate

her nomination for the

governorship, 1998

(Associated Press AP)

neapolis, Minnesota. She campaigned for him during his many races for the

U.S. Senate as well as his campaign for vice president of the United States

in 1964, which he won, and for president in 1968, which he lost. When he

died in office in 1978, Muriel Humphrey was appointed to fill the vacancy.

In office, Muriel Humphrey passed an amendment to enhance the

job security of federal employees who expose waste or fraud and cospon-

sored the resolution to extend the ratification deadline of the Equal Rights

Amendment. After a granddaughter was born mentally disabled,

Humphrey worked for people with mental disabilities. Humphrey de-

clined to run in the special election to complete the term. She remarried

in 1981 but remained vocal in the political arena. When liberalism and

liberal ideas came under attack in the late 1980s, Muriel Humphrey an-

nounced: “I’m a liberal and I’m proud of it. In fact, I was probably a little

more liberal than Hubert was.”

Born in Huron, South Dakota, Humphrey attended Huron College

in the 1930s, leaving when she married Hubert Humphrey in 1936. She

worked as a bookkeeper in a utility company to put her husband through

college. A shy woman, she strove to overcome her shyness as her husband’s

political career developed. After he received the Democratic Party’s nom-

ination for president, she explained: “I just wanted to be a housewife. I

didn’t even know how I’d be a mother. I would have been horrified to have

thought of this.”

See also Congress, Women in; Equal Rights Amendment

References New York Times, 21 September 1998; Office of the Historian, U.S.

House of Representatives, Women in Congress, 1917–1990 (1991).

Hurley, Ruby (1909–1980)

African American Ruby Hurley was known as “the queen of civil rights”

for her work with the National Association for the Advancement of Col-

ored People (NAACP) in the 1950s and 1960s. Appointed youth secretary

of the NAACP in 1943, she directed the organization of youth councils

and college affiliates across the country. Assigned to Birmingham, Al-

abama, in 1951 when the organization opened a southeastern regional of-

fice, she left when the state banned the organization and reopened the re-

gional office in Atlanta, Georgia. She helped investigate bomb threats

made to an NAACP field secretary in Florida in 1951 and the murder of

the Reverend George W. Lee, who was registering African American vot-

ers. She monitored the trial of two white Mississippians accused of mur-

dering Emmett Till, a young African American. Hurley was involved in the

desegregation of the University of Alabama, the University of Georgia,

and the University of Mississippi.

Hurley, Ruby 347

During a sit-in demonstration at a lunch counter in Greensboro,

North Carolina, Hurley cited the Constitution as the basis for her actions

and then explained: “What we’re saying, Mr. White Folks, is this: ‘You

wrote it and all we want you to do is live by it!’”

Born in Washington, D.C., Ruby Hurley graduated from Miner

Teachers College and attended the Robert H. Terrell Law School.

See also Civil Rights Movement, Women in the; National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People, Women in the

References New York Times, 15 August 1980.

Hutchinson, Anne Marbury (1591–1643)

Puritan Anne Hutchinson was born in Alford, Lincolnshire, England; be-

came a member of Puritan minister John Cotton’s congregation in

Boston, England; and with her husband, William Hutchinson, and their

children followed Cotton to colonial Boston in 1634. Cotton preached the

covenant of grace, a belief that redemption came from God’s grace and

that faith provided the basis for salvation. The covenant of works was the

opposing belief, one that espoused that obedience to moral law was the

way to salvation and that one’s outward behavior indicated that one had

been redeemed. Hutchinson interpreted the covenant of grace to mean

that the spirit of Christ lived within each person, leading her to argue that

men and women were equal. People who shared her beliefs were called

antinomians and were charged with heresy by the church.

A midwife and respected woman in the community, Hutchinson’s ad-

vice was sought by other women. Through their conversations, Hutchin-

son realized that some women had accepted the covenant of works rather

than the covenant of grace, in which she believed. To offer women an op-

portunity to speak openly and freely about their beliefs, Hutchinson or-

ganized weekly meetings in her home to discuss, criticize, and interpret the

week’s sermon. So many people, men and women, attended that she initi-

ated a second weekly meeting. As her following grew, one minister attacked

her in his sermons, and she responded by criticizing his theology.

Hutchinson’s challenge to ministerial authority led to her famous

trial, although she was not charged with any specific crime. Her offense was

that she had not accepted the limits placed on women at the time. She was

tried in civil court in 1637 for sedition for leading discussions on sermons

and on her theological ideas, found guilty, and banished. Hutchinson was

tried again before an ecclesiastical court in early 1638 for heresy and was

excommunicated. Anne and William Hutchinson and their children joined

another religious dissident, Roger Williams, in Rhode Island, living there

until 1642 when William died and they moved to New York. Hutchinson

and all but one daughter were killed by Native Americans in 1643.

348 Hutchinson, Anne Marbury

References Cameron, Anne Hutchinson, Guilty or Not? A Closer Look at Her

Trials (1994).

Hutchison, Kathryn (Kay) Ann Bailey (b. 1943)

Republican Kay Hutchison of Texas entered the U.S. Senate on 14 June

1993. When incumbent Texas senator Lloyd Bentsen left office to join

President Bill Clinton’s cabinet, Hutchison won the special election to

complete the term. She won election to a full six-year term in November

1994. Hutchison held the leadership position of Senate deputy majority

whip in the 104th, 105th, and 106th Congresses (1995–2001).

Senator Hutchison has passed a measure creating the homemakers’

individual retirement account. Before passage of the measure, only em-

ployed persons could establish individual retirement accounts, leaving

homemakers who are not employed in the labor market without the op-

portunity to take advantage of the tax savings associated with the accounts.

With passage of the measure, a married person not employed in the labor

market can establish an account and the homemaker and wage-earning

spouse can save for retirement at the same rate as two-income families.

Hutchison also passed a measure that makes stalking across state lines a

federal offense. With Texas and Mexico sharing a border, Hutchison has fo-

cused her attention on reducing illegal immigration and the movement of

drugs across the border. She has worked for campaign finance reform, mil-

itary preparedness and a strong defense budget, simplification of the

process for small businesses to become government suppliers, congres-

sional term limits, cuts in personal income taxes, and a balanced budget.

She held the leadership position of Senate deputy majority whip in the

104th and 105th Congresses (1995–1997 and 1997–1999).

A political and legal affairs correspondent for a Houston television sta-

tion from 1969 to 1971, Hutchison then went to Washington, D.C., to serve

as press secretary to Republican Party cochair Anne Armstrong. Hutchison

returned to Texas and served in the state House of Representatives from

1973 to 1977, where she cosponsored rape reform legislation with Sarah

Weddington. President Gerald Ford appointed her vice chair of the National

Transportation Safety Board in 1976, where she served until 1978, when she

moved to Dallas. She was senior vice president and general counsel of Re-

public Bank Corporation and later cofounded Fidelity National Bank of

Dallas and owned McCraw Candies. She ran unsuccessfully for Congress in

1982. Hutchison served as Texas state treasurer from 1991 to 1993.

Born in Galveston, Texas, Hutchison attended the University of Texas

from 1961 to 1964 and earned her bachelor of laws degree in 1967 from

the University of Texas Law School and her bachelor of arts degree in 1992

from the University of Texas.

Hutchison, Kathryn (Kay) Ann Bailey 349

See also Congress, Women in; Stalking; State Legislatures; Women in; Wedding-

ton, Sarah Ragle

References Congressional Quarterly, Politics in America 1996 (1995); www.

senate.gov/~hutchison/bio.htm.

Hyde, Henry John (b. 1924)

Republican Henry Hyde of Illinois entered the U.S. House of Representa-

tives on 3 January 1975. During his first term in office, Hyde passed an

amendment prohibiting federal funding for abortions except to save the

life of the mother. He has succeeded in attaching the amendment to every

subsequent annual appropriations bill. After the amendment was chal-

lenged in the courts, the U.S. Supreme Court found it constitutional in

Harris v. McRae (1980). One of the most ardent abortion opponents in

Congress, Hyde seeks a constitutional amendment banning abortions ex-

cept to save the life of the mother. Criticized for his exclusion of abortion

funding for pregnancies resulting from rape or incest, Hyde has explained:

“The fetus has committed no crime. Killing the unborn child would be an

admission that there are values superior to human life and I don’t recog-

nize any value superior to human life.”

Born in Chicago, Hyde earned his bachelor of science degree from

Georgetown University in 1947 and his law degree from the Loyola Univer-

sity School of Law in 1949. An unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1962,

Hyde served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1967 to 1975.

See also Abortion; Harris v. McRae

References H. W. Wilson, Current Biography Yearbook, 1989 (1989).

350 Hyde, Henry John

Senator Kay Bailey

Hutchison (R-TX),

with Senate Majority

Leader Trent Lott

(R-MS), listened to

testimony during a

Senate Rules

Committee hearing

on campaign fund-

raising, 1997

(Associated Press AP)

Independent Women’s Forum

Founded in 1992 to provide an alternative female voice in political de-

bates, the Independent Women’s Forum (IWF) began informally to sup-

port Clarence Thomas’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court. With

about 500 members, IWF espouses conservative views on social issues and

bases its positions on the belief that the family is the foundation of soci-

ety and is the center of most women’s lives.

IWF members include businesswomen, economists, lawyers, teach-

ers, and homemakers who support individual responsibility, strong fami-

lies, and less government. IWF has supported the Virginia Military Insti-

tute’s attempt to remain all-male, Paula Jones’s sexual harassment suit

against President Bill Clinton, welfare reform, single-sex educational pro-

grams, and mandatory testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

and disclosure of the results. It opposes affirmative action and worked

against the Violence Against Women Act.

See also Affirmative Action; Hill, Anita Faye; Sexual Harassment; United States

v. Virginia; Violence Against Women Act of 1994

References Burkett, The Right Women (1998); www.iwf.org.

Ireland, Patricia (b. 1945)

Patricia Ireland became president of the National Organization for

Women (NOW) in 1991. Ireland became involved in the feminist move-

ment through a personal experience. A flight attendant for Pan American

World Airlines from 1967 to 1975, Ireland learned that the company’s

351

health insurance policy covered male em-

ployees’ families but not female employees’

families. She protested the company policy

and contacted NOW for advice. Following

NOW’s recommendations, she successfully

challenged the policy, but only for women

who were heads of households. The com-

pany later granted women the same insur-

ance coverage as men. Years later, Ireland

noted:“The vice president of the labor task

force at Dade County NOW is now the

dean of women lawmakers in the Florida

legislature. I am the president of NOW.

And Pan Am is bankrupt.”

Ireland discovered that she could cre-

ate change; that although laws existed to

protect women’s rights, they were not con-

sistently enforced; and that NOW’s feminist agenda related to her. She also

found satisfaction in having power. Increasingly dissatisfied with the con-

trol that Pan Am exercised over her life as well as that of other flight at-

tendants, Ireland sought new avenues to gain status and power. She en-

tered law school while still working for Pan Am to support herself and her

husband. Following graduation in 1975, she joined a private law firm,

where she worked for twelve years. During those years, she also did pro

bono work for women and through that work learned how legal barriers

limited women’s options and prohibited women from fully exercising

their human rights. Her exposure to the inequities of divorce laws and in-

heritance laws, the crimes of violence permitted under marriage laws, and

the economic travesties perpetuated by businesses and governments con-

tributed to her growing commitment to the feminist agenda.

Ireland’s continued involvement in NOW led to her election as vice

president of the organization in 1987 and her appointment to the presi-

dency in 1991, when incumbent president Molly Yard resigned because of

illness. Controversy over her personal life immediately accompanied Ire-

land’s move to the president’s office. A gay rights magazine article revealed

that Ireland, who had been married for twenty years, also had a woman

companion. Questions of her sexual orientation surrounded her, but Ire-

land resisted engaging in a battle or even fully responding. She explained:

“This is how I live my life and I’m not ashamed. Here I am. Here’s my

whole set of skills. You get the parts of me you like and also the parts that

make you uncomfortable. You have to understand that other people’s

comfort is no longer my job. I am no longer a flight attendant.”

352 Ireland, Patricia

Patricia Ireland,

president of the

National Organiza-

tion for Women

(Corbis/Bettmann)

During her tenure as president of NOW, Ireland has led its members

in the Women-Friendly Workplace Campaign and has called on corpora-

tions to end sexual harassment and other workplace discrimination.

Through her leadership, NOW initiated an innovative lawsuit using rack-

eteering laws to stop attacks on abortion clinics. The case, Now v. Scheid-

ler, went to the U.S. Supreme Court and was decided in NOW’s favor. Ire-

land developed NOW’s Elect Women for a Change campaign in 1992 and

the organization’s Victory 2000 campaign to elect 2,000 new feminists to

office by the turn of the century. She also enhanced NOW’s involvement

in international issues by nurturing its Global Feminist Program, working

with African women to end genital mutilation and with other groups to

end the gender apartheid imposed by the Taliban in Afghanistan. Ireland’s

term as president of NOW ends in the year 2001.

Born in Oak Park, Illinois, Patricia Ireland earned her bachelor’s de-

gree in German from the University of Tennessee in 1966 and her law de-

gree from the University of Miami Law School in 1975. Ireland wrote her

memoir, What Women Want, in 1996.

See also Feminist Movement; National Organization for Women; NOW v.

Scheidler

References Ireland, What Women Want (1996); New York Times, 3 March 1992;

www.now.org.

Ireland, Patricia 353