Rudnick L. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications (Присадки, добавки к смазкам)
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774 Index
pour point (contd.)
comb polymers, 342, 343
detergent effects, 349
ole n copolymers, 349
polymethacrylates, 342
wax crystallization, 342, 349
wax interaction factor (WIF), 343, 347–348
diluents
paraf nic base oils, 339
gelation index, 341
high-viscosity behavior, 342
mechanisms of action, 342
needle-like structures, 341
performance testing, 344
Brook eld, 345
cold cranking simulator, 346
low temperature low shear (LTLS), 348, 349
low temperature tests, 345
MRV TP-1, 345, 352
pour point, 345
scanning Brook eld, 345
treat rate, 346, 347
yield stress, 341
propagation
chain, 19, 20
hydrogen abstraction, 19, 20
metal catalyzed, 19
radical reaction, 19, 20
PSSI (permanent shear stability index), 297
R
radicals (free radicals)
alkoxy, 99
alkyl peroxy, 99
hydroperoxide, 99
REACH Regulation, 396
resorcinol tetraphenyl bisphosphate, 90
Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test (RBOT), 34
rotating pressure vessel oxidation test, 12, 30, 33, 34,
35, 37
RPVOT, 12, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37
S
SAE AS 1241, 642
SAE AS 5780, 381, 382
secondary antioxidants, 28
Sequence IIID, 31
Sequence IIIF, 7
Sequence VE, 16, 59
seal swell additives, 377–382
MIL-H-5606, 377–380
MIL-H-83282, 379, 380
MIL-H-87257, 379
MIL-L-7808, 379
MIL-R-25732, 378
MIL-R-83461, 380
MIL-R-83485, 380
in commercial jet aircraft, 379
Airbus A380, 380
Boeing 787, 380
in gas turbine engines, 379
in industrial uids,
DOP, 381
DOS, 378
for low temperature sealing performance, 378, 379
manufacturing of, 382
in military aircraft,
A-300, 380
B-2, 380
B-2 stealth, 380
C17 transport, 379
di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS), 378, 379
dioctyl adipate (DOA), 379
quantities used, 381
in strategic aircraft, 379
B-1B, 379, 380
B-52, 379
KC-10, 379
KC-135, 379
seals, 161
EPDM, 379, 380
EPM, 379–380
high-acrylonitrile-content-NBR, 377, 378
low-acrylonitrile-content-NBR, 377
NBR, 379
shear stability index (SSI), 487, 488
sludge
formation, 145
high-temperature, 145
low-temperature, 145
on metal surfaces, 145
solid lubricants, 173
soybean oil, 6
sperm oil, 5, 7, 256
Stribeck curve, 76, 77, 197, 205, 214
determinations, 205
high contact pressure, 205
low contact pressure, 205
sulfated fatty oils, 219, 252, 253
sul des, 5
aliphatic, 5
dicetyl sul de, 5
as oxidation inhibitors, 5
aromatic, 5
alkyl phenol sul des, 5
alkyl phenyl sul des, 5
benzyl sul de, 5
dialkylphenol sul de, 5
dibenzyl sul de, 5, 6
dixylyl disul de, 5
as oxidation inhibitors, 5
sulfonate salts of alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, 252
sulfur
elemental, 5, 254, 257, 269
in metalworking, 257, 269
sulfur-bearing antioxidants, 4–5
sulfur carriers, 252–279
applications, 252–253
agricultural, 272, 273
cutting/forming, 254, 269
engine oils, 253
gear oils, 253, 272
greases, 253, 271
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Index 775
hydraulic uids, 256, 272
industrial oils, 278
metal-working uids, 253, 254, 269, 278
rolling oils, 270
slideway oils, 272
black sulfurization, 260–261
de nition of, 252–253
history of, 253–257
sulfurized esters, 252
sulfurized fatty oils, 252
sulfurized ole ns, 252
chemical structure, 257
active-type sulfurized ole ns, 258
inactive-type sulfurized ole ns, 258
sulfurized fatty oils, 259
sulfurized isobutene, 258
sulfurized synthetic esters, 258
commercial synthesis of, 259
alkylhalogenide, 263
high-pressure H
2
S reaction, 261
mercaptan route, 262
sulfurchlorination and dechlorination, 262–263
cost-effectiveness, 275
government regulations affecting, 276
manufacturers of, 275–276
properties and performance of, 264
active sulfur of, 265
effect on antiwear, 265
antioxidant performance, 265–266, 267
biodegradability, 268
color, 267
copper corrosion, 266, 270, 274
four-ball wear test results, 265
in uence of raw materials, 265
lubricity, 267
physical properties, 267
polarity, 268
solubility, 268
stability, 269
substitution for heavy metals, 270
synergies with other additives, 273
antioxidants, 274
basic alkali metal salts, 274
ester triglycerides, 274, 275
ZDDP, 273
sulfurchlorinated fatty oils, 219
sulfur compounds, 4, 5
sulfur-linked phenates, 252
sulfur-linked phenols, 17
sulfur-phosphorus compounds, 4, 6, 252
sulfur/phosphorus derivatives, 252
dithiocarbamates, 252
dithiophosphates, 252
thiophosphites, 252
thiophosphonates, 252
thiocarboxylic acid derivatives, 252
xanthogenates, 252
sulfurized dipentene, 5
sulfurized ester, 5, 252
sulfurized lard oil (SLO), 219
sulfurized norbornene, 6
sulfurized ole n, 5, 252
sulfurized sperm whale oil (SSWO), 219
surface asperities, 76,
roughness, 76
surface packing, 79
surface passivator, 23
surface reactivity, 77
surfactants, 399–418
anionic, 400, 401
boundary friction, 408–412
boundary lubrication, 400, 407, 411–416
CAC, 402
cationic, 400, 401
CMC, 402
coef cient of friction, 408
critical aggregate concentration, 402
critical micelle concentration, 402
emulsions, 405
features, 400
functions of, 404
HLB, 400, 417
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, 400
liquid crystals, 404
microemulsions, 403
organized surfactant assemblies, 402
solubility of, 400
solubilization, 400, 405–406
solvents
hydrophilic, 402
lipophilic, 402
structure of, 400–402
vegetable oils, 407
vesicles, 404
zwitterionic, 400, 401
T
tacki ers and antimisting additives, 357–374
applications
antimisting, 358
bar oils, 358
chain oils, 358
grease, 358
way lubes, 358
diluents, 357
ethylene copolymers, 357
functions, 357
mechanical shear, 357
molecular weight, 357, 372
performance of, 307
PIB, 357, 358, 360, 373
PIB/ethylene copolymer blends, 358
polyethylene oxide (PEO), 358, 359
test methods, 358
elastic properties, 358
experimental procedures, 359
open siphon technique, 358, 372
string length, 360
tackiness de nition of, 358, 360
theoretical concepts, 358, 362–368
theory vs. experimental, 368–372
viscoelastic effects, 360–362
treat rates, 358
TBP (see tributyl phosphate)
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776 Index
TCP (see tricresyl phosphate)
TEOST, 7, 18, 31, 36, 164
mid-high temperature protocol, 33, 36
tertiarybutylphenyl phosphate (TBPP), 69, 89
tertiarybutylatedphenyl phosphate(ISO 100)
in aerospace greases, 76
TFOUT, 7
thermal-oxidative stability, 31
thiadiazoles, 7, 252
thiophosphates, 252
thiophosphonates, 252
thioureas, 230
THOT, 165
TiBP, 106
phosphorus content of, 106
viscosity of, 106
Timken EP test, 232, 241
TOST, 33, 34
total base number (TBN), 153, 459
TPPT, 97–98
transmission oils, 4
trialkyl phosphate, 69
trialkyl phosphite, 8, 65–68, 79
triaryl phosphate, 69
triaryl phosphite, 65, 66, 68
tributyl phosphate (TBP), 67
as EP additive
in steam turbine oils, 89
in gas turbine oils, 89
in FZG gear test, 89
with isopropyl oleate, 67
in gear oils, 67
tricresyl (TCP), 65, 66
in aviation gas turbine lubricants, 67
in cutting oils, 67
in greases, 67
neurotoxicity of, 67
in rock drill lubricants, 67
in rolling oils, 67
tricresyl phosphate (TCP), 65, 66, 69, 70, 80, 81, 83, 84, 106
as AW additive, 66, 80, 81, 83
effect of basestock polarity, 83
effects of temperature on, 70
trinonylphosphite, 8
in compressor oils, 8
tri-orthocresyl phosphate, 89
comparison to meta and para isomers, 89
triphenyl phosphate, 68
tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite, 100
hydrolytic stability of, 100
stability of, 100
TU3M (Peugeot) test, 138, 164
turbine oil stability test (TOST), 33
turbine oils, 4, 12
additives used in, 4, 10
sludging tendency, 12
V
vapor-phase lubrication, 86–88, 99
on copper, 87, 88, 99
on iron, 87–88
on nickel, 87–88, 99
on quartz, 87–88
on quartz wire, 87
on stainless steel, 87–88
on tool steel, 87
on tungsten, 87–88
using TCP, 87–88
wear testing, 87
vegetable oils, 39
coconut oil, 39
in hydraulic uids, 39
in industrial oils, 39
in marine lubricants, 39
soybean oil, 39
sun ower oil, 39
in total loss lubricants, 39
in two-cycle, 39
Vickers 35VQ-25 pump test, 242, 521
Vickers V104C, 521
viscosity index improvers, 327
viscosity loss trapezoid, 299
viscosity modi ers, 283–314
ole n copolymers, 283
classes of, 284
DOCP, 287
DAOCP, 287
LTOCP, 294, 301–302
chemistry of, 284
functionalization of, 286–287
PMA grafting, 287
maleic anhydride grafting, 287
synthesis, 284
Metallocene polymerization, 286, 290
Ziegler-Natta polymerization, 284–287
manufacture of, 287
making the OCP liquid concentrate, 290
postpolymerization processes, 289–290
production capacities, 307
solution process, 288
suspension process, 289
marketers of EP and EPDM polymers, 306–308
properties and performance of, 290
effect of ethylene content, 291
in engine oils, 309
eld performance, 305–306
interaction with pour-point depressants, 303, 304
interchange of, 308–309
permanent shear stability, 297
rheology of, 292–299
high-temperature, 295–299
kinematic viscosity, 295
effect of MW, 295
HTHS viscosity, 296–297
low-temperature, 292–294
solid-state morphology of, 292
safety and health, 310
polymethacrylate, 315–336
as antifoamants, 317
application of
in automotive applications, 317
low temperature properties, 326
soot control, 335
in gear oils, 317, 327
in hydraulic uids, 317, 327, 336
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Index 777
aircraft, 317
industrial, 317
in transmission uids, 317
as asphalt modi ers, 317
chemistry, 317–321
addition polymerization step, 319
atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 322
chain transfer, 320
chain transfer agents (CTA), 320
mercaptans, 320
controlled radical polymerization (CRP), 322
copolymerization, 321
disproportionation, 320
free-radical initiation, 319
oxygen-based, 319
nitrogen-based, 322
grafting, 321
monomer chemistry, 318
allyl methacrylate monomer, 318
methacrylic acid, 319
methyl methacrylate, 318–319
nitoxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), 322
patent review, 321–322
polymer blends, 322
product structures, 317
termination, 320
by chain transfer, 320
transesteri cation, 319
as crude oil ow improvers, 317
as demulsi ers, 317
as dispersant VI improvers, 317, 335
in automotive application, 335
DPMA, 317
economics of, 333–334
as emulsi ers, 317
as grease thickeners, 317
manufacturers of, 332–333
as pour point depressants, 317
in automotive markets, 317
in industrial applications, 317
properties and performance, 323
hydrolysis, 323
mechanical shearing, 325
free radical generation, 325
oxidation, 324
oxidative scissioning, 324
pour point depressants, 325–327
control of wax crystallization, 325
as function of base oil, 327
MRV TP-1 testing, 326
wax interaction factor (WIF), 326
as re nery dewaxing aids, 317
shearing effects, 329
high temperature-high shear rate, 330
hydrodynamic volume, 329
permanent viscosity loss, 330
mechanical degradation, 331
temporary viscosity loss, 329
thermal stability, 323
ester pyrolysis, 323
PMA pyrolysis, 324
unzipping, 323
VW 1.6 TC diesel intercooler engine test, 133, 165
VW 1302 engine test, 105
VW DI, 139, 165
VW PV3344 seal test, 469
VW T-4 engine test, 164
W
wear, 18
X
XUD11BTE, 139, 468
Z
ZDDP, 2, 6, 13, 17, 51–61, 64, 145, 204, 233, 244, 470
as antioxidant, 23, 38, 56
ranking of, 58,
antiwear properties, 9, 58
applications
cam lobe wear protection, 59
engine oil formulations, 59
phosphorus levels in, 59
in gear oils, 60
automotive, 60
industrial, 60
in greases, 60
hydraulic uids, 60
in axial piston pumps, 60
in high-pressure rotary vane pumps, 60
metal-working uids, 60, 61
valve train, 59
aryl, 56
thermal stability of, 56
catalytic decomposition of, 58
lm formation, 58
chemistry of, 53–55
commercial, 51
effect on emissions, 60
lm thickness, 58, 59
fuel economy, 60
in Group II base stocks, 78
hydrolytic stability of, 60
lower concentrations of, 13
with organomolybdenum containing adduct, 60
oxidation by hydroperoxide, 56, 57
oxidative stability of, 38
in polyol ester base stocks, 60
primary, 55, 58, 60
decomposition of, 55
secondary, 55, 58, 60
decomposition of, 55
synergy with oganomolybdenum compounds, 60
synthesis, 9, 51–53
thermal stability of, 53, 54
treat levels, 13, 59, 60
use with detergents, 60
use with dispersants, 60
zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, 38, 64, 204, 244, 473,
474, 484
degradation mechanism, 474–476
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