Rudnick L. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications (Присадки, добавки к смазкам)
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764 Index
biocides (contd.)
Monday morning odor, 386
testing of, 387–388
biocide blends, 392
biocide types
chemical, 389
bactericides, 389
fungicides, 389
chemistries used, 389
formaldehyde condensates, 389
hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-
triazine, 389
oxazolidines, 389
4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine, 389
7-ethyl bicyclooxazolidine, 389
formaldehyde-releasing biocides, 389
tris-(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane, 389
4-(2-nitrobutyl) morpholine, 389
4,4′-(2-ethyl-2-nitrotrimethylene) dimorpholine,
389
isothiazolinones, 389–391
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin2-3-one
(CMIT), 390, 391
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 390, 391
phenolic compounds, 390
4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol, 390
parachlorometacresol, 390
2-phenylphenol (OPP), 390
2-phenylphenol (OPP) sodium salt, 390
2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide, 391
sodium pyrithione, 391
handling of, 394
microbially-induced corrosion (MIC), 386
methods of application, 392–393
microbiological growth, 384
conditions for growth, 385
bacteria, 384
fungi, 384
physical and nonchemical control methods, 394–395
selection of, 393
treatment options, 388
bio-derived and biodegradable lubricants, 445–454
additive packages. 449
effects on PDSC, 453
effects on RPVOT, 453
alkylated diphenylamine(ADPA), 452
antimony dialkyldithiocarbamate, 452
butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT), 452
ZDDC, 452
ZDDP, 452
antifoam, 454
antioxidants, 451–452
antiwear, 453
base uid characteristics, 447
bene ts of, 445
corrosion inhibitors/antirust, 451
detergents, 450
dispersants, 451
government speci ed minimum biobased content, 446
history, 447
oil types and performance, 449
pour point depressants, 454
relative cost of, 448
vegetable base uids, 448
oxidative stability, 449, 451
re ned, bleached and deodorized (RBD), 447
viscosity modi ers, 454
bioresistant uids, 395
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), 395
monoethanolamine (MEA), 395
triethanolamine (TEA), 395
boron-containing additives, 17
epoxides, 17
esters, 17
antifriction, 17
antioxidation, 17
antiwear, 17
esters of amines, 17
esters of hydrocarbyl imidazolines, 17
hydrolysis of, 17
synergy with ADPAs, 17
synergy with ZDDP, 17
boundary lubrication, 75, 198
C
CAFE, 195
castor oil, 30
catalysts
acidic, 148
Amberlysts
®
, 152
Lewis acids
aluminum chloride, 129
boron tri uoride, 129, 156
Caterpillar 1K, 139, 164, 463
Caterpillar 1M-PC, 139, 164
Caterpillar 1N, 139, 164, 403
Caterpillar 1P, 138, 164, 463
Caterpillar 1Q, 463
Caterpillar 1R, 138
CEC L-54-T-96, 196, 199, 205
CEC L-85 method, 31
CEC reference oil RL 179/2, 206
friction coef cients and, 206
wear scars, 206
chlorine-containing phosphates, 67
tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, 67
corrosion caused by, 67
chlorinated paraf ns, 91, 92
compressor oils, 4, 8
copper, 4, 16
copper dithiocarbamates, 16
copper dihydorcarbyldithio phosphate, 16
copper oleate, 202
copper salicylate, 202
corrosion, 12, 16
corrosion by
ADPA, 12
corrosion inhibitors and rust preventatives, 421–440
chemistry of, 426–434
alkyl amines, 430
amine borate salts, 433
amine carboxylate salts, 431
carboxylates, 430
chromates, 427
CRC_59645_Index.indd 764CRC_59645_Index.indd 764 3/12/2009 4:11:39 PM3/12/2009 4:11:39 PM
Index 765
hydrazines, 427
nitrites, 426
nitrogen ring structures, 434
oxidates, 427
silicates, 427
sulfanates, 428
commercial products, 439–440
chemistry of, 439–440
manufacturers, 439–440
tradenames of, 439–440
history of, 421
rust preventatives, 422
chemistry of
amine phosphates, 422
benzotriazoles, 422
imidazoles, 422
imidazolines, 422
nitrites, 422, 426
phosphates, 422, 433
thiazoles, 422
testing
corrosion, 438
corrosive action, 80
corrosive wear, 76, 146
due to fuel sulfur-derived products, 146
crankcase lubricants, 457–490
additives
antioxidants, 477–485
mechanism of oil oxidation, 478–479
selection, 484
antiwear agents, 471–477
tests, 476
defoamers, 490
detergents
performance of, 462
phenates, 461
phosphates, 462
phosphonates, 462
piston cleanliness, 459
salicylates, 461
structure of, 459
sulfonates, 460
sulfurized phenates, 461
TAN, 462
TBN, 459, 462, 466, 469
thiophosphates, 462
dispersants
basicity of, 466
chlorination/succination of, 465
corrosion caused by, 469
direct alkylation (DA), 464
Mannich dispersants, 467
midation reaction of, 464
polyisobutene synthesis, 466
polyisobutenyl succinnic anhydride (PIBSA),
464
structure of, 464
succinate esters, 466
types of, 460
pour point depressants, 489–490
viscosity index improvers, 486–489
sludge engine tests, 471, 472
comparison, 470, 472
sludge formation, 470
wear tests, 477
CRC L-33, 218
CRC L-37, 232
CRC L-38, 138, 139
CRC L-42, 218, 241
Cummins M11, 243, 463
cutting uid application, 91
active sulfur in, 91
alkyl phosphate in, 91
aryl phosphate in, 91
chloroparaf n in, 91
D
Denison high-pressure pump tests, 242
deposit control
by dispersants, 144
deposit control agents, 143–148
deposits, 144
detergent, 123–139
applications
diesel engine oils, 139
gasoline engine oils, 138, 139
ASTM Standards D 482, 126
ASTM Standards D 874, 126
basic, 125, 134
carboxylate, 124, 125
as deposit control agent, 124
description of, 124
detergent parameters calculation,
126, 127
double-decomposition reaction, 132
Ircogel
®
, 134
metal ratio, 126
micelle structure of, 134
neutral salts, 125
organic acids
alkenylphosphonic acids, 125, 130
alkenylthiophosphonic acids, 125, 130
alkylphenols, 125, 127
arylsulfonic acids, 127
alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, 127
alkylnaphthalenesulfonic acids, 127
carboxylic acids, 125, 127
fatty acids, 125, 127
naphthenic acids, 125, 127
petroleum sulfonates, 127
overbased, 125, 132
phenate, 124, 125, 135
phosphonates, 135
polar groups, 124
salicylates, 127
soap content, 126
formula, 126
soaps, 126, 129
as stabilizer, 124
structure of, 124
sulfate ash percent, 125, 126
formula, 126
sulfonate, 124, 125, 127
superbased, 125
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766 Index
detergent (contd.)
synthesis of
basic, 125
neutral and basic, 125, 135, 136
fatty carboxylates, 138
metal sulfonates, 125
metal phenates, 125
bridged-metal, 133
metal salicylates, 133, 137
phosphonates, 137
synthetic, 127
testing, 135
total base number (TBN), 125, 126
formula, 126
dispersants, 124, 143–170
amines used to synthesize, 155
applications
as antifoulants, 163
automatic transmission uids, 163
as deposit control agent, 144
engine oils, 143
diesel engine oils, 163
gasoline engine oils, 163
in fuels, 163
gear lubricants, 163
hydraulic uids, 163
in power steering uids, 163
in re nery processes, 163
as stabilizer, 144
deposit control, 147
description of, 143
difference from detergents, 143, 144
desirable properties, 144, 147
mechanism of soot-resin-additive interaction, 146
modes of action, 146
molecular weight of, 148
properties, 157, 160
dispersancy, 157
low-temperature performance, 161, 162
oxidative stability, 160
thermal stability, 160
viscosity, 161
seal performance, 162
structure of, 147–148
connecting group or link, 147
hydrocarbon group, 147, 149
polyalphaole ns, 148
polyisobutylene, 148
polypropylene, 148
polar group, 147, 149
polydispersity of, 148
synthesis of, 148
acid-catalysed polymerization of isobutylene, 149
alkenylsuccinic anhydride formation, 151
alkylphenols, 154
amine-anhydrides, 156
Diels-Alder reaction, 151, 153
ene reaction, 151, 153
imide and ester, 157
Mannich dispersants, 154, 158
mechanism of chlorine-assisted diene formation,
151, 152
polyamines, 156
polyisobutylene structures, 150
phosphonate dispersants, 152, 158
viscosity modi ers, 159
dialkyl alkyl phosphonates, 74
as EP additives, 74
as friction modi ers, 74
dialkyl dithiophosphates
zinc, 6
as antioxidant, 6
dialkylphenyl sul de, 5
dialkyl phosphite, 99–101
effect of chain length, 101–102
dialkyldithiophosphoric acid, 9
dialkylphosphoric acid, 9
dialkylsul de (RSR), 5
diaryldisul de, 5
dibenzyldisul de, 5
dibutyl phosphate, 102
diethyl benzyl phosphonate, 96
di-2-ethylhexyl acid phosphate, 102
diethyl o-nitrophenyl phosphonate, 96
diisooctyl sebacate, 96
diisopropyl acid phosphite, 84
dilauryl phosphate, 84, 102
DIN 51354 test, 89
di-n-butyl hexylphosponate, 96
di-n-butyl phenylphosponate, 96
4,4′-dioctyldiphenylamine, 12
dispersant viscosity modi ers (DVM), 148
3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy benzyl isocyanurate, 8
in compressoroils, 8
in heat-transfer oils, 8
in hydraulic uids, 8
in steam turbine oils, 8
3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamic acid
alkyl ester, 15
3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 14, 24
2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 14, 24
dithiocarbamates, 252
dithiophosphates, 6, 252
zinc, 6
dithiophosphoric acids, 9
dixylyldisul de, 5
drill life tests, 91
dry TOST test, 23, 34
DSC, 31
E
eco requirements for additives, 647–664
additives, 659
antifoams, 663
antihydrolysis, 663
antioxidants, 660
mechanism of oxidation, 660
antiwear, 662
corrosion inhibitors, 661, 662
demulsi er, 663
emulsi er, 663
extreme pressure, 662
metal deactivators, 661
pour point depressants, 662
base uids, 656
CRC_59645_Index.indd 766CRC_59645_Index.indd 766 3/12/2009 4:11:40 PM3/12/2009 4:11:40 PM
Index 767
comparison of, 659
polyalphaole ns, 658
polyglycols, 658
synthetic esters, 657, 658
triglycerides, 657
biolubricants, 647
drivers for use, 649
Canadian Eco Label—EcoLogo, 654, 656
environmental criteria for oil types, 653
environmentally acceptable, 648
environmentally friendly, 648
European Eco-Label, 654, 656
German Blue Angel, 651, 656
RAL-UZ 48, 651
RAL-UZ 64, 651
RAL-UZ 79, 651
historical development of biolubricants, 655
impacts on performance, 651
inherent biodegradability, 649
legislation, 649
market introduction programs, 650
national and international labeling schemes, 650
Nordic Swan, 652, 656
OECD tests, 648, 651, 652
ready biodegradability, 649
Swedish Standard, 652, 656
elastohydrodynamic lubrication, 185, 198
Emcor rust test, 591
emissions, 38
CO, 38
hydrocarbon, 38
NO
x
, 38
particulates, 38
engine oils, 4, 15
additives used in, 4, 8, 15
engine temperatures, 484
engine testing, 7
EP, 77, 78, 80, 102–104
E. P. A., 388
extreme-pressure
lm formation, 77, 80
extreme pressure (EP) additives, 77, 78, 214–249
F
FAG FE-8 test, 241
Falex EP/wear tester, 241
fatty acids, 9, 78
as AW/EP additives, 74
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA), 377
FED-STD 791 Method 3450, 643
FED-STD 791 Method 3213, 643
Fe, 78
FeC
l2
, 78
FeO, 78
Fe
2
O
3
, 78
Fe
3
O
4
, 78
FePO
4
, 81
FePO
4
2H
2
O, 81
ferric phosphate, 81
FIFRA, 388, 395
lm formation, 9, 80
lter plugging, 139
food-grade additives, 14, 15, 511–522
additive packages, 520, 521
additives, 515–522
antioxidants, 517–518
hindered phenols, 518
RPVOT, 518
substituted aromatic amines, 518
Tocopherol E, 518
antiwear and extreme pressure, 519
defoamers, 520
pour point depressants, 517
rust and corrosion inhibitors, 519
tacki ers, 516
free jet length, 516
thickeners, 515
thickening ef ciency versus molecular weight, 516
approval of components and base oils, 512
formulation challenges, 520
GRAS, 512
Generally accepted as safe, 512
incidental food contact lubricants, 512
criteria, 514
ISO 21469 standard, 521
National Standards Organization (ISO), 514
registration of fully formulated ( nished) lubricant, 518
religious approvals, 513
kosher, 513, 514
halal, 513, 514
USDA, 453
classi cations, 453
H1, 453, 454
H2, 453, 454
H3, 512
HX-1, 515
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 454
friction
coef cient of, 77
de nition of, 196
lubrication regimes, 196
versus temperature, 207, 208
friction modi ers, 77, 173–194, 195–210
adhesion of, 174
applications, 173, 187–189
anti-seizing, 173
cold forging, 190
drawing, 173
high-alloy isothermal forging, 192
hot forging, 191
oven chain, 173
stamping, 173
sealing, 173
threading, 173
bench lubrication test results using, 177
bonded lms of, 182, 187
coef cient of friction of, 187
types of, 187
cohesion of, 174
colloidal dispersion of, 182, 184
criteria for, 173
dispersions of, 183, 189
Falex Pin-Vee Method, 187, 188
CRC_59645_Index.indd 767CRC_59645_Index.indd 767 3/12/2009 4:11:40 PM3/12/2009 4:11:40 PM
768 Index
friction modi ers (contd.)
forging process, 173
FZG Gear Lubrication method, 187
incline plane method, 187
liter engine dynamometer tests, 187
load-bearing performance, 174
lubrication of sliding surface friction, 189
metals deformation, 173
organic, 193–210
applications of, 195
automatic transmission uids, 195
automotive crankcase, 195
limited slip gear oils, 195
multipurpose tractor uids, 195
slideway lubricants, 195
chemistry of, 200–204
amides, 200
oleylmide, 203–204
amines, 200
carboxylic acids, 200, 202
fatty acids, 200, 202
partial esters, 200, 202
chain length, 201
imides, 200
metallo-organic compounds, 202–203
organic polymers, 200
phosphonic acid derivatives, 200
phosphoric derivatives, 200
polarity of, 201
mode of action, 200
mechanism of action, 199, 203
formation of adsorbed layers, 199–201
formation of in-situ polymers, 202
formation of reactive layers, 200
performance, 204
orientation of solid particles, 178
oxidation of, 173
particle sedimentation, 183
particle size, 177, 184, 185, 188, 191
Plint Reciprocating method, 187
plastic ow, 175
preparation for lubricant application, 182
requirements of, 173
Shell 4-Ball EP method, 187, 188
solid lubricants, 173
types of
boron nitride, 174, 180, 181, 189, 190
high-temperature resistance of, 180, 192, 193
preparation of, 180
properties of, 180, 181
structure of, 180, 181
thermal conductivity of, 181
calcium uoride, 179
cerium uoride, 174
graphite, 174, 187–189, 191–193
carbon content of, 177, 178
coarse graphite particle-size distribution, 177
coef cients of friction, 177, 191
conditions of use, 175, 193
lubrication using, 178
natural, 177
particle size distribution of colloidal, 177
secondary synthetic, 178
sources of, 177
structure of, 176
synthetic, 178
thermal conductivity of, 179
molybdenum disul de, 174, 187–190
advantages of, 180
characteristics of, 179
limitations of, 175
properties of, 175, 179
structure of, 179
thermal conductivity of, 179
use in vacuum, 180
polytetra uoroethylene (PTFE), 174, 181, 182,
187–190
applications of, 182
coef cient of friction, 182
cold weld of, 182
grades of, 181
physical properties of, 182
talc, 174
tungsten disul de, 174
wear protection, 189
wear protection from, 174
worm gear dynamometer tests, 186
yield strength, 174
FTM 791 B, 590
fuel economy, 187
with colloidal graphite, 187
with MoS
2
, 187
full- lm lubrication, 75, 76
FZG test (DIN 51354), 89, 97, 241
G
gear oils, 1, 4
GF-3 speci cation, 33, 59, 60
GF-4 speci cation, 33, 38, 59
greases, 4, 585–605
additives used in, 4, 14, 15, 585–605
effects of individual additives, 600–605
environmentally friendly, 598–599
extreme pressure/antiwear, 596
ammonium salts of phosphate esters, 597
borate esters, 597
chlorinated paraf ns, 596
disul des, 597
high-molecular weight complex esters, 597
metal dialkyldithiophosphates, 597
metal dithiocarbamates, 597
metal naphthenates, 597
metal soaps, 597
phosphate esters, 597
sul des, 597
sulfurized ole ns, 596
thiophosphate esters, 597
food-grade greases, 602, 603
metal deactivators, 598
benzotriaazoles, 598
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, derivatives of,
598
disalicylidene-propanediamine, 598
organic complexes, 598
CRC_59645_Index.indd 768CRC_59645_Index.indd 768 3/12/2009 4:11:40 PM3/12/2009 4:11:40 PM
Index 769
tolyltriazoles, 598
triazoles, 598
oxidation inhibitors, 594
aromatic amines, 594
ashless dialkyldithiocarbamates, 594
disul des, 594
hindered phenols, 594
metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, 594
metal dialkyldithiophosphates, 594
phenothiazine, 594
sulfurized phenols, 594
trialkyl phosphates, 594
triaryl phosphates, 594
rust and corrosion inhibitors, 597–598
amine phosphates, 598
carboxylic acids, 598
fatty acids, 598
salts of, 598
fatty amines, 598
salts of, 598
metal naphthenates, 598
metal phenolates, 598
nitrogen-containing heterocyclics, 598
salts of phosphate esters, 598
succinates, 598
solid additives, 597
bismuth, 597
boron containing additives, 597
calcium acetate, 597
calcium carbonate, 597
calcium phosphate, 597
cerium uoride, 597
copper powder, 597
uorinated polymers, 597
graphite, 597
molybdenum disul de, 597
nickel powder, 597
phosphate glass, 597
sulfur-phosphorus inorganic, 597
zinc oxide, 597
zinc stearate, 597
synergistic additive effects, 602, 604
tackiness additives, 598
ethylene-propylene copolymer, 598
polybutene, 598
polyisobutylene, 598
advantages of, 586
base uids used in, 586
chemically modi ed mineral oils (CMMO), 587
mineral oils, 586
natural oils, 586, 588
vegetable oils, 586, 588
polyglycols, 588
synthetics, 586, 588
esters, 588
multiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MAC), 588
polyalphaole ns (PAO), 588, 590
boundary lubrication, 595, 596
dimensions on a lubrication scale, 595
elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication, 595, 596
high-performance, 588
hydrodynamic lubrication, 595, 596
graphite, 586
molybdenum disul de, 586
thickeners, 586
aluminum hydroxide, 589, 591
calcium hydroxide, 589, 591
chemical reactions to form, 592
clays, 589
lithium hydroxide, 589, 592
performance features of, 593
polyurea, 589, 591
sodium hydroxide, 589
Te on
®
, 589
urea, 589
production of, 587
contactor process, 587
continuous process, 587
kettle process, 587
properties of grease, 586
bench performance tests, 589, 591
consistency, 589
corrosion, 589, 591
extreme pressure/antiwear, 590
factors affecting, 586
four ball EP, 590
four ball wear, 590
grades (NLGI), 590
pumpability, 589, 591
temperature properties of, 590
thermal stability, 590
volatility of, 590
water tolerance, 589, 591
H
high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR), 209
high temperature lubricant degradation, 21
hindered phenols (HP), 7, 10, 34–37
HLB, 94
hydraulic uids, 4, 8
hydrodynamic lubrication, 185
I
IBPP/22
phosphorus content of, 71
viscosity of, 71
IBPP/32
phosphorus content of, 71, 106
viscosity of, 71, 106
ILSAC, 33, 447
I.L.S.A.C. GF-2 speci cation, 61
I.L.S.A.C. GF-3 speci cation, 59, 61
I.L.S.A.C. GF-4 speci cation, 59, 61
industrial lubricant additives, 493–507
applications, 504–506
chemistry of, 501–504
classes of additives, 498
antimisting, 500
antioxidants, 498–499
antiscuf ng, 499
antiwear, 499
biocides, 500
biodegradable lubricant additives, 501
CRC_59645_Index.indd 769CRC_59645_Index.indd 769 3/12/2009 4:11:41 PM3/12/2009 4:11:41 PM
770 Index
industrial lubricant additives (contd.)
corrosion inhibitors, 500
dyes, 500
EP, 499
friction modi ers, 499
food-grade additives, 501
grease, 501
magnetic disk drive, 501
seal swell, 500
surfactants, 500
tackiness, 500
viscositymodi ers/ VII, 499–500
function of additives, 496–498
history of, 494
industrial lubricants, 8, 14, 15, 610–625
circulating oils, 610
additives used in, 611
antioxidants, 611
organic phosphites, 611
thioethers, 611
zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, 611
zinc dithiocarbamates, 611
antiwear additives, 611
zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, 611
base oil effects on, 613
Group I, 613
Group II, 613
Group III, 613
demulsi ers, 613
foam inhibitors, 613
metal deactivators, 613
rust inhibitors, 612
summary of, 612
performance requirements of, 611
compressor oils, 610, 626
formulation of, 627
performance requirements of, 626
dynamic centrifugal
compressors, 626
dynamic compressors, 626
positive displacement compressors, 626
reciprocating compressors, 626
rotary compressors, 626
rotary screw compressors, 626
rotary vane compressors, 626
trends of, 627
gear oils, 618–625
additives used in, 621–625
antimisting additives, 624, 625
polyisobutylenes, 624
antioxidants, 623
ashless dialkyldithiocarbamates, 623
diaryl amines, 623
hindered phenols, 623
metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, 623
metal dialkyldithiophosphates, 623
phenothiazine, 623
antiwear additives, 623
alkylphosphoric acid esters, 623
dialkyldithiophosphates, 623
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole
derivatives, 623
dithiophosphate esters, 623
metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, 623
molybdenum carboxylates, 623
phosphate esters, 623
demulsi ers, 624
polyalkoxylated phenols, 624
polyalkoxylated polyamines, 624
polyalkoxylated polyols, 624
foam inhibitors, 624
polydimethylsiloxanes, 624
friction modi ers, 624–625
acidless tallow, 624
metal deactivators, 623
benzotriazoles, 623
2-mercaptobenzothiazoles, 623
thiadiazoles, 623
tolutriazole derivatives, 623
pour point depressants, 624
poly(alkylmethacrylates), 624
rust inhibitors, 623
alkylsuccinic acid derivatives, 623
ammonium sulfonates, 623
ethoxylated phenols, 623
fatty amines, 623
metal sulfonates, 623
salts of fatty acids, 623
salts of fatty amines, 623
salts of phosphate amines, 623
salts of phosphate esters, 623
substituted imidazolines, 623
solid extreme pressure additives, 624
graphite, 624
molybdenum disul de, 624
soluble extreme pressure additives, 621, 624
ammonium salts of phosphat esters, 624
antimony dialkyldithiocarbamate, 624
antimony dialkyldithiophosphate, 624
bismuth naphthenate, 624
borate esters, 624
chlorinated waxes, 624
complex esters, 624
dialkyldithiophosphate esters, 624
diaryl disul des, 624
lead naphthenate, 624
sulfurized esters, 624
sulfurized ole ns, 624
tacki ers, 624
polyisobutylenes, 624
viscosity index improvers, 624, 625
shear stable, 624
ole n copolymers, 624
poly(alkyl methacrylates), 624
styrene diene copolymers, 624
performance requirements, 619–622
bevel gear, 619, 621
helical gears, 619, 620
herringbone gears, 619, 620
hypoid gear, 619, 622
worm gear, 619, 622
greases, 610, 627
additives, 628
antioxidants, 630
ashless dialkyldithiocarbamates, 630
diaryl amines, 630
CRC_59645_Index.indd 770CRC_59645_Index.indd 770 3/12/2009 4:11:41 PM3/12/2009 4:11:41 PM
Index 771
hindered phenols, 630
metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, 630
metal dialkyldithiophosphates, 630
phenothiazine, 630
antiwear additives, 629
alkylphosphoric acid esters, 630
dialkyldithiophosphates, 630
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole
derivatives, 630
dithiophosphate esters, 630
metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, 630
molybdenum carboxylates, 630
phosphate esters, 630
extreme-pressure additives, 629
metal deactivators,
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole
derivatives, 630
disalicydene-propanediamine, 630
polymers for water resisitance, 631
alkylsuccinimides, 631
atactic polypropylene, 631
functionalized polyole ns, 631
polyethylene, 631
polyisobutylenes, 631
styrene butadiene block copolymers, 631
rust and corrosion inhibitors, 629
rust inhibitors
alkylsuccinic acid derivatives, 630
ammonium sulfonates, 630
bismuth naphthenate, 630
ethoxylated phenols, 630
fatty amines, 630
lead naphthenate, 630
metal sulfonates, 630
nitrogen-containing heterocycles, 630
salts of fatty acids, 630
salts of fatty amines, 630
salts of phosphate amines, 630
salts of phosphate esters, 630
sodium nitrite, 630
sodium sebacate, 630
substituted imidazolines, 630
solid extreme pressure additives, 631
boric acid, 631
boron nitride, 631
calcium acetate, 631
calcium carbonate, 631
calcium phosphate, 631
graphite, 631
metal borates, 631
metal powders, 631
molybdenum disul de, 631
per uorinated polyole ns, 631
phosphate glasses, 631
soluble extreme pressure additives, 631
ammonium salts of phosphat esters, 631
antimony dialkyldithiocarbamate, 631
antimony dialkydithiophosphate, 631
bismuth naphthenate, 631
borate esters, 631
chlorinated waxes, 631
complex esters, 631
diaryl disul des, 631
lead naphthenate, 631
sulfurized esters, 631
sulfurized ole ns, 631
tacki ers,
polyisobutylenes, 624
thickeners, 628, 632
list of, 628
environmental concerns, 614, 632–633
hydraulic oils, 614
additives used in, 8, 615–618
biodegradable, 618
environmental concerns, 618
performance requirements of, 614
thickeners, 628
aluminum complex, 628
calcium complex, 628
calcium stearate, 628
lithium salt of hydrogenated castor oil
fatty acid, 628
lithium complex, 628
organoclay, 628
polyurea, 628
silica, 628
turbine oils, 610
Institute of Petroleum, 34
International Lubricant Standardization and Approval
Committee, 33
IP, 34
IP 48 method, 34
IP 280/CIGRE, 34
IPP/32
phosphorus content of, 106
viscosity of, 106
IPPP/22
phosphorus content of, 71
viscosity of, 71
IPPP/32
phosphorus content of, 71
viscosity of, 71
iron, 4
isopropylated phenols, 70
use for synthetic phosphate synthesis, 70
isopropylidene di-p-phenylene tetraphenyl
bisphosphate, 90
as antiwear additive, 90
in fuels, 90
in lubricants, 90
isopropyl phenyl phosphates (IPPP), 70
K
ketone formation, 20, 144
L
L-38, 138
lacquer, 145
lecithin, 7
lubricant degradation, 4
effect of basestock composition, 21
high temperature, 21
lubricant parameter, 108
CRC_59645_Index.indd 771CRC_59645_Index.indd 771 3/12/2009 4:11:42 PM3/12/2009 4:11:42 PM
772 Index
M
Mack T-10, 463
Mack T-6, 164
Mack T-7, 164, 468
Mack T-8, 164, 165, 468, 469
Mack T-8E, 468
Mack T-9, 164, 463
magnetic recording disk drives, 523–581
additives in
hindered phenols, 573
BHT, 573
primary antioxidants, 573, 577, 578
PriAOX, 573, 577, 578
Secondary antioxidants, 573, 577, 578
SecAOX, 573, 577, 578
secondary aromatic amines, 573
DDA, 573
dioctylated diphenylamine, 573
phenylnaphthylamine, 573
PNA, 573
ZDDP in, 574
ZDTC in, 574
disk pack illustration, 547
uid-bearing spindle motor, 547
lithium grease, 546
lubricant uids in
A20H, 525
AM-3001, 525
C7-trimethylolpropane (TMP), 563–564
Demnum D-type, 525, 526
Demnum DPA, 526
Demnum S100, 526
Demnum SA, 526
Demnum SH, 526
di-(2-ethylhexyl)azelate (DOA), 563
di-(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS), 563
di-(4,4-diethylhexyl)adipate (DIA), 563
glycerol tributanoate (TRIB), 563–564
glycerol trihexanoate (TRIH), 564
glycerol trioctanoate (TRIO), 564
per uoropolyethers, 524–526
Fromblin Z-type, 524, 525
Krytox-type, 524, 525
Krytox 143AD, 526
Krytox COOH, 526
LTA-30, 526
phosphazenes
X-1P, 524
Z, 525
Zdol, 525
Zdol with diphenylamine, 525
Zdol-TX, 525
Zdiac, 525
Zdeal, 525
ZDPA, 524
ZDMD, 526
Ztetraol, 525
ZTMD, 525, 526
ZTMD, 524, 526
oxidation of hydrocarbon oils,
574, 576
MAN 5305, 165
Mannich base, 229
Mannich reaction, 229
MB M111 Black Sludge test, 471
MB OM 364A/LA, 164
MB OM 441LA, 164
MB OM 602A, 165, 468
mechanism of hydrocarbon oxidation, 18
Mercedes M102E, 471
Mercedes M111 sludge test, 138
Mercedes OM364LA, 468
Mercedes OM441LA, 468
metal catalyzed lubricant degradation, 20–21
metal deactivators, 24
commercial, 41
metal dialkyldithiophosphates, 8
metal-working uids, 4, 97, 383–396
MIL-PRF-2104G, 139
MIL-PRF-83282D, 642
MIL-PRF-87257, 75, 76, 198
mini-traction machine (MTM), 209
mixed- lm lubrication, 75, 76, 198
MoDTC, 6, 60, 202, 204, 271
molybdenum carboxylates, 6, 60
synergy with alkylated diphenylamines, 6
synergy with ZDDP, 60
molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates, 202
with alkylated diphenylamines, 7
C7-C24, 7
C8–23, 7
C3–18, 7
with hindered phenols, 6
molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, 9, 202, 204, 453
multifunctional additives, 13
MWM-B engine test, 16
N
N-alkyl- 2-thiazoline disul de, 6
NA-SUL
®
products, 129, 135, 138
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 245
NATO codes
H515/520/576, 67
Navistar HEUI, 490
neurotoxicity, 67
of TCP, 67
nickel, 4
norbornene, 6
5-vinylnorbornene dicyclopentadiene, 6
O
oil oxidation, 5
oil thickening, 5, 18
OIT, 31, 36
oleic acid, 80
Optimol SRV test, 242
organocopper compounds, 16
organomolybdenum complexes, 6
organomolybdenum compounds, 6, 9
corrosion resistance from, 6
synergy with alkylated diphenylamines, 7
oxidation resistance from, 6
orthophosphoric acid, 68
naphthenates, 16
CRC_59645_Index.indd 772CRC_59645_Index.indd 772 3/12/2009 4:11:42 PM3/12/2009 4:11:42 PM
Index 773
oleates, 16
polyisobutylene succinic anhydrides, 16
stearates, 16
oxazolines, 17
oxidation, 4
mechanissm of, 18
resistance to, 4
stability, 4
oxidation induction time (OIT), 31
oxidation inhibition, 23
oxidation inhibitor, 24
oxidation process, 4
oxidative degradation, 4
P
P
2
S
5
, 9, 52
P
32
, 81–82
effect of additives on adsorption of, 82
PAO, 17, 23
PDSC, 17, 31
Peugeot TU3 M, 138, 164
Peugeot XUD-11 ATE, 165
Peugeot XUD-11 BTE, 165
phenolic compounds, 4
hindered, 4
phenols, 7, 13
hindered, 8
polymeric, 13
sterically hindered, 13
sulfurized, 13
phenothiazines, 230
as antioxidant, 7
in aviation uids, 7
N-aminopropyl, 7
N-substituted thio alkyl, 7
oil solubility of, 7
phosphate ester surfactants, 95
phosphates, 64–121
acid, 66
alkyl, 66
dibutyl, 95– 96
aryl, 66
phenyl, 66
ethoxylated, 65
amine salts, 65
neutral, 65–66
nonethoxylated, 65
amine salts, 46
polyethyleneoxy acid, 92–94
in metalworking uids, 94
phosphide
lm formation, 81
mechanism of formation, 85
presence of, 81
phosphinates, 103
phosphinic acid derivatives, 95
phosphites, 7, 65–66, 98–99
acid, 65
alkyl, 65
amine salts of, 65
aryl, 65
alkyl, 65, 66
tributyl, 8
automotive oils, 8
compressor oils, 8
heat transfer oils, 8
hydraulic uids, 8
industrial oils, 8
steam turbine oils, 8
tridecyl, 8
trilauryl, 8
trioctyl, 8
triphenyl, 8, 9
gas turbine oils, 8
steam turbine oils, 8
aryl, 65–66
triphenyl, 66
neutral, 65, 66
phosphonates, 103
in refrigerator compressor oils, 104
aryl, 86
phosphorus compounds, 7
applications, 108
commercial availability, 108
effect of structure on performance,
102, 105
future of, 111–113
phosphorus pentasul de, 8
TCP, 80, 108
toxicity, 108–110
tricresyl, 80, 108
phosphorus, 7
elemental, 7
phosphorus oxychloride (POCl
3
), 68
polyalphaole ns, 17, 23
polydispersity, 148
polymer
dispersant viscosity index improvers
(DVII), 148
dispersant viscosity modi ers (DVM), 148
ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPR), 148
ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers
(EPDM), 148
monodisperse, 148
ole n copolymers (OCP), 148
oxidative stability, 148
polydisperse, 148
polymethacrylates (PMA), 148
styrene-diene rubbers (SDR), 148
styrene-ester polymers (SE), 148
polymeric degradation products, 22
positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves, 145
pour point depressants, 339–353
applications
ATF, 339, 352
biodegradable uids, 353
engine oils, 339, 346, 350–352
gear oils, 329
hydraulic uids, 339, 353
tractor oils, 353
Bingham uid behavior, 340
shear stress shear rate relation, 340
viscosity-temperature relationship, 340
chemistry of, 342
alkylated naphthalenes, 342
base oil wax chemistry, 347, 348
CRC_59645_Index.indd 773CRC_59645_Index.indd 773 3/12/2009 4:11:42 PM3/12/2009 4:11:42 PM