Rudnick L. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications (Присадки, добавки к смазкам)
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754 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications
Petrolabs Inc., http://pages.prodigy.net/petrolabsinc
Petroleum Analyzer Company LP (PAC), www.petroleum-analyzer.com
Petroleum Products Research, www.swri.org/4org/d08/petprod/
Petro-Lubricants Testing Laboratories, Inc., www.pltlab.com
Petrotest, www.petrotest.net
Paumer Brothers Inc., www.paumer.com
Philips Industrial Electronics Deutschland, www.philips-tkb.com
Pipeguard of Texas, www.pipeguard-texas.com
Plastic Bottle Corporation, www.plasticbottle.com
Plastican Inc., www.plastican.com
Plews/Edelmann Division, Stant Corporation, www.stant.com
PLI LLC, www.memolub.com
Plint and Partners: Tribology Division,www.plint.co.uk/trib.htm
Polaris Laboratories, LLC, www.polarislabs.com
PREDICT/DLI—Innovative Predictive Maintenance, www.predict-dli.com
Predictive Maintenance Corporation, www.pmaint.com
Predictive Maintenance Services, www.theoillab.com
Premo Lubricant Technologies, www.premolube.com
Pulsair Systems Inc., www.pulsair.com
Quorpak, www.quorpak.com
R & D/Fountain Industries, www.fountainindustries.com
R.A. Miller & Company Inc., www.ramiller.on.ca
R.E.A.L. Services, www.realservices.com
Radian Inc., www.radianinc.com
Ramos Oil Co. Inc., www.ramosoil.com
Raven eld Designs Ltd., www.raven eld.com
Reelcraft Industries Inc., www.realcraft.com
Rexam Closures, www.closures.com
Rheotek (PSL SeaMark), www.rheotek.com
Ribelin, www.ribelin.com
Russell-Stanley Corportion, www.russell-stanley.com
Safety-Kleen Corporation, www.safety-kleen.com
Saftek: Machinery Maintenance Index, www.saftek.com/boiler/machine/mmain.htm
Sandy Brae Laboratories Inc., www.sandy/brae.com
SATEC Inc., www.satec.com
Savant Group of Companies, www.savantgroup.com
Savant Inc., www.savantgroup.com
Saxton Industries, www.saxton.thomasregister.com
Scully Signal Company, www.scully.com
Senior Flexonics, www.exonics-hose.com
Service Supply Lubricants LLC, www.servicelubricants.com
Sexton & Peake Inc., www.sexton.qpg.com
Silvas Oil Co. Inc., www.silvasoil.com
Silverson Machines Inc., www.silverson.com
Sinclair Oil Corporatoin, www.sinclairoil.com
SKF Quality Technology Centre, www.qtc.skf.com
Sleeveco Inc., www.sleeveco.com
Snyder Industries, www.snydernet.com
Southwest Research Institute, www.swri.org
Southwest Spectro-Chem Labs, www.swsclabs.com
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Internet Resources for Additive/Lubricant Industry 755
Spacekraft Packaging, www.spacekraft.com
Specialty Silicone Products Inc., www.sspinc.com
SpectroInc. Industrial Tribology Systems, www.spectroinc.com
Spectronics Corporation, www.spectroline.com
Spex CertiPrep Inc., www.spexcsp.com
Star Brite, www.starbrite.com
Steel Shipping Containers Institute, www.steelcontainers.com
Stratco Inc., www.stratco.com
Sunohio, Division of ENSR, www.sunohio.com
Superior Lubricants Company, Inc., www.superiorlubricants.com
Taber Industries, www.taberindustries.com
Tannas Company, www.savantgroup.com
Tannis Company, www.savantgroup.com/tannas.sht
Thermo Elemental, www.thermoelemental.com
Thomas Petroleum, www.thomaspetro.com
Thoughtventions Unlimited Home Page, www.tvu.com/%7Ethought/
Titan Laboratories, www.titanlab.com
TriboLogic Lubricants Inc., www.tribologic.com
Trico Manufacturing Corporation, www.tricomfg.com
Trilla Steel Drum Corporation, www.trilla.com
TTi’s Home Page, www.tti-us.com
UEC Fuels and Lubrication Laboratories, www.uec-usx.com
Ultimate Lubes, www.ultimatelubes.com
Unilube Systems Ltd., www.unilube.com
Unit Pack Company Inc., www.unitpack.com
USX Engineers & Consultants, www.uec.com/labs/ctns
USX Engineers and Consultants: Laboratory Services, www.uec.com/labs/
Vacudyne Inc., www.vacudyne.com
Van Horn, Metz & Company, Inc., www.vanhornmetz.com
Viking Pump Inc., A Unit of IDEX Corporation, www.vikingpump.com
Viswa Lab Corporation, www.viswalab.com
Vortex International LLC, www.vortex lter.com
Vulsay Industries Ltd., www.vulsay.com
Wallace, www.wallace.com
Waugh Controls Corporation, www.waughcontrols.com
Wearcheck International, www.wearcheck.com
Wedeven Associates, Inc., members.aol.com/wedeven/
West Penn Oil Company Inc., www.westpenn.com
Western States Oil, www.lubeoil.com
Wilks Enterprise Inc., www.wilksir.com
WSI Chemical Inc., www.wsi-chem-sys.com
Zimmark Inc., www.zimmark.com
29.2.7 CAR/TRUCK MFG
Alfa Romeo, www.alfaromeo.com
Audi, www.audi.com
BMW (International), www.bmw.com/bmwe
BMW (United States), www.bmwusa.com
BMW Motorcycles, www.bmw-motorrad.com
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756 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications
Buick (GM), www.buick.com
Cadillac (GM), www.cadillac.com
Caterpillar, www.cat.com
Caterpillar, www.caterpillar.com
Chevrolet (GM), www.chevrolet.com
Chrysler (Mercedes Benz), www.chrysler.com
Citroen (France), www.citroen.com
Citroen (United Kingdom), www.citroen.co.uk/eet
Cummins Engine Company, www.cummins.com
Daimler Chrysler, www.daimlerchrysler.com
Detroit Diesel, www.detroitdiesel.com
Dodge, www.dodge.com
Eagle, www.eaglecars.com
EV1, www.gmev.com
Ferrari, www.ferrari.com
Fiat, www. at.com
Ford Motor Company, www.ford.com
General Motors (GM), www.gm.com
Global Electric Motor Cars, LLC, www.gemcar.com
Hyundai, www.hyundai-motor.com
In niti, www.in niti.com
Isuzu, www.isuzu.com
Jaguar, www.jaguarcars.com
Jeep, www.jeep.com
John Deere, www.deere.com
Kawasaki, www.kawasaki.com
Kawasaki, www.khi.co.jp
Lamborghini, www.lamborghini.com
Lexus, www.lexususa.com
Lincoln-Mercury, www.lincolnmercury.com
Mack Trucks, www.macktrucks.com
Mazda, www.mazda.com
Mercedes-Benz (Germany), www.mercedes-benz.de
Mitsubishi Motors, www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp
Nissan (Japan), www.nissan.co.jp
Nissan (United States), www.nissandriven.com
Nissan (United States), www.nissanmotors.com
Opel, www.opel.com
Peugeot, www.peugeot.com
Plymouth, www.plymouthcars.com
Pontiac (GM), www.pontiac.com
Saab Cars USA, www.saabusa.com
Saab, www.saab.com
Saturn (GM), www.saturncars.com
Scania, www.scania.se
Toyota (Japan), www.toyota.co.jp
Toyota (United States), www.toyota.com
Vauxhall, www.vauxhall.co.uk
Volkswagen (Germany), www.vw-online.de
Volkswagen (United States), www.vw.com
Volvo (Sweden), www.volvo.se
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Internet Resources for Additive/Lubricant Industry 757
Volvo Cars of North America, www.volvocars.com
Volvo Group, www.volvo.com
29.2.8 PUBLICATIONS/REFERENCES/RECRUITING/SEARCH TOOLS, ETC.
American Machinist, www.penton.com/cgi-bin/superdirectory/details.pl?id=317
API Links, www.api.org/links
Automotive & Industrial Lubricants Guide, www.wearcheck.com
Automotive and Industrial Lubricants Guide by David Bradbury, www.escape.ca/<dbrad/
index.htm
Automotive and Industrial Lubricants Tutorial, www.escape.ca/<dbrad/index.htm
Automotive News, www.autonews.com
Automotive Service Industry Association (ASIA), www.aftmkt.com/asia
Automotive Services Retailer, www.gcipub.com
AutoWeb, www.autoweb.com
AutoWeek Online, www.autoweek.com
Bearing.Net, www.wearcheck.com
Cambridge, chem nder.cambridgesoft.com
Car and Driver Magazine Online, www.caranddriver.com
Car-Stuff, www.car-stuff.com
Center for Innovation Inc., www.centerforinnovation.com
Chem Connect, www.chemconnect.com
Chemical Abstracts Service, www.cas.org
Chemical Resources, www.chemcenter.org
Chemical Week Magazine, www.chemweek.com
Concord Consulting Group Inc., www.concordcg.com
Dialog, www.dialog.com
Diesel Progress, www.dieselpub.com
Diversi ed Petrochemical Services, www.chemhelp.com
European Patent Of ce, www.epo.co.at/epo/
F.L.A.G. (Fuel, Lubricant, Additives, Grease) Recruiting, www.agsearch.com
Farmland Industries Inc., www.farmland.com
Fuel Quest, www.fuelquest.com/cgi-bin/fuelqst/corporate/fq_index.jsp
Fuels and Lubes Asia Publications, Inc., www.asia.com.ph
Gear Technology Magazine, www.geartechnology.com/mag/gt-index.html
Haas Corporation, www.haascorp.com
HEF, France, www.hef.fr
How Stuff Works, www.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm
Hydrocarbon Asia, www.hcasia.safan.com
Hydrocarbon Online, www.wearcheck.com
Hydrocarbon Processing Magazine, www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com
ICIS-LOR Base Oils Pricing Information, www.icislor.com/
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology Journal, www.mcb.co.uk/ilt.htm
Industrial Maintenance and Engineering Links (PLI, LLC), www.memolub.com/link.htm
International Tribology Conference, Yokohama 1995, www.mep.titech.ac.jp/Nakahara/jast/
itc/itc-home.htm
ISO Translated into Plain English, connect.ab.ca/praxiom
Journal of Fluids Engineering, borg.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JFE/jfe.html
Journal of Tribology, engineering.dartmouth.edu/thayer/research/index.html
Kline & Company Inc., www.klinegroup.com
LSST Tribology and Surface Forces, bittburg. ethz.ch/LSST/Tribology/default.html
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758 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications
LSST Tribology Letters, http://bittburg.ethz.ch/LSST/Tribology/letters.html
Lubelink, www.lubelink.com
LubeNet, www.lubenet.com
Lubes and Greases, www.lngpublishing.com
Lubricants Network Inc., www.lubricantsnetwork.com
Lubricants World, www.lubricantsworld.com
Lubrication Engineering Magazine, www.stle.org/le_magazine/le_index.htm
MaintenanceWorld, www.wearcheck.com
MARC-IV, www.marciv.com
Mechanical Engineering Magazine, www.memagazine.org/index.html
Migdal’s Lubricant Web Page, http://members.aol.com/sirmigs/lub.htm
Muse, Stancil & Company, www.musestancil.com
National Petroleum News, www.petroretail.net/npn
National Resource for Global Standards, www.nssn.org
Neale Consulting Engineers Limited, www.tribology.co.uk
Noria—OilAnalysis.Com, www.oilanalysis.com
Oil Directory.com, www.oildirectory.com
Oil Online, www.oilonline.com
Oil-Link Oil & Gas Online, www.oilandgasonline.com
Oilspot.com, www.oilspot.com
Pennwell Publications, www.pennwell.com
Petro nd.com, www.petro nd.com
PetroleumWorld.com, www.petroleumworld.com
PetroMin Magazine, www.petromin.safan.com
Practicing Oil Analysis Magazine, www.practicingoilanalysis.com
Predictive Maintenance Corporation: Tribology and the Information Highway, www.pmaint.
com/tribo/docs/oil_anal/tribo_www.html ref
Reliability Magazine, www.pmaint.com/tribo/docs/oil_anal/tribo_www.html
Safety Information Resources on the Internet, www.siri.org/links1.html
Savant Group of Companies, www.savantgroup.com
SGS Control Services Inc., www.sgsgroup.com
Shell Global Solutions, www.shellglobalsolutions.com
SubTech (Petroleum Service & Supply Information), www.subtech.no/petrlink.htm
Summit Technical Solutions, www.lubemanagement.com
Sunohio, Division of ENSR, www.sunohio.com
Tannas Company, www.savantgroup.com
Test Engineering Inc., www.testeng.com
The Energy Connection, www.energyconnect.com
The Maintenance Council, www.trucking.org
TMC, www.truckline.com
Tribologist.com, www.wearcheck.com
Tribology Consultant, hometown.aol.com/wearconsul/wear/wear.htm
Tribology International, www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/3/0/4/7/4/
Tribology Letters, www.kluweronline.com/issn/1023-8883
Tribology Research Review 1992–1994, www.me.ic.ac.uk/department/review94/trib/tribreview.
html
Tribology Research Review 1995–1997, www.me.ic.ac.uk/department/review97/trib/tribreview.
html
Tribology/Tech-Lube, www.tribology.com
Truklink (truck eet information), www.truklink.com
United Soybean Board, www.unitedsoybean.org
CRC_59645_Ch029.indd 758CRC_59645_Ch029.indd 758 10/31/2008 4:13:41 PM10/31/2008 4:13:41 PM
Internet Resources for Additive/Lubricant Industry 759
Victoria Group Inc., The, www.victoriagroup.com
Wear Chat: WearCheck Newsletter, www.wearcheck.com
Wear, www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/4/1/0/7/
World Tribologists Database, green eld.fortunecity.com/ sh/182/tribologists.htm
WWW Tribology Information Service, www.shef.ac.uk/<mpe/tribology/
WWW Virtual Library: Mechanical Engineering, www.vlme.com
Yahoo Lubricants, dir.yahoo.com/business_and_economy/shopping_and_services/automotive/
supplies/lubricants/
Yahoo Tribology, ca.yahoo.com/Science/Engineering/Mechanical_Engineering/Tribology/
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CRC_59645_Ch029.indd 760CRC_59645_Ch029.indd 760 10/31/2008 4:13:41 PM10/31/2008 4:13:41 PM
761
Index
A
ACEA, 31
ADPA, 6, 8, 10, 13, 18, 29, 30, 34–37
synergy with hindered phenolics, 29, 30
synergy with molybdenum
carboxylates, 18
synergy with ZDDP, 30
aerospace applications, 637–644
future trends, 643
CCS42L
®
, 644
Cronidur-30, 644
Rex20
®
(CRU20
®
), 644
titanium carbide (TiC), 644
titanium carbonitride (TCN), 644
gas turbine oils, 642
additives for, 642
aryl phosphates, 642
carbonaceous deposits, 642
coking in, 642
base uids, 641
multialkylated cyclopentane (MAC), 641
Pennzane
®
, 641
per uoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) lubricants, 641
polyalphaole ns, 641
solubility of additives in, 641
volatility of, 641
hydraulic uids, 638
additives for, 642
antiwear, 642
arylphosphate, 642
dye, 642
metal deactivators, 642
rubber swell, 642
viscosity index improvers, 642
space applications, 637
additives for, 640–642
antioxidants, 641
antiwear, 641
per uoroalkyldiphenylether (DPE), 641
per uoroalkyltriphenylether (TPE), 641
tris(per uoropolyalkyletherphenyl)phosphine
(PH3), 641
temperature ranges of aerospace hydraulic uids, 638
additives for
anticorrosion, 638
antioxidants, 638, 640
antiwear, 638
aryl phosphates, 639
corrosion inhibitors, 638–639
extreme pressure, 638
lubricity, 638
metal deactivators, 638
rust inhibitors, 641
viscosity index improvers, 638
base uids
chlorotri uoroethylene, 639
per uoroinated polyalkylethers (PFPAE),
639–641, 643
polydimethylsiloxanes, 639
tribocorrosion, 641
tribocorrosion-induced failure, 641
typical additives used in, 639
unique requirements of, 638
AFNOR, 165
AGMA, 186, 619
aldehyde formation, 20, 144
aldehyde reactions, 145
aldol reactions, 145
alkoxylated acid phosphates, 67
as rust inhibitors, 67
alkylaromatics, 22
alkylated diphenylamines (ADPA),
6, 8, 10, 13
synthesis of, 11
in turbine oils, 8
alkyl dialkyl phosphinate, 66
alkyl monoacid phosphate, 66
alkylphenols, synthesis of, 129
alkyl phosphates, 65–66
alkyl phosphites, 65, 66, 98–99
as antioxidants, 99
as decomposers
of alkylperoxy radicals, 99
of alkoxy radicals, 99
of hydroperoxides, 99
as EP additives in gear oils, 67, 98–100
long-chain, 98–99
AW in aluminum rolling, 99
in metal-working, 99
photodegradation protection with, 99
as stabilizers for rubbers and plastics, 99
alkyl phosphoric acids, 8
aluminum salts of, 8
barium salts of, 8
calcium salts of, 8
amine phosphate, 66, 97–98
amine salts of acid phosphates, 64, 97
anisotropic property, 174
antioxidants, 4–41
alkyl phenols, 5
arylamines, 8, 10, 11, 26
mechanism of action, 24, 26
boron antioxidants, 5, 17
commercial, 39–41
copper-containing, 4, 16
dithiocarbamates, 6
hindered phenolics, 4, 24, 29
mechanism of action, 24, 26
hydrocarbon, 18
hydroperoxide decomposers, 23, 28
hydroperoxides, 19
in lubricant formulations, 4–41
manganese antioxidants, 18
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762 Index
antioxidants (contd.)
molybdenum antioxidants, 18
multifunctional, 6
oil thickening, effect on, 18
organometallic, 4, 5, 18
peroxide decomposers, 23, 26
phosphorus containing, 4, 7, 28, 98–99
primary antioxidants, 23, 24, 26–28
radical scavengers, 23
resonance stability of intermediates, 25
secondary antioxidants, 23
sulfur-bearing, 5, 28
mechanism of action, 28
sulfur elemental, 5
sulfur-phosphorus compounds, 8
synergism of phenolic and arylamine antioxidants, 29
synergism of phenolic and phosphate antioxidants, 101
synergisim with alkylatedphenothiazines, 18
synergism with secondary diarylamines, 18
titanium antioxidants, 18
tungsten antioxidants, 18
ZDDPs, 6, 9, 10, 17, 58
zirconium antioxidants, 18
antiwear performance and ranking of, 105
API, 21, 22
API CF-4, 468
API CG-4, 139, 468, 490
API CH-4, 139, 468
API CJ-4, 243
API GF-4, 36
API GF-5, 243
API Group I base oil, 21, 22, 35, 37, 38
API Group II base oil, 21, 22, 33, 35, 37, 38
API Group III base oil, 21, 22, 33, 35, 37, 38, 336
API Group IV base oil, 22, 23, 35, 37, 38, 244, 336
API Group V base oil, 21, 22, 245
API Sequence IIID, 475, 484
API Sequence IIIE, 138, 164, 484
API Sequence IIIF, 138, 164
API Sequence IIIG, 242, 324, 351
API Sequence IVA, 462
API Sequence VI, 196, 198
API Sequence VIA, 196, 198, 242
API Sequence VIB, 196
API Sequence VD, 475
API Sequence VE, 138, 164, 242, 462, 471
API Sequence VII, 450
API SF, 31
aromatic sul des, 5
aryl phosphates, 71
neutral, 71, 80
TCP, 71, 98
TPP, 71
Tricresyl, 71
Triphenyl, 71
Trixylyl, 71
TXP, 71
ashless antioxidants, 6
ashless antiwear additives, 64–121, 214–249
applications, 214, 218
dithiophosphates, 215
chemistry and manufacture of, 216–219
graphite, 237
halogen additives, 217
chlorinated alkylaromatics, 236
chlorinated fatty acids, 236
chlorinated paraf ns, 236
in cutting oils, 235
in metal-working lubricants, 235–236
mode of action, 236
high hydroxyl esters (HHE), 237
high-pressure sulfurized isobutylene (HPSIB), 217
components of, 217–218
mode of action, 215, 220
nitrogen additives, 232
benzotriazole (BZT), 233
chemistry, 232
manufacture of, 232
performance of, 232
tolyltriazole (TTZ), 233
phosphorus additives, 64, 97–99, 220–232
acid phosphates, 91, 225
chemistry and manufacture of, 225
properties, 225
dialkyl alkyl phosphonates, 224
phosphate esters, 221
chemistry and manufacture of, 221
properties, 221–222
phosphites, 222
chemistry and manufacture of, 222–223
properties, 223–224
phosphorus-nitrogen additives, 231
amine dithiophosphates, 232
application and performance of, 232
chemistry and manufacture, 232
amine phosphates, 231
application and performance of, 231–232
chemistry and manufacture of, 231–232
amine thiophosphates, 232
application and performance of, 232
chemistry and manufacture, 232
benzotriazole derivatives, 232
producers of, 237
speci cations for, 238–239
sulfur additives, 220
preparation of, 218–220
sulfur-chlorine additives, 236
bis-(p-chlorobenzyl) disul de, 236
chlorinated alkylthiocarbonates, 236
sulfurized chloronaphthalenes, 236
tetrachlorodiphenyl sul de, 236
trichloroacrolein mercaptals, 236
sulfurized esters, 219
sulfurized oils, 219
sulfurized lard oil (SLO), 219
sulfurized sperm whale oil (SSWO), 219
chemistry and preparation of, 219
sulfurized triglycerides, 219–220
sulfurized ole ns, 220
sulfur-nitrogen additives, 228
2-alkyldithio-benzoxazoles, 230
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD), 228
application and performance of, 230
chemistry and manufacture of derivatives, 229
dithiocarbamates, 228–229
applications and performance of, 229
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Index 763
2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 228
application and performance of, 230
chemistry and manufacture of
derivatives, 229
sulfur-phosphorus additives, 225–226
phosphorothioates, 226
structures of, 226
thiophosphates, 226
structures of, 226
Te on™, 237
testing methods, 239–243
ashless phosphorus-containing additives, 64–121,
220–228
ASTM cross-reference test methods, 436
ASTM B 117, 436
ASTM B 287, 436
ASTM B 368, 436, 437
ASTM D-97, 325, 345, 350, 616
ASTM D 130, 435, 436, 591, 616, 623, 655
ASTM D 217, 589
ASTM D 445, 360
ASTM D 665, 12, 435–437, 519, 616, 623
ASTM D-665A, 655
ASTM D-665B, 218, 437, 450
ASTM D 892, 490, 616
ASTM D 942, 7, 590
ASTM D-943–2 (TOST), 33, 34, 612, 616
ASTM D 972, 589, 590
ASTM D 974, 126
ASTM D 1092, 589
ASTM D-1264, 591
ASTM D 1401, 434, 436, 612, 616
ASTM D 1403, 589
ASTM D 1478, 591
ASTM D 1662, 265
ASTM D 1742, 590
ASTM D 1743, 436, 437, 591, 602
ASTM D 1748, 435–437
ASTM D 1831, 590, 591
ASTM D 1947, 643
ASTM D 2265, 590
ASTM D 2266, 590
ASTM D 2271, 453
ASTM D 2272, 12, 30, 33, 34, 450, 612, 616
ASTM D 2509, 629
ASTM D 2595, 590
ASTM D 2596, 240
ASTM D 2602, 346
ASTM D 2711, 616
ASTM D 2783, 91, 240
ASTM D 2882, 453
ASTM D 2895, 623
ASTM D 2983, 327, 345
ASTM D 3232, 590
ASTM D 3233, 91
ASTM D 3336, 590
ASTM D 3603, 436
ASTM D 3829, 345
ASTM D 3946, 393
ASTM D 4048, 436
ASTM D 4049, 591
ASTM D 4172, 91, 612, 616, 642
ASTM D 4310, 12, 33, 612, 616
ASTM D 4378, 613
ASTM D 4420, 144
ASTM D 4627, 436, 477
ASTM D 4636, 642, 643
ASTM D 4684, 293, 327, 341, 345, 348–351
ASTM D 4693, 591
ASTM D 4950, 627, 628
ASTM D 5133, 302, 341, 345, 350
ASTM D 5182, 612, 616, 643
ASTM D-5186, 144
ASTM D-5292, 144
ASTM D-5293, 293, 346
ASTM D 5621, 616
ASTM D 5864, 618
ASTM D 5873, 302
ASTM D 5949, 616
ASTM D 5968, 436
ASTM D 5969, 436, 437
ASTM D 6006, 618
ASTM D 6022, 297, 299
ASTM D 6046, 618
ASTM D 6081, 618
ASTM D 6082A, 490
ASTM D 6138, 436, 437
ASTM D 6186, 612, 616, 623
ASTM D 6278 (Kurt Orbahn), 299, 301
ASTM D 6335, 31
ASTM D-6546, 381, 382
ASTM D 6547, 436, 437
ASTM D 6557, 436
ASTM D 6975, 243
ASTM D 6988, 438
ASTM D 7043, 616
ASTM D 7097, 7, 18, 36
ASTM D 7320, 351
ASTM D 7422, 243
ASTM E 686–91, 393
ASTM E 2275–03e1, 293
ASTM E 686, 393
ASTM G 87, 436
automatic transmission uids, 6
additives used in, 8
automotive lubricants, 8
auto-oxidation of lubricating oil,
18–20
mechanism, 8, 35
AW/EP additives, 64, 67
B
bench tests, 30–34
benzotriazoles, 12
alkylated, 12
antiwear performance of, 12
substituted, 12
BHT, 14, 23, 24
biocides (antimicrobial additives), 383–396
applications
in aluminum rolling, 389
in metal-working uids, 383
bio- lms, 384
control in, 385
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