Rudnick L. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications (Присадки, добавки к смазкам)

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x Contents

Chapter 9 Sulfur Carriers ......................................................................................................... 251

Thomas Rossrucker and Achim Fessenbecker

PART 4 Viscosity Control Additives

Chapter 10 Ole n Copolymer Viscosity Modi ers ....................................................................283

Michael J. Covitch

Chapter 11 Polymethacrylate Viscosity Modi ers and Pour Point Depressants ........................ 315

Bernard G. Kinker

Chapter 12 Pour Point Depressants............................................................................................. 339

Joan Souchik

PART 5 Miscellaneous Additives

Chapter 13 Tacki ers and Antimisting Additives ...................................................................... 357

Victor J. Levin, Robert J. Stepan, and Arkady I. Leonov

Chapter 14 Seal Swell Additives .................................................................................................377

Ronald E. Zielinski and Christa M. A. Chilson

Chapter 15 Antimicrobial Additives for Metalworking Lubricants ........................................... 383

William R. Schwingel and Alan C. Eachus

Chapter 16 Surfactants in Lubrication ........................................................................................399

Girma Biresaw

Chapter 17 Corrosion Inhibitors and Rust Preventatives ............................................................ 421

Michael T. Costello

Chapter 18 Additives for Bioderived and Biodegradable Lubricants .........................................445

Mark Miller

PART 6 Applications

Chapter 19 Additives for Crankcase Lubricant Applications ..................................................... 457

Ewa A. Bardasz and Gordon D. Lamb

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Contents xi

Chapter 20 Additives for Industrial Lubricant Applications ......................................................493

Leslie R. Rudnick

Chapter 21 Formulation Components for Incidental Food-Contact Lubricants ......................... 511

Saurabh Lawate

Chapter 22 Lubricants for the Disk Drive Industry .................................................................... 523

Tom E. Karis

Chapter 23 Additives for Grease Applications ...........................................................................585

Robert Silverstein and Leslie R. Rudnick

PART 7 Trends

Chapter 24 Long-Term Trends in Industrial Lubricant Additives ..............................................609

Fay Linn Lee and John W. Harris

Chapter 25 Long-Term Additive Trends in Aerospace Applications ..........................................637

Carl E. Snyder, Lois J. Gschwender, and Shashi K. Sharma

Chapter 26 Eco Requirements for Lubricant Additives ..............................................................647

Tassilo Habereder, Danielle Moore, and Matthias Lang

PART 8 Methods and Resources

Chapter 27 Testing Methods for Additive/Lubricant Performance ............................................669

Leslie R. Rudnick

Chapter 28 Lubricant Industry–Related Terms and Acronyms ..................................................685

Leslie R. Rudnick

Chapter 29 Internet Resources for Additive/Lubricant Industry ................................................707

Leslie R. Rudnick

Index .............................................................................................................................................. 761

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xiii

Preface

Lubricant additives continue to be developed to provide improved properties and performance to

modern lubricants.

Environmental issues and applications that require lubricants to operate under severe conditions

will cause an increase in the use of synthetics. Owing to performance and maintenance reasons,

many applications that have historically relied on petroleum-derived lubricants are shifting to

synthetic lubricant-based products. Cost issues, on the contrary, tend to shift the market toward

group II and III base oils where hydrocarbons can be used. Shifts to renewable and biodegradable

 uids are also needed, and this will require a greater need for new effective additives to meet the

challenges of formulating for various applications.

There are several indications that the lubricant additive industry will grow and change.

Legislation is driving changes to fuel composition and lubricant components, and therefore, future

lubricant developments will be constrained compared to what has been done in the past. Registration,

Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACh) in the European Union (EU) is

placing constraints on the incentive to develop new molecules that will serve as additives. The cost

of introduction of new proprietary materials will be the burden of the company that develops the new

material. For many common additives that are produced by several manufacturers, they will share

costs to generate any needed data on the toxicology or biodegradability of the materials.

Continued progress toward new engine oil requirements will require oils to provide improved

fuel economy and to have additive chemistry that does not degrade emission system components.

This will require a new test to evaluate the volatility of phosphorus in engine oils and to improve

the oil properties in terms of protecting the engine. Future developments and requirements will

undoubtedly require new, more severe testing protocols.

The market for lubricant additives is expected to grow. China and India, for example, represent

highly populated markets that are expected to see growth in infrastructure, and therefore a growth

in industrial equipment and number of vehicles. Many U.S. and EU companies continue to develop

a presence in Paci c and Southeast Asia through either new manufacturing in that region or sales

and distribution of ces.

More advanced technologies will require application of new types of lubricants, containing

new additive chemistries required for exploration of space and oceans. Since these remote locations

and extremes of environment require low maintenance, they will place new demands on lubricant

properties and performance.

This book would not have developed the way it has without the invaluable help and encour-

agement of many of my colleagues. I want to thank all of the authors of the chapters contained

herein for responding to the deadlines. There is always a balance between job responsibilities and

publishing projects like this one. My heartfelt thanks to each of you. It is your contributions that

have created this resource for our industry.

I especially want to thank Barbara Glunn, at Taylor & Francis Group, with whom I have worked

earlier on Synthetics, Mineral Oils and Bio-Based Lubricants, for her support to this project from

its early stages through its completion. I also want to thank Kari Budyk, project coordinator,

who has been invaluable in every way in the progress of this project and has been a tremendous

asset to me as an editor and helpful to the many contributors of this book. I also want to thank

Jennifer Derima, Jennifer Smith, and the team at Macmillan Publishing Solutions for their efforts,

patience, and understanding during the time I have been working on this book.

I also thank Paula, Eric, and Rachel for all of their support during this project.

Les Rudnick

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Contributors

Ewa A. Bardasz

The Lubrizol Corporation

Wickliffe, Ohio

Girma Biresaw

Cereal Products and Food Science

Research Unit

NCAUR-MWA-ARS-USDA

Peoria, Illinois

Thomas F. Bunemann

Uniqema

Gouda, The Netherlands

Christa M. A. Chilson

PolyMod Technologies Inc

Fort Wayne, Indiana

Michael T. Costello

Chemtura Corporation

Middlebury, Connecticut

Michael J. Covitch

The Lubrizol Corporation

Wicklife, Ohio

Jun Dong

Chemtura Corporation

Middlebury, Connecticut

Alan C. Eachus

Independent Consultant

Villa Park, Illinois

Liehpao Oscar Farng

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering

Company

Annandale, New Jersey

Achim Fessenbecker

Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH

Mannheim, Germany

Lois J. Gschwender

AFRL/RXBT

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Tassilo Habereder

Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc.

Basel, Switzerland

John W. Harris

Shell Global Solutions

Houston, Texas

Tom E. Karis

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies

San Jose Research Center

San Jose, California

Dick Kenbeck

Uniqema

Gouda, The Netherlands

Bernard G. Kinker

Degussa, RohMax Oil

Additives LP

Kintnersville, Pennsylvania

Gordon D. Lamb

Lubrizol International Laboratories

Belper, Derby, United Kingdom

Matthias Lang

Process & Lubricant Additives

Ciba Specialty Chemicals

Basel, Switzerland

Saurabh Lawate

The Lubrizol Corporation

Wickliffe, Ohio

Fay Linn Lee

Shell Lubricants

Houston, Texas

Arkady I. Leonov

University of Akron

Akron, Ohio

Victor J. Levin

Functional Products Inc.

Macedonia, Ohio

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xvi Contributors

Gino Mariani

Acheson Colloids Company

Port Huron, Michigan

Randolf A. McDonald

Functional Products Inc.

Cleveland, Ohio

Cyril A. Migdal

Chemtura Corporation

Middlebury, Connecticut

Mark Miller

Terrasolve Technologies

Eastlake, Ohio

Danielle Moore

Ciba Specialty Chemicals plc

Process & Lubricant Additives

Maccles eld, Cheshire,

United Kingdom

W. David Phillips

W. David Phillips and Associates

Stockport, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Syed Q. A. Rizvi

Santovac Fluids

St. Charles, Missouri

Thomas Rossrucker

Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH

Mannheim, Germany

Leslie R. Rudnick

Designed Materials Group

Wilmington, Delaware

William R. Schwingel

MASCO Corporation R&D

Taylor, Michigan

Shashi K. Sharma

AFRL/RXBT

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Robert Silverstein

Orelube Corporation

Bellport, New York

Carl E. Snyder

AFRL/RXBT

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Joan Souchik

Evonik

RohMax USA, Inc.

Horsham, Pennsylvania

Robert J. Stepan

Functional Products Inc.

Macedonia, Ohio

Ronald E. Zeilinski

PolyMod Technologies Inc.

Fort Wayne, Indiana

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Part 1

Deposit Control Additives

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Antioxidants

Jun Dong and Cyril A. Migdal

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................4

1.2 Sulfur Compounds ....................................................................................................................5

1.3 Sulfur–Nitrogen Compounds ....................................................................................................6

1.4 Phosphorus Compounds ............................................................................................................7

1.5 Sulfur–Phosphorus Compounds ...............................................................................................8

1.6 Amine and Phenol Derivatives ...............................................................................................10

1.6.1 Amine Derivatives ....................................................................................................... 10

1.6.2 Phenol Derivatives .......................................................................................................13

1.6.3 Amine and Phenol-Bearing Compounds ..................................................................... 13

1.6.4 Multifunctional Amine and Phenol Derivatives .........................................................13

1.7 Copper Antioxidants ...............................................................................................................16

1.8 Boron Antioxidants ................................................................................................................. 17

1.9 Miscellaneous Organometallic Antioxidants ......................................................................... 18

1.10 Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Oxidation and Antioxidant Action .......................................... 18

1.10.1 Autoxidation of Lubricating Oil ................................................................................19

1.10.1.1 Initiation ..................................................................................................... 19

1.10.1.2 Chain Propagation ...................................................................................... 19

1.10.1.3 Chain Branching ........................................................................................ 19

1.10.1.4 Chain Termination .....................................................................................20

1.10.2 Metal-Catalyzed Lubricant Degradation ...................................................................20

1.10.2.1 Metal Catalysis ........................................................................................... 21

1.10.3 High-Temperature Lubricant Degradation ................................................................. 21

1.10.4 Effect of Base Stock Composition on Oxidative Stability .........................................21

1.10.5 Oxidation Inhibition ...................................................................................................23

1.10.6 Mechanisms of Primary Antioxidants .......................................................................24

1.10.6.1 Hindered Phenolics ....................................................................................24

1.10.6.2 Aromatic Amines .......................................................................................26

1.10.7 Mechanisms of Secondary Antioxidants ...................................................................28

1.10.7.1 Organosulfur Compounds ..........................................................................28

1.10.7.2 Organophosphorus Compounds .................................................................28

1.10.8 Antioxidant Synergism ..............................................................................................29

1.11 Oxidation Bench Tests ............................................................................................................30

1.11.1 Thin-Film Oxidation Test .......................................................................................... 31

1.11.1.1 Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry ........................................ 31

1.11.1.2 Thermal-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test

(ASTM D 6335; D 7097) ............................................................................ 31

1.11.1.3 Thin-Film Oxidation Uptake Test (ASTM D 4742) ................................... 33

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