Rudnick L. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications (Присадки, добавки к смазкам)

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685

Lubricant Industry–Related

Terms and Acronyms

Leslie R. Rudnick

CONTENTS

28.1 Terms and Acronyms ..........................................................................................................685

28.2 Some Federal Supply Chain Abbreviations ........................................................................705

The plethora of acronyms related to the  eld of lubrication continues to grow. These acronyms and

abbreviations come from a variety of diverse industries and disciplines, including original equip-

ment manufacturers, component suppliers, lubricant additive and  uid suppliers and producers,

and professional societies directly and peripherally involved in the lubricant industry. Each class of

lubricants, synthetic and conventional, has its set of abbreviations reserved to describe differences

in structure or performance characteristics. Terms and acronyms for lubricant additives are numer-

ous and generally re ect the chemical structure or the type of additive. In some cases, the acronym

re ects the function of the additive. Acronyms created at different times by different industries have

resulted in identical abbreviations that refer to different things.

This chapter lists many of the important terms generally used in the lubricant industry. A com-

plete list would require far more space than can be devoted in this book.

28.1 TERMS AND ACRONYMS

21 CFR The section of the Code of Federal Regulations that deals with lubricants and

incidental contact178.3570

2T/2-cycle A term applied to lubricants for two-cycle engines (i.e., motorcycles, outboard

marine motors, and weed whackers)

3P2E Three-ring polyphenyl ether

4P3E Four-ring polyphenyl ether

4T A term applied to lubricants for four-cycle engines

5P4E Five-ring polyphenyl ether

6P5E Six-ring polyphenyl ether

AAM Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association

AAR American Association of Railroads

AB Alkylbenzene

ABIL Agriculture-based industrial lubricants

ABMA American Bearing Manufacturers Association—a nonpro t association of

American manufacturers of antifriction bearings, spherical plain bearings,

or major components thereof. The purpose of ABMA is to de ne national

and international standards for bearing products and maintain bearing indus-

try statistics.

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686 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications

ABOT Aluminum Beaker Oxidation Test for Ford Mercon ATF approval

ABSA Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid; precursor to overbased calcium sulfonate

ACC American Chemistry Council

ACEA Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles (European Auto

Manufacturers Association)

ACERT Advanced Combustion Emission Reduction Technology (Caterpillar)

ACIL American Council of Independent Laboratories—ACIL is the national trade

association representing independent, commercial engineering and scienti c

laboratory, testing, consulting, and R&D  rms.

ACS American Chemical Society

Additive Chemical compound or formulation of several chemical compounds added to

a base oil to alter its physical, chemical, and performance properties

AEL Allowable exposure limit

AEOT Engine oil aeration test

AES Average engine sludge

AEV Average engine varnish

A/F Air to fuel ratio

AFNOR Association Française de normalisation

AFOA American Fats and Oils Association

AFR Air/fuel ratio

AFV Alternate fuel vehicle

AGELFI Cooperative Research Organization of AGIP, ELF, and FINA oil companies

AGMA American Gear Manufacturers Association—an organization for the esta-

blishment and promotion of industrial gear lubricant standards

AGO Automotive gas oil

AHEM Association of Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers

AIAM Association of International Automobile Manufacturers

AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers

AIT Autoignition temperature (ASTM D 2155)—the lowest temperature at which

a gas or vaporized liquid will ignite in the absence of an ignition source

AL Atmospheric lifetime

ALTNER Alternative Energy Programs of the European Commission

AMA Automobile Manufacturers Association

ANFAVEA Brazil Auto Manufacturers Association

ANIQ Mexican equivalent to the CMA

ANSI American National Standards Institute

Antioxidant A chemical component added to lubricants to reduce the tendency for oxida-

tion-related degradation of the oil

Antiwear

additive

Additives that can deposit multilayer  lms thick enough to supplement mar-

ginal hydrodynamic  lms and prevent asperity contact, or preferentially wear

rather than allow contact between asperities that result in wear.

AO Antioxidant

AOCA American Oil Change Association—provides a link between the motoring

public and auto maintenance specialists

AOCS American Oil Chemists Society—a global forum for the science and technol-

ogy of fats, oils, surfactants, and related materials

APE Association of Petroleum Engineers (United States)

API American Petroleum Institute—society organized to further the interest of the

petroleum industry

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Lubricant Industry–Related Terms and Acronyms 687

API GL-4 Designates the type of service characteristic of gears, particularly hypoid

in passenger cars and other automotive-type equipment operated under

high-speed, low-torque and low-speed, and high-torque conditions; largely

replaced by performance standard API GL-5

API GL-5 Designates the type of service characteristic of gears, particularly hypoid, in pas-

senger cars and other automotive-type equipment operated under high-speed,

shock load; high-speed, low-torque; and low-speed, high-torque conditions

AQIRP Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program

ARB Air Resources Board (California)

ASA American Soybean Association

ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations

Ashless Additive containing no metallic elements

ASLE American Society of Lubrication Engineers (now STLE)

American Society for Materials

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

A/T Conventional shifting automatic transmission

ATA American Trucking Association

ATC Additive Technical Council (European Petroleum Additive Industry Associa-

tion, European CMA)

ATD Allison Transmission Division; division of General Motors

ATF Automatic transmission  uid

ATIEL Association Technique de l’Industrie Européene des Lubri ants (European

Oil marketers Association)

AT-PZEV Advanced technology partial zero-emission vehicle

Auto-Oil-

Program

A joint activity between the European Union (EU), the European Oil Industry

(EUROPIA), and the European motor industry (ACEA)

AW Antiwear agent—minimizes wear by reacting with a metal surface to provide

a protective layer

b-CVT Belt CVT

BIA Boating Industry Association—industry body organized to specify lubricants

for marine application (now NMMA)

Biodegradability The ability of a chemical compound to be broken down by living organisms

BFPA British Fluid Power Association

bhp-hr Brake horsepower-hour

BHRA British Hydromechanics Research Association

BLF British Lubricants Federation

Block grease A very  rm grease produced as a block that is applied to large open plain bear-

ings, which operate at low speed and high temperatures

BNA Bureau des Normes de l’Automobile (France)

BNP Bureau de Normalisation de Pétroles

BOCLE Ball on cylinder lubricity evaluator

BOFT Bearing oil  lm thickness

BOI Base oil interchange

BOIG Base Oil Interchange Guidelines

BOTD Ball on three disks

Boundary A regime of lubrication where there is partial contact between the metal com-

ponents and partial separation of the surfaces by the lubricant  uid  lm

BPD Biocidal Products Directive

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688 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications

BPT Borderline pumping temperature (as de ned in ASTM D 3829)

Br Bromine number (ASTM D 1158)

Brook eld

viscosity

Viscosity in centipoise, as determined on the Brook eld viscometer is the

torque resistance on a spindle rotating in the  uid being tested. Although

Brook eld viscosities are most frequently associated with low-temperature

properties of gear oils and transmission  uids, they are in fact determined for

many other types of lubricant.

BRT Ball rust test—the new bench test to replace Sequence IID engine test to mea-

sure rust and corrosion at low temperatures

BSFC Brake-speci c fuel consumption

BSI British Standards Institution

BTC British Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries (CEC)

BTU British Thermal Units

C-3 Speci cation by Allison Division of General Motors covering transmission

application

CA (API) Service typical of diesel engines operated in mild to moderate duty with high-

quality fuels and occasionally has included gasoline engines in mild service.

Oils designed for this service provide protection from bearing corrosion and

from ring belt deposits in some naturally aspirated diesel engines when using

fuels of such quality that they impose no unusual requirements for wear and

deposit protection. They were widely used in the late 1940s and 1950s but

should not be used in any engine unless speci cally recommended by the

equipment manufacturer.

CAA Clean Air Act

CAAA Clean Air Act Amendment

CAFÉ Corporate Average Fuel Economy

CARB California Air Resources Board

Carbon residue Percentage of coked material remaining after a sample of lubricating oil has

been exposed to high temperatures under ASTM Method D 189 (Conradson)

or D 524 (Ramsbottom)

Caterpillar IP A single-cylinder engine test designed to measure piston deposit control of an

engine oil

CB (API) Service typical of diesel engines operated in mild to moderate duty, but with

lower-quality fuels that necessitate more protection for wear and deposits.

Occasionally has included gasoline engines in mild service. Oils designed for

this service provide necessary protection from bearing corrosion and from

ring belt deposits in some naturally aspirated diesel engines with higher-

sulfur fuels. Oils designed for this service were introduced in 1949.

CBO Conventional base oil

CBOT Chicago Board of Trade

CC (API) Service typical of certain naturally aspirated, turbocharged, or supercharged

diesel engines used when highly effective control of wear and deposits is

vital or using fuels of a wide quality range including high-sulfur fuels. Oils

designed for this service were introduced in 1955 and provide protection

from bearing corrosion and from high-temperature deposits in these diesel

engines.

Oil meeting the performance requirements measured in the following diesel

and gasoline engine tests: the 1-G2 diesel engine test has been correlated

with indirect injection engines used in heavy-duty operation, particularly

with regard to piston and ring groove deposits. The L-38 gasoline engine test

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Lubricant Industry–Related Terms and Acronyms 689

requirement provides a measurement of copper–lead bearing weight loss and

piston varnish under high-temperature operating conditions.

CCD Combustion chamber deposits

CCR Conradson carbon residue

CCS Cold-cranking simulator

CD-II (API) Service typical of two-stroke cycle engines requiring highly ef cient control

over wear and deposits. Oils designed for this service also meet all perfor-

mance requirements of API service category CD.

Oil meeting the performance requirements measured in the following diesel

and gasoline engine tests: The I-G2 diesel engine test has been correlated

with indirect injection engines used in heavy-duty operation, particularly

with regard to piston and ring groove deposits. The 6V-53T diesel engine

test has been correlated with vehicles equipped with two-stroke cycle die-

sel engines in high-speed operation before 1985, particularly with regard to

ring and liner distress. The L-38 gasoline engine test requirement provides

a measurement of copper–lead bearing weight loss and piston varnish under

high-temperature operating conditions.

CDP Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

CE (API) Service typical of many turbocharged or supercharged high-performance die-

sel engines, operated under both low-speed/high-load and high-speed/high-

load conditions. Oils designed for this service have been available since 1984

and provide improved control of oil consumption, oil thickening, and piston

assembly deposits and wear relative to the performance potential offered by

oils designed for category CD service.

Oil meeting the performance requirements of the following diesel and gaso-

line engine tests: the 1-G2 diesel engine test has been correlated with indirect

injection engines used in heavy-duty service, particularly with regard to pis-

ton and ring groove deposits. The T-6, T-7, and NTC-400 are direct injection

diesel engine tests. The T-6 has been correlated with vehicles equipped with

engines used in high-speed operation before 1980, particularly with regard

to deposits, oil consumption, and wear. The T-7 test has been correlated with

vehicles equipped with engines used in lugging operation before 1984, par-

ticularly with regard to oil thickening. The NTC-400 diesel engine test has

been correlated with vehicles equipped with engines in highway operation

before 1983, particularly with regard to oil consumption, deposits, and wear.

The L-38 gasoline engine test requirement provides a measurement of cop-

per–lead bearing weight loss under high-temperature operating conditions.

CEC California Energy Commission

Conseil Européen de Co-ordination pour les Dévelopments des Essais de

Performance des Lubri ants et des Combustibles pour Moteurs (Coordinat-

ing European Council of Motor and Petroleum Industries: test standardiza-

tion like ASTM)

CFFIC Conseil Européen des Federations de l’Industrie Chimique (European Chemi-

cal Industry Council)

CEN European Standardization Council

CEPA Canadian Environmental Protection Act

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CF (API) API service category CF denotes service typical of indirect injected die-

sel engines and other diesel engines that use a broad range of fuel types

including those using fuel with higher sulfur content (e.g., 0.5 wt%).

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690 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications

Effective control of piston deposits, wear, and copper-containing bearing

corrosion is essential for these engines, which may be naturally aspirated,

turbocharged, or supercharged. Oils designated for this service have been in

existence since 1994. Oils designated for this service may also be used when

API service category CD is recommended.

CF-2 (API) API service category CF-2 denotes service typical of two-stroke cycle engines

requiring highly effective control over cylinder and ring-face scuf ng and

deposits. Oils designated for this service have been in existence since 1994

and may also be used when API Service Category CD-II is recommended.

These oils do not necessarily meet the requirements of CF or CF-4 unless

passing test requirements for these categories.

CF-4 (API) This category was adopted in 1990 and describes oils for use in high-speed,

four-stroke diesel engines. API CF-4 oils exceed the requirements of the CE

category, providing improved control of oil consumption and piston deposits.

Oil meeting the performance requirements in the following diesel and gaso-

line engine tests: the 1K diesel engine test, which has been correlated with

direct injection engines used in heavy-duty service before 1990, particularly

with regard to piston and ring groove deposits in the T-6, T-7, NTC-400, and

L-38 engines: see “CE (API)” for explanation.

CFC Chloro uorocarbon

CFPP Cold  lter plugging point

CFR Coordinating Fuel and Equipment Research Committee

CFV Clean fuel vehicle

CG Conventional gasoline

CG-4 (API) API service category CD-4 describes oils for use in high-speed four-stroke

cycle diesel engines used in both heavy-duty on-highway (<0.05 wt% sulfur

fuel) and off-highway (<0.5 wt% sulfur fuel) applications. CG-4 oils pro-

vide effective control over high-temperature piston deposits, wear corrosion,

foaming, oxidation stability, and soot accumulation. These oils are especially

effective in engines designed to meet 1994 exhaust emission standards and

may also be used in engines requiring API Service Categories CD, CE, and

CF-4. Oils designated for this service have been in existence since 1994.

CGSB Canadian General Standards Board—a consensus organization of producers,

users, and general interest groups, which develops standards for test methods

and products for Canada.

CH-4 (PC-7) New (proposed) classi cation for the generation of heavy-duty engine oils

CI Cetrane index

CIA Chemical Industries Association (part of the CEFIC)

CIDI Compression ignition direct injection (diesel)

CIMAC International Council on Combustion Engines

CLCA Comité de Liaison de la Construction de I’Automobile

CLEPA Comité de Liaison de la Construction d’Equipments et Pièces d’Automobiles

CLR Cooperative Lubricants Research

CMA Chemical Manufacturers Association—a standardizing body composed of

additive manufacturers (United States)

CMAQ Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program

CMMO Chemically modi ed mineral oil

CMVO Chemically modi ed vegetable oil

CN Cetane number

CNG Compressed natural gas

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Lubricant Industry–Related Terms and Acronyms 691

CNHTC China National Heavy Truck Corporation

CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation

CO Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

CONCAWE Conservation of Clean Air and Water (Europe)

Corrosion

inhibitor

A lubricant additive used to protect surfaces against chemical attack from con-

taminants in the lubricating  uid or grease. These additives generally operate

by reacting chemically and forming a  lm on the metal surfaces.

cP Centipoise = mPa ⋅ s (SI unit)

CPC Chinese Petroleum Corporation

CPPI Canadian Petroleum Products Institute

CRC Coordinating Research Council—an American standardizing body for per-

formance testing

CSA Canadian Standards Association

cSt Centistokes

CSTCC Continuously slipping torque converter clutch

Cummins M11 A heavy-duty engine test to measure crosshead wear

CUNA Commission Technica di Uni cazione Nel l’Autoveicolo (CEC)

CVMA Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers Association

CVS Constant volume sampling

CVT Continuously variable transmission

DAP Detroit Advisory Panel (API)

DASMIN Deutsche Akkreditierungastelle Mineralol (German)

DBC Dibutyl carbonate

DBPP Dibutyl phenyl phosphate

DCT Dual clutch transmission

DDC Detroit Diesel Corporation

DEC Diethyl carbonate

DEER Diesel engine emissions reduction

Demulsibility A measure of the ability of an oil to separate from water to that measured

by the test time required for a speci ed oil–water emulsion to break using

ASTM D 1401.

DEO Diesel engine oil

DEOAP Detroit Engine Oil Advisory Panel (API/EMA)

DETA Diethylene triamine

Detergent Oil additive that prevents deposits from forming on engine surfaces and may

remove previously formed deposits

DEXRON

-II General Motors trademark speci cation for ATF

DEXRON

-III General Motors trademark speci cation for ATF, issued in 1993

DEXRON

-IIIG General Motors trademark speci cation for ATF, issued in 1998

DFA Diesel fuel additive

DGMK Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Mineralölwassenschaft und Kohlechemie

DH-I AJASO diesel engine oil category—a category mainly for Japanese-made

heavy-duty diesel engine providing wear, soot-handling properties, and ther-

mal-oxidative stability.

DHYCA Direction des Hydrocarbarres et Carburants (French Ministry of Industry)

Direct injection (normally diesel)

Driveability index

DII Diesel injection improver

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Standards Institute)

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692 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications

Dispersant Oil additive that keeps engines clean by holding in suspension the insoluble pro-

ducts for oil oxidation and fuel combustion formed during engine operation

DIOC Diisooctyl carbonate

DiPE Dipentaerythritol

DKA Deutscher Koordinierungs-Ausschuss—the German National Body in the

Coordinating European Council

DMC Dimethyl carbonate

DME Dimethyl ether

DNA Deutsche Normenausschuss

DOA Dioctyl adipate

DOC Diesel oxidation catalyst

DOCP Dispersant ole n copolymer viscosity modi er or viscosity index improver

DOD Department of Defense

DOE Department of Energy

DOHC Double overhead cam

DOP Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate

DOS Di-2-ethylhexylsebacate

DOT Department of Transportation (United States)

DPF Diesel particulate  lter

DPMA Dispersant polymethacrylate viscosity modi er

Dropping point The temperature at which a grease changes from a semisolid to a  uid under

the test conditions. This temperature can be considered a measure of the

upper use limit for the grease.

DSC Differential scanning calorimetry—used to measure onset oxidation tempera-

tures of oils

DTBP Di-tert-butyl phenol

DVM Dispersant viscosity modi er

EC European Community

European Commission

Environmental Council (Japan)

Energy conserving

Environment Canada

ECCC Electronically controlled computer clutch

EC-II (API)

Energy Conserving-II—designation that an engine oil provides 2.7% fuel

economy improvement versus a reference oil in the Sequence VI test

ECE Economic Commission for Europe

ECHA European Chemicals Agency—control point in the REACh system established

in Helsinki.

ECTC Engine Coolants Technical Committee (CEC)

EDC Electronic diesel control

EEB European Environmental Bureau

EEC European Economic Community

Electronic Emission Controls

EELQMS European Engine Lubricant Quality Management System

EFI Electronic fuel injection

EFTC Engines Fuels Technical Committee (CEC)

EGR Exhaust gas recirculation

EHD Elastohydrodynamic (lubrication)

EHDPP 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate

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Lubricant Industry–Related Terms and Acronyms 693

EHEDG European Hygiene and Equipment Design Group

EIA Energy Information Administration (U.S. DOE)

EINECS European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances

ELGI European Lubricating Grease Institute

ELINCS European List of Noti ed Chemical Substances

ELTC Engine Lubricants Technical Committee (CEC)

ELV End-of-life vehicle

EMA Engine Manufacturers Association (United States); heavy-duty diesel

EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research

Emulsion A mechanical mixture of two mutually insoluble  uids. Some metalworking  uids

are designed to remain as a stable emulsion by incorporation of an emulsi er.

ENGVA European Natural Gas Vehicle Association

EOFT Engine Oil Filterability Test (GM)

EO-J/EO-K/EO-

K/2

Mack Truck Company heavy-duty diesel speci cations

EO-L Mack Truck Company heavy-duty diesel speci cation, issued in 1993

EOLCS Engine Oil Licensing and Certi cation System (API-1520)

EO-M Mack Truck Company heavy-duty diesel speci cations, issued in 1998

EP additive Extreme-pressure additive—an additive designed to prevent metal–metal

adhesion or welding when the degree of surface control is suf ciently high

that the normal protective (oxide)  lms are removed and other surface-active

species in the oil are not reactive enough to deposit a protective  lm. EP addi-

tives function by reacting with the metal surface to form a metal compound,

for example, iron sul de.

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (United States)

EPACT The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct)

EPDM Ethylenepropylene diene–based elastomeric seal material

EPEFE European Program on Emission, Fuels and Engine Technologies (an advi-

sory group consisting of 14 motor companies [ACEA] and 32 oil companies

[EUROPIA])

EPM Ethylene–propylene-based elastomeric seal material

ERC European Registration Centre

ESCS Engine Service Classi cation System

ESI Extended service, internal

ESIS European Chemical Substances Information System

ETC European Transient Test Cycle

ETLP Engine Tests of Lubricants Panel (IP)

EU European Union

EUC Elementary Urban Cycle

EUDC Extra Urban Driving Cycle

EULIM European Union of Independent Lubricant Manufacturers

EUROPIA European Petroleum Industry Association

EV Electric vehicle

EVA Ethyl vinyl alcohol

FATG Fuel Additive Task Group (CMA)

FBP Final boiling point

FCAAA Federal Clean Air Act Amendments

FCC Fluid catalytic cracker

FCEV Fuel cell electric vehicle

FDA Food and Drug Administration

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