Oshida Y. Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
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424
Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
Dental alloys
for metal-ceramic restorations 265
metallic ion release from 44
Dental hygiene practice 160
Dental implants,
see also
Implant-related
biological reactions; Shape-memory dental
implant
and orthopedic implants, biological
performance 241
designing and design consideration in 146,
191
failure 160
in vivo
bone response 147
perio root type 268
plate form implants 159
recent research 407
retrieved screw system 234
root form implants 159
roughened titanium surfaces for 192
subperiosteal implants 159
surfaces cleanliness, importance 245
surgical procedures 160
Dentistry
bleaching treatments for teeth 26
casting processes in 262
dental materials, primary
tests 138
dental materials, secondary tests 138
fluoride mouthwashes 28
friction in 114
hazardous substances in 7
Ti application in 26
viral bleaching 26
Denture bases 257-259
Direct bony interface 217
Discoloration 26-28,
see also
Bleaching
treatments
internal discoloration 26
Distance osteogenesis 324
DLF (direct laser forming) 399
DW (direct-write) technique 400
E
EBL (evidence-based learning) xiii
ECM (artificial extracellular matrices) 404
EDM (electro discharge machining) and
CAD/CAM 289-291,406
Procera process 290
spark erosion 289
EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) 50,
169
EIS (electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy) 30, 39, 333
Electron Diffraction (ED) 88
Electrospinning 405
ELID (electrolytic in-process dressing)
grinding technique 289
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
176
Ellingen 168
EMPA (electron probe microanalyzer) analysis
30
Endodontic files and reamers 271-273
Endosseous implants
bioinert type 163
bioreactive type 163
biotolerant type 163
therapy 224
ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical
analysis) 28
ESEM (environmental scanning electron
microscopy) 337
Epass (passivation potential) 47
Epithelium 232
F
Fabrication technologies 285-303
casting 285-287,
see also under
Casting
DB (diffusion bonding) 294-295
electro discharge machining (EDM) and CAD/
CAM 289-291,
see also under
EDM
HT (heat treatment) 302-303
isothermal forging 291
laser welding/forming 299-301
machining 288-289,
see also under
Machining
metal injection molding technology
297-298,
see also under
MIM
P/M (powder metallurgy) 295
SPF (superplastic forming) 291-294,
see
also under
SPF
Fatigue 107-111
acoustic emission (AE) phenomenon to
record 110
affecting microstructural modification 110
clasps causing 108
corrosion-fatigue tests 109
damage due to, measuring methods 273
fatigue strength, ways to improve 111
hip joint prostheses, fatigue failure of 109
strain-controlled 108
stress-controlled 108
Subject Index
425
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 138
FEM (finite element analysis method) 233
Fenton reaction 95
FF (flow-forming) 400
Fibronectin 394
Fibro-osseo integration 146
Fluoride discoloration
fluoride treatment 27
temperature effect 28
Fluoride treatment 396-397
Fluorine ion and bleaching agents, corrosion in
media containing 28-31
Foamed metal structure technique
Fractal dimension analysis 316
Fracture and fracture toughness 111-113
AE analysis 112
Nanoindentation techniques for 113
Freestanding implant 233
Fretting wear 43
Friction 114-116
coefficients of, determination 115
FTIR (Fourier transform infra red
spectroscopy) 336
Hardening rate (n) 288
HAZ (heat-affected zone) 300,
see also
Laser
welding/forming
Hemocompatibility 164-166
characterization 164
systematic evaluation 164
HF (hydrofluoric acid) 30
High-energy ion implantation 393
Hip joint prostheses, fatigue failure of 109
HPF (human plasma fibronectin) 169
HT (heat treatment) 302-303
PWHT (post-welding heat-treatment) 302
363-364, 410 HTBC (HA-TiO 2 bond coating) 344
Human mandubular subperosteal dental
implants 58
Hydrides 63
Hydrogen, reaction with 61-64
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) 29, 63
Hydrogen peroxide 94-97,
see also
Ti-H202
system 95
Hydroxyl radicals 95
G
Galvanic corrosion
factors influencing 52
macro-cells 51-53
micro-cells 51-53
surface area ratio effect 52, 60
GFC (gradual functional concept)
GFM (gradient functional material)
408
Guinea-pig sensitization test 132
408
389-390,
H
HA (hydroxyapatite) 140
and Ti surfaces, topographic effects
as a bone grafting material 325
HA coating 324-335
HA plasma-sprayed coating, porous
HA/TCP (hydroxyapatite/tricalcium
phosphate) coating 197-198
HA-coated CpTi implants 331
HA-coated CpTi, interface mechanical
characteristics and histology 232
HA-coated implants, utilization 192
Hall-Hrroult process 385
Hank's solution 46, 93,327
Haptotaxis 236
184
238
I
ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass
spectroscopy) 354
Immediate loading 159
Implant application 217-246
contraindicative factors 159-160
clinical reports 222-226
prostheses and fixtures, long-term outcome
of 222
reaction in biological environment 235-246
reactions in chemical and mechanical
environments 230-235
single tooth replacement 233
surface and interface characterization
227-229
Implant-related biological reactions 159-200
biomaterials, roughness and cellular response
to 179-182,
see also separate entry
bone healing 162-163
cell adhesion, adsorption, spreading, and
proliferation 166-179,
see also separate
entry
cell growth 182-185
hemocompatibility 164-166,
see also
separate entry
osseointegration and bone/implant interface
193-199,
see also separate entry
tissue reaction and bone ingrowth 185-193,
see also separate entry
426
Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
Implants
and bone close contact between 167
and bone interface between 147
and tissue, interlocking between 188
biocompatibility 83
biomechanical compatibility 143-148
biomechanics in 231
bone formation after 196
by screw-tightening 218
conceptual Ti implant with gradient
mechanical and biological functions
409f
cylindrical coated 356
healing around, evaluation 163
implant instability,
see
Loosening implants
implant materials, corrosion rates,
in vitro
laboratory tests 44
implant prostheses, design and restoration of
218
implant surface preparation 180
implant tooth and natural tooth, comparison
232f
in process of primary mineralization 188
interactions of cells and 236
metallic biomedical implants 175
metallic implants, wound-healing responses
around 237
Mg-incorporated 197
micromotion chamber for 190
nonsubmerged ITI-Bonefit implant 190
osseointegration of laser-textured implants
199
osteoblast adhesion on 174
osteoblast response to 178
osteoconductive apatite coatings 192
physical and chemical treatments 229
prosthetic and osteosynthetic
implants 200
required compatibilities 220
restorations by cementation 218
screw-shaped titanium plasma-sprayed
implants 190
single-crystal and polycrystalline titanium
implants 112
success of, reasons 228
topography of 36,
IMZ titanium implants 225
Infection 114
Interface 6-7
Intermetallic alloys 19
Intraoral environments, corrosion resistance
under 31-42
Intraoral prostheses 52
Ion implantation onto NiTi 165
Ipass
(passivation onset current density)
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) 138
Isothermal forging 291
ITI ® dental implants 225
47
L
Laser applications 398--400
laser alloying 398
laser welding, advantages 399
Laser welding/forming 52, 299-301
distortion, investigation 301
in peening technology 301
laser peening 301
Laser-peening method 313, 317-319
Laser-superfinished implants 198-199
LD50 (lethal dose 50%) 127
Loosening implants 114
adverse factors for 199-200
LSE (laser surface engineering) 390
M
Machining 288-289
buff-polishing 288
chemical polishing 288
plastic deformation due to 289
springback 289
Macro-cells 51-53
MAR (mineral apposition rate) 196
Masticatory force 25
Materials classification 9-19
medical/dental titanium and its alloys 9,
13-19,
see also separate entry
near tx type, (tx+13) type 11
stabilizers 11
tx type (HCP) 11
13 stabilizers 11
type (BCC) 11
Maxillofacial implants 231
MDI (mini dental implants) 406
Mechanical and tribological behaviors
107-119,
see also
Fatigue; Fracture and
fracture toughness
biotribological actions 113-119,
see also
separate entry
wear and wear debris toxicity 116-119,
see
also separate entry
Mechanical surface treatment 111
Subject Index
427
Medical/dental titanium and its alloys 13-19
CpTi (commercially pure titanium) 13-16,
see also separate entry
intermetallic alloys 19
Ti-30Ta alloy 19
Ti-3A1-2.5V 16
Ti-5A1-3Mo-4Zr 16-17
Ti-5A1-2.5Fe 17
Ti-5A1-2Mo-2Fe (SP700) alloy 18-19
Ti-6A1-4V 16
Ti-6A1-7Nb 16
Ti-Cu alloys 18
Ti-Mo alloy 18
TiNi alloy 17-18
MELISA® test 134
Metabolism 136-138
TiO 2 transport 136
nitroblue tetrazolium test 136
Metal ion release and dissolution 42-51
biological significance 43
fretting wear 43
from 316L stainless steel 45
from Co-Cr-Mo, CpTi (grade 2) 45
from dental alloys 44
from Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta 45
from Ti-6A1-4V 45, 50
pitting corrosion 44
polarization process 43
repassivation kinetics 44
Ti-6A1-7Nb 45
transpassivation 43
Metal-ceramic systems 260
Metallic implants 40
MGCs (multinucleated giant cells) 315
MIC (microbiology-induced corrosion) 53-61
anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in 59
in vitro
MIC-related corrosion tests 59
peri-implant disease 58
plaque development 57-58
sulfate-reducing bacteria in 59
Micro-cells 51-53
Micrograin superplasticity 292
Micromotion, at the soft-tissue-implant
interface 173
Microporous texturing techniques 410
MID (minimally invasive dentistry) 402-403,
406
MIM (metal injection molding) approaches 6,
220, 297-298, 386
sequences 298
Mineralization 188
MIS (minimally invasive surgery) 402-403,406
Mitek bone suture anchors 141
MOE (modulus of elasticity) 112, 144, 221,233
Morphological compatibility 180-182
MS (multiple sclerosis) 134
MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) 395
MTT method 133
Myelointegration 239
N
NaF-containing solution 29
Nanotechnology 400-403
nanoindentation techniques 113
nanophase materials 173
NiTi alloys
alloy wires, surface roughness and static
frictional force resistance of 115
as implants in clinical surgery for fixation of
spinal dysfunctions 142
biocompatibility surface modifications on
142
biocompatibility 131
characterization 142
dental orthodontic archwires 37
fatigue resistances of 109
implants, oxide film coating 49
in the medical and dental industries 141
ion implantation onto 165
ion release measurements on 142
NiTi SME alloy 243
NiTi superelastic endodontic, torsional
properties 272
orthodontic archwires,
in vitro
testing of 115
orthodontic superelastic NiTi wires 49
osteosynthesis clamps in 273
NITINOL (Nickel-Titanium Naval Ordnance
Laboratory) 17, 141
Nitriding treatments 132
Nitrogen implantation 132
NNS (near-net shape) forming technique 6,
295, 400-403,
see also
SPF/DB
NR method 133
O
Oral implants 228, 231
Orthodontic appliances 269-271
curved canal, instrumentation 272
HA coating with 197
heat treatment process 269
NiTi arch wires, acidic fluoride solution on
270
428
Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
NiTi wires, physio-mechanical properties 270
orthodontic archwires,
in vitro
testing of 115
orthodontic mechanotherapy 28, 63
orthodontic NiTi archwires, surface
roughness and static frictional force
resistance of 115
orthodontic tooth movement 115
orthopedic implants, advantages 161
orthopedic implants, disadvantages 161
recycling and re-usable 269
titanium in 26,
see also
Dentistry
Osseointegration 83, 146-147, 159-160,
224
and bone/implant interface 193-199
definition, mechanism, understanding 194
Osteoarthritis 219
Osteoblast phenotype expression 132
Osteocalcin 237
Osteoclast activation 119
Osteoclastogenesis 119
Osteoconduction 162, 324
osteoconductive apatite coatings 192
Osteogenesis 324
Osteoinduction 324
Osteolysis 118, 161
Oxidation and oxides 81-97,
see also
Passivity
air-formed oxide 82
anatase-type 87-88
anodic oxide films on, electrochemical
dissolution 94
blood plasma protein interactions with,
studies 176
brookite-type 87-88
cathodic reduction behavior 93
chemical treatments causing 84
crystalline structures 88-90,
see also under
Crystalline structures
formation 81
growth, stability, and breakdown 91-94
in cellular behavior of osteoblasts,
composition and characteristics 177
influences on biological process 86
nature and properties 84
oxidized implants, osseointegration of 196
pit generation on Ti 94
reaction with hydrogen peroxide 94-97
rutile-type 87-88
structurally sensitive
in situ
methods for 85
surface treatments effects on 169
uniform film formation and dissolution,
kinetics 93
unique applications 91
P
P/M (powder metallurgy) 295
advantages 296
technique 410
to modify the surface zone of implants 296
PACVD (plasma-assisted chemical vapor
deposition) 131-132, 357
PAD (plasma arc deposition) 400
Parabolic rate constant 352
Passivity/Passivation 84-85
at elevated temperatures 85-86
definitions 82
repassivation capability 85
repassivation kinetics 44
stability 46-47
transpassivation 43
PBM (porcelain-bonded-to-metal) 259
PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) solution 39, 96
PC (polycarbonate) 257
Peening technology 301
Percutaneous and permucosal implants 186
Peri-implantitis 224, 240
peri-implant bone healing 162
peri-implant bone 147
peri-implant disease 58
Periodontal membrane 232
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) 173
PFM (porcelain-fused-to-metal) 259
Phase 6
Physically toxic entities 130
Photo-catalytic function 91
PI 3 (plasma immersion ion implantation or
PIII) method 321
pI3&D (plasma immersion ion implantation and
deposition) 174
Pitting corrosion, in Ti-based implant materials
44-46
Placed implants, success rates of, factors
influencing 160
Plaque biofilm removal 141
Plasma nitriding technique 132, 175
Plasma spray method 192, 329, 329, 331,345
corrosion behavior 326
plasma-sprayed HA-coated devices 325
porous 238
Plate form dental implants 159
Plunger-retained prosthesis 233
PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) 257, 267,
354, 402
PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophil
grannulocytes) 337
Polarization process 43
Subject Index
429
Polishing 111
Poly (~-hydroxy acids) 405
Polymeric sponge replication
method 171, 410
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes, adhesion and
activation 167
Polystylene 257
Polysulfone 257
Porcelain
bonding agent application 261
bonding mechanism 260
chemical bonding 260-261
compressive forces 261
fired porcelain, bond strength
evaluation 264
mechanical retention through surface
modifications 261
physical bonding 261
porcelain-titanium interface reactions,
characterization 263
Posts and cores 266-267
Poubaix [E-pH] diagram 32
Powder metallurgy technique 410,
see also
under
P/M
Procera process 290
Prosthetic restoration 225
Proteoglycans 168
PTM (porcelain-to-metal) 259
Pullout tests 195
PVD (Physical vapor deposition)
coating 349
PWHT (post-welding heat-treatment) 302
R
RAP (regional acceleratory
phenomenon) 240
Repassivation kinetics 44
Restorative dentistry devices 52
RGD peptide coating 193
Rigid fixation 194
Ringer's solution 33, 39, 45, 52, 333
Root form dental implants 159
Roughness 179-182,
see also under
Surface
roughness
Rp (polarization resistance) 30
RPD (removable partial denture) framework
cast 107, 265, 285
fatigue resistance of the cast clasps 266
RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase
Chain Reaction) 178
Rugophilia 236
S
Sandblasting 313
and surface texturing 314-317
purposes 314
using TiO 2 powder 316
SBF (simulated body fluid) 51,140, 193,
337, 345, 350, 396, 402
Scaffold material 404-405
SCE (saturated calomel electrode) 36
Screw-retained restorations 218-219
SE (superelasticity) 11, 36
Sealer material 268
Seawater embrittlement behavior 63
'Semiliquid transformation front'
model 350
SFF (solid freedom fabrication) 400
SEM (scanning electron microscope) 171
Shear test 263
Shock-absorbing material 147-148
Shot peening 111, 313,
317-319
Simon Nitinol Filter 141
Simplified mixed theory 52
SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) 28
Single tooth replacement 233
SiO 2, as a blasting media 315
SME (shape memory effect) 11, 36, 11
SME NiTi dental implants 228, 268-269
SnFz-containing solution 29
Soldering 300, 301-302
aluminum-based 302
eutectic solders 302
silver-based 302
Sol-gel method for coating 329-330
SP700 18-19
Sparks
advantages 290
spark erosion 289
SPF (superplastic forming) 4, 258, 291-294
micrograin superplasticity 292
SPF/DB (Superplastic forming/diffusion
bonding) 294-295
Spin trapping techniques 95
SPR (surface plasmon resonance) 229
Springback phenomenon 289
SSP (surface sol-gel processing) 176
o~ Stabilizers 11
13 Stabilizers 11
Stainless steel
endodontic files torsional properties 272
implants, immuno-inflammatory responses
187
430
Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
Stainless steel
(Continued)
in orthopedic internal fracture fixation 178
surface roughness and static frictional force
resistance of 115
Steri-Oss osseointegrated implant 223-224
Stern's method 140
Strain-controlled fatigue test 108
Strain rate 292-293
Straumann titanium implants 224
Stress-controlled fatigue test 108
Stress ratio 44
Subperiosteal dental implants 159
Superplasticity
diffusion bonding phenomenon associated
with 297
superplastic diffusion bonding method 410
superplastic forging 293
Surface area ratio 52, 60
Surface concave texturing 313
Surface contact angle 133
Surface convex texturing 313
Surface modifications 313-364,
see also
chemical, electrochemical, and
thermal surface modifications; coating;
coloring; laser-peening method; pI3;
sandblasting; shot-peening; surface
concave texturing; surface convex
texturing
bonding agent application 352
bonding agent plus gold bonding agent
application 352
Cullet method 343
foamed metal 363-364
granule size effect on 325
mono and triple-layered nitridation 352
mono-layered chrome-doped nitridation 352
porosity controlled surface and texturing
360-363
Procera porcelain application 352
Surface rolling 111
Surface roughness 170-172, 178, 314, 355,
see also under
Roughness
Surface texturing and porous/foamed materials
397-398
Synthetic implants 325
T
TCP (tricalcium phosphate) 144, 342
TEM (transmission electron microscope) 339
Thermal expansion, linear coefficient of 260
Ti (Titanium) materials/alloys,
see also
individual entries;
Materials classification
bone fusing to 194
Ca-deficient carbonate apatite coating 179
castability 286
characteristic properties 6
discovery 3
for medical and dental applications 25
for skeletal repair 183
in (CAD/CAM) process 4
in dental and medical fields 4,
see also
Dentistry
in industrial sectors 4
in vitro
tests, containing chlorine ions 25
interacting map 384
oxygen content 15
properties 3
published articles on 5f
research and development 3
Ti copings, metallurgy-forming process to
fabricate 265
Ti fiber and Ti oxide powder, as
reinforcemem for bone cement 267-268
Ti industry and new materials development
385-388
Ti oxides,
see under
Oxidation and oxides
Ti thin film, by radio frequency sputter
coating 49
tissue-bone compatibility of 83
various disciplines in, interacting map 384f
Ti coating 353-357
anodization 355
ion-beam-assisted sputtering deposition
technique 357
plasma-sprayed coatings 355
Titania film and coating 357-360
Ti/porcelain system
3-point bend flexural
test 263-264
4-point bending test 264,
see also separate
entry
bonding mechanism 260,
see also under
Porcelain
fracture processes 264,
see also under
4-point bending test
problems in 262
shear test 263
Ti-13Mo-7Zr-3Fe
heat-treatment capabilities 112
microstructural evolution and attendant
strengthening mechanisms 302
Subject Index
431
Ti-20Cr casting alloy 387
Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr, cytotoxicity of 133
Ti-34Nb-9Zr-8Ta
heat-treatment capabilities 112
microstructural evolution and attendant
strengthening mechanisms 302
Ti-50Zr alloy 39
Ti-5A1-2.5Fe alloy
cytocompatibility of 132
friction behavior of hip prosthesis from 114
Ti-60Cu-14Ni-12Sn-4M (M: Nb, Ta, Mo)
alloys 388
Ti-6A1-4V alloy
abrasion 226
alloy behavior, towards BSA 164
as a biocompatible metal 258
as an orthopedic implant material 135
biocompatibility 177
corrosion behavior 44
corrosion behaviors 29, 36
corrosion sensitivity of 93
cytotoxicity of 133
ELI (extra low level of interstitial content)
13
fatigue properties 297
HA coating and macrotexturing on
332-335
in orthopedic internal fracture fixation 178
in vitro
metal leaching tests 48
microstructure, chemical composition, and
wettability of thermally and chemically
modification studies 172-173
microstructure, chemical composition, and
wettability 320
porous coating, high-cycle fatigue strength
of 363
silicate glass coating on 323
SPF/DB processes 295
SPFed denture bases of 294
superplastic dentue base forming of 294
surface oxides on 349
surface roughness effects 170
surfaces, osteoconduction of 192
surgical implants, surface characterization
242-243
tribological properties 348
Ti-6A1-7Nb alloy 93
anterior-posterior bar frameworks 258
chemical and thermal surface modifications
50-51
corrosion behaviors 29
fatigue studies on 110
horseshoe-shaped bar frameworks 258
palatal strap frameworks 258
pin-on-disc wear tests on 117
Ti-H202 system 95
cellular deterioration due to 95
ellipsometry 95
spectrophotometry 95
spin trapping techniques for 95
TiN (Titanium nitride) 163
antimicrobial characteristic 191
coating 347-353
onto CpTi 351-352
TiO 2
crystal structures 83
physical property that is
unique 83
preparation 322
sandblasted using 316
TiPd-Co alloys 387
Tissue engineering and scaffold structure and
materials 403-405
Tissue reaction and bone
ingrowth 185-193
peri-implant tissues 185-186
Titan 3
Ti-V-Fe-A1 alloys 387
TMA (Ti-Mo alloy) archwires 116
Toxicity 127-130
and corrosion rates 128
biological toxicity 129-130
chemicals 127
cytocompatibility (toxicity to cells)
130-133
measurement 127
physically toxic entities 130
TPS (titanium plasma-sprayed) 315
Transpassivation 43, 45
Tribo-chemical treatment 315
Tribology 113,
see also
Biotribological
actions
Two-center effect 236
o~ Type (HCP) alloy 11
~x+~ Type alloy 11
Tyrode's solution 32
U
UHMWPE (ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene) 117-118, 353
Ultrasonic fatigue tests 41-42
432
Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
V
Vital hard/soft tissue 6
VMC (void metal composite)
360
Wolff's law 189
Wollastonite (CaSiO3) ceramic 357
W
Wear and wear debris toxicity 41, 114,
116-119
fraction/wear products,
formation 118
from orthopedic joint
implants 119
particulate wear debris 119
Wettability 133,
see also under
Surface
contact angle
X
Xenogenous grafts 325
XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) 28,
169
XSAM (x-ray scanning analytical microscope)
186
Y
Yield strength 144, 289
YSZ (Yttria-stabilized-zirconia) coating 343