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Chapter 12

Future Perspectives

12.1. Titanium Industry and New Materials Development 385

12.2. Amorphous Material 388

12.3. Gradient Functional Material System 389

12.4. Coating 390

12.5. Fluoride Treatment 396

12.6. Surface Texturing and Porous/Foamed Materials 397

12.7. Laser Applications 398

12.8. Near-Net Shape (NNS) Forming and Nanotechnology 400

12.9. Tissue Engineering and Scaffold Structure and Materials 403

12.10. Bioengineering and Biomaterial-Integrated Implant System 406

References 411

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Chapter 12

Future Perspectives

Before we discuss the new and interesting things ahead of us, it is appropriate here

to review what happened in the past and what is happening currently. Titanium

materials science is a typical interdisciplinary science and engineering discipline.

Figure 12-1 illustrates the complicated, yet nicely correlated interrelationship

among different disciplines to establish a promising titanium materials science and

engineering discipline for assisting not only industry but also health providers, as

well as the receiver of such services. In Figure 12-1, in order for engineered tita-

nium materials to serve as titanium biomaterials, we have been discussing and

reviewing numerous articles to prove that appropriate surface modifications and

characterizations should be properly preformed and reflected to fabrication tech-

nologies and methods. Then such titanium biomaterials are really ready to be used

in different dental and medical applications. We have reviewed the ever-growing

Ti materials research and development for meeting specific aims including V-free

alloys, beta-Ti alloys, Ti materials having better properties of fatigue, as well as

wear, amorphatizable materials, materials exhibiting better superplastic-formability,

macro, micro, and nanoscale structure-controlled materials, etc. These new Ti

materials, along with conventional Ti materials, are characterized to evaluate

whether they meet specific required characteristics. All these activities, as seen in

the figure, are nicely correlated to establish titanium biomaterials, from which var-

ious dental and medical applications can be realized. Furthermore, currently and

continuously in the future, with tremendous valuable and supportive technologies

(including newly developed surface modification, near-net shape forming, better

understating of bone healing mechanisms, advanced tissue-engineering materials,

and technologies, etc.) implant systems can be further developed to bring benefits

to both patients and clinicians.

In the past, when tissues became diseased or damaged, a physician had little

recourse but to remove the offending part, with obvious limitations. Removal of

joints, vertebrae, teeth, or organs led to only a marginally improved quality of life.

However, human survivability seldom exceeded the progressive decrease in quality

of tissues, so the need for replacement parts was small. During the last century the

situation changed greatly. The discovery of antiseptics, penicillin and other antibi-

otics, chemical treatment of water supplies, improved hygiene, and vaccination all

contributed to a major increase in human survivability in developed countries. Life

expectancy is now in the range of 80⫹ years. In the past, it was the major practice

to remove the diseased tissues, whereas at the present, either transplants (using

383

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