Oshida Y. Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials

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Epilogue

It is said that about 2 million journals are published annually, in which about

20,000 journals have articles related, to some extent, to the bio-medical area.

Furthermore, out of 20,000 journals, about 500 journals have at least one article,

which is related to medicine/dentistry. Hence, we have to look over 500 journals

to cover, at least superficially, the medical/dental articles. Suppose that we spend

1 h every day reading through such journals, and 15 min for each journal, we

would need 125 days to cover all possible articles which might be useful to our

expertise to avoid the delay for updated follow-up.. Obviously, what this calcula-

tion indicates is that we need at least one out of every 3 days to spend time to go

through all the journals. Today, journals such as

Biomaterials, Biomedical

Materials Research, Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Prosthetic Dentistry,

Oral Maxillofacial Implants,

and so on and so forth have at least three articles in

each issue which are related to titanium materials.

I have also found while writing this book that in most European journals, as well

as European authors (regardless of their publication in either European journals

or American journais), there are few references cited from American journals or

American authors, and vice versa. In addition to this unique phenomenon, there

are quite a few excellent works done by Asian researchers published in obscure

journals. I paid special attention to equalize this unbalanced appearance of many

excellent articles written by internationally recognized researchers.

I have had an experience, during the course of writing this book, similar to a

painter who must decide when and how to finish his work. Similarly, knowing that

every month I will have about 20 good articles, I need to stop and read these before

I will be able to finish this book. I have my last wish that I do not miss any crucial

articles, and at the same time, I have a fear that I might miss some because I had to

stop reading journal articles to analyze them from the June issue of the year 2006.

As society is aging with the increasing population of the elderly, special care

and attention should be paid to managing diseases as well as treating these popu-

lations. For example, a geriatric dentist needs to be seriously changed to accom-

modate such social changes and challenges. Orthopedic and dental implants still

have a window left to be further developed to facilitate the aged population. But I

have a great hope, from analyzing numerous articles, that since the research and

development in this sector has been so advanced and well-developed, sooner or

later public health services will become much easier and cheaper.

Closing this small book, I admit to having a very long list of individual's names

to be mentioned with my memories and appreciation from my teachers who

419

420 Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials

inspired me, friends and colleagues who challenged me, and most importantly

students (some of them are now my colleagues) who continue to both inspire and

challenge me. To all of them, I owe my knowledge and capability to comprehend

the cited articles presented in this book. These people, who were and are valuable

to me and to this book, should at least include the late T. Nakayama, S. Iguchi, V.

Weiss, H.W. Liu, the late J.A. Schwartz, the late T. Osaka, Y. Miwa, N. Saotome,

T. Nishihara, M. Ito, E Farzin-Nia, R. Sachdeva, S. Miyazaki, P-C. Chen, M.

Okamura, G.K. Stookey, C.J. Andres, T.M. Barco, O. Okuno, B.K. Moore,

A. Zuccari, A. Hashem, A. Wu, M. Yapchulay, S. Isikbay, C. Kuphasuk, C-M. Lin,

I. Garcia, W. Panyayong, Y-J. Lim, M. Reyes, W.C. Lim, J-C. Chang, S. A1-Ali,

B. Anbari, D. Bartovic, E Hernandez, I.W. Koh, Z.H. Khabbaz, R. Xirouchaki,

P. Agarwal, N. A1-Nasr, C.B. Sellers, J. Dunigan-Miler, S. A1-Johancy, C.S. Wang,

E. Matsis, R. Rani, Y-C. Wu, K. Mirza, I. Katsilieri, and L.A. Oshida. Thanks

should also go to M.A. Dirlam for excellent professional illustrations of all

figures in this book, and J.D. Kummer for his elaborative time-consuming proof-

reading of the text. Lastly, but not least important, I have no words to appreciate

Elsevier individuals who support and assist me throughout the entire process of

editing this book; they should include D.G. Sleeman, A. Kitson, D. Coleman, P.

Wilkinson, and editorial team of MacMillan India. Thank you all.

Subject Index

316L stainless steel

corrosion behavior 44

3DP (three-dimensional printing) technology

404

3-Point bend flexural test 263-264

4-Point bending test 264

cohesive fracture 264

delamination of porcelain 264

ADA (American Dental Association) 138

Adhesion,

see under

Cell adhesion

AE (acoustic emission) 110, 235

AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) 355

Aerobic and anaerobic 34

AFM (Atomic force microscopy) 337

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

133

A1203, as a blasting media 315-317

Allergic reaction 133-136

Allogenous grafts 325

Allografts 325

Alloplast 325

Alpha case 286-287

Amalgam xiii, 34

Amorphous materials 388-389

Anchorage mechanisms 193

Anodization, titanium surfaces modification by

184

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

138

Apatite 359,

see also

under

MIC

Actinobacillus actinomicetemcomitans

56-57, 59

Actinomyces viscosus

56-57

on commercially pure titanium 60

Porphyromonas gingivalis

56, 59

Streptococcus epidermidis

Streptococcus mutans

57-58, 60

Streptococcus sanguis

56, 58-60

BAG (bioactive glass) 323

BCA (bone-like carbonate apatite) 336

BCP (biphasic calcium phosphate) 315

Beryllium 7

Beta Ti alloy

advantages and disadvantages 386

cytotoxicity 133

immersion tests on 62

surface roughness and static frictional force

resistance of 115

Beta transus 11, 14, 262, 297

Biocompatibility 138-143

definitions 138

of biological materials 34

Bioengineering and biomaterial-integrated

implant system 406-411

Biological reaction 127-148

allergic reaction 133-136

biocompatibility 138-143

biological toxicity 129-130

biomechanical compatibility 143-148,

see

also separate entry

cytocompatibility (toxicity to cells) 130-133

metabolism 136-138,

see also separate entry

toxicity 127-130,

see also separate entry

Biomaterials

as a 'foreign material' 6

as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering 347

biofunctioning materials, surface roughness

181f

biomaterials strength and rigidity of 144f

compatibilities 7, 143-148

metallic biomaterials, biocompatibility 129

microroughness 180

roughness and cellular response to

179-182

surface topography, importance 179-185

surface topography, osteoblast response 185

Biomechanical issues 231

Biomimetic deposition 341

421

422

Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials

Bio-Oss ® 194

Biotolerant biomaterial 163

Biotribological actions. 40, 113-119

friction 114-116

Blasting media 238

Bleaching treatments

fluoride treatment 27

for teeth 26-27

hydrogen peroxide 27

nightguard bleaching 27

BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) 163, 391,

393,404

Bonding osteogenesis 324

Bone fusing to Ti 194

Bone healing 162-163

de novo

bone formation phase 162

factors influencing 195

healing phases 162

osteoconduction phase 162

Bone implants

fixation 146

interface 237

interface, topography influencing 176

surface characteristics 174

Bone ingrowth 228, 243

interstitial bone ingrowth 189

into uncemented hemispherical canine

acetabular components 189

quantification 189

to control (nontreated) and heat-treated

Ti-6A1-4V implants 189

Bracket/archwire system 115

BrSnemark implant 224, 234

mechanical

in vitro

tests 233

Breakdown potential 37

BSA (bovine serum albumin) 172, 392

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) 324

BSEM (backscattering electron

microscopy) 336

BSF (body simulated fluid) 38,

see also

SBF

Ca-P (calcium phosphate) coating 335-342

biomimetic deposition and electrochemical

deposition for 341

CaP bioceramic, protein adsorption behavior

of thin films of 169

homogeneous deposition 184

in vivo

effect of 191

RF magnetron sputter technique 339

sol-gel method for 340

substrate straining method 340

Carbamide peroxide 26

Carbon, glass, ceramic coating 322

Casting 285-287

evaluation 285

melting methods 287

reaction layer structures 287

CaTiO 3, at implant-bone interface 172

Cell adhesion, adsorption, spreading, and

proliferation 166-179

bio-adhesion 238

inflammatory processes 166

pain 166

polymorphonuclear granulocytes 167

redness 166

repair 166

resolution 167

swelling 166

tissue remodeling 166

Cemented implant restorations 218-219

Cementless fixation systems 195

CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) 134

Chemical and electrochemical reactions 25-64

amino-alcohol solution in 320

and thermal surface modifications 319-322

corrosion resistance under influences of

environmental and mechanical-assisted

actions 31-42

corrosion, in media containing fluorine ion

and bleaching agents 28-31

crevice corrosion 62

crevice-corrosion susceptibility 37

discoloration 26-28

electrochemical corrosion studies,

interpretation 32

internal discoloration 26

metal ion release and dissolution 42-51,

see also separate entry

microbiology-induced corrosion 53-61,

see

also under

MIC

passivation breakdown potential 37

reaction with hydrogen 61-64

seawater embrittlement behavior 63

Chemical bonding 260-261

Chemicals, toxic entity 127

CIE-L*a*b* 27

Chondromalacia 219

Clamps and staples 273-274

Clasps 265-266

Coating, surface modification by 322-360

Ca-P coating 335-342

carbon, glass, ceramic coating 322

Subject Index

423

composite coating 342-347,

see also

separate entry

fluoridated apatite coatings 327

future perspectives 390-396

HA coating 324-335

post-spray coating heat-treatment effects

328

sol-gel method for 329, 358-359

Ti coating 353-357,

see also separate entry

Co-Cr alloy wires, surface roughness

and static frictional force resistance

of 115

Co-Cr-Mo

abrasion 226

corrosion behavior 44, 354

surface oxides on 349

Collagen 394

Coloring 364

anodic oxidation 364

chemical-oxidation 364

nitrizing 364

thermal-oxidation 364

Composite coating 342-347

"Ecopore" 346

composite coatings 343

HA/yttria-stabilizedzirconia(YSZ)/Ti-6A1-4V

HTBC (HA-TiO 2 bond coating) 344

wollastonite/TiO 2 composite coating 357

Contact guidance 236

Contact osteogenesis 324

Contamination 316

Core materials 266-267,

see also

Posts and

cores

Corrosion behavior,

see also

Oxidation

chemical corrosion 34

corrosion-fatigue interactions 41

corrosive effect, of bleaching agent 26

in media containing fluorine ion and

bleaching agents 28-31

in vivo

corrosion measurements 33

microbiology-induced corrosion 53-61,