Morris & Fan. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook
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CASE STUDY: HEISONGLIN RESERVOIR, CHINA 25.15
0.02
0
0.01
d
50
CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 25.12 Vertical profile in the flushing channel at range 1 in Heisonglin Reservoi
r
showing the passage of a turbidity current (Ren, 1986).
l
ateral drainage, even small discharges were highly effective in eroding deposits of
noncohesive silt. The lateral erosion technique was applied for a total of 6.8 months
during the 1980-1985 period by using a flow of 0.2 m/s, and 816,000 m
3
of deposits was
eroded into the main channel (Xia, 1993). This corresponds to a flushing efficiency
(sediment:water) ratio of 0.23. The achievement of this high flushing efficiency is to a
large part due to the highly erodible nature of the silt deposits at Heisonglin.
The layout for lateral erosion at Heisonglin was illustrated schematically in Fig.
15.14. It consists of a stream diversion at the upstream end of the reservoir, a delivery
channel constructed on contour around the periphery of the floodplain deposits, and a
series of outlet points. The flow path extending laterally across the floodplain was
initially directed by workers with shovels, and the initial pilot channel was subsequently
scoured to a width and depth of many meters by the flow. Photographs of lateral channel
erosion are shown in Fig. 25.13. The delivery channel was initially excavated in the
sediment at the edge of floodplain deposits, but once it was functioning, plans were
made to reconstruct the delivery canal with concrete and to provide movable gates at
each lateral outlet (Xia, 1987).
25.9 VARIATION IN SEDIMENT RELEASE EFFICIENCY
Sediment release efficiency is defined as the ratio of sediment discharged to sediment
inflow over a given period, the complement of the trap efficiency. Because of the short
CASE STUDY: HEISONGLIN RESERVOIR, CHINA 25.16
FIGURE 25.13 Lateral erosion channels at Heisonglin Reservoir. (Top) Retrogressive erosion.
(Bottom) Bank slumping.
CASE STUDY: HEISONGLIN RESERVOIR, CHINA 25.17
length of the reservoir, steep slope, well-defined thalweg maintained by flushing, and
high inflow concentration of fine sediments, the release efficiency is relatively high at
Heisonglin, usually in the range of 50 to 60 percent. However, release efficiency has
varied widely for individual events, ranging from 39 to more than 100 percent for
detention flood flushing, and from 36 to 92 percent for turbidity current venting (Table
25.4). Factors affecting release efficiency are discussed below.
25.9.1 Turbidity Currents
Three periods of turbidity current events during 1964 had sediment release efficiencies of
38, 66, and 91 percent. The release efficiency during the July 11 event was low, only 38
percent, because the bottom outlet was not opened on time. This allowed suspended
sediment in the muddy lake to settle out and become trapped. As illustrated in Fig.
25.14, the outlet opened 2 hours after the flood peak, the initial opening was for only a
small discharge of 2.0 m
3
/s for a period of 12 hours, and it was followed by a discharge
of only 4.8 m
3
/s. Conditions for turbidity current venting were also unfavorable for the
July 19, 1965, flood, when the outlet discharge was initially limited to 0.35 m
3
/s,
although the inflow discharge peaked at 23.6 m
3
/s. The release efficiency was only 36
percent.
The August 1, 1964, event achieved a release efficiency of 91 percent. As shown in
Fig. 25.10, the outlet was opened immediately and discharge was quickly increased to
7 m
3
/s. Both inflow and outflow were hyperconcentrated, inhibiting the settling of
coarser sediments. It is also possible that some sediments deposited in the delta region by
the floods of July 11 and 16 of that year were eroded from the area downstream of the
inflow gaging station by the August event, since the reservoir water level was lower in
August than in July. Together these factors explain the unusually high flushing efficiency
for this turbidity current event.
25.9.2 Flood Detention Flushing
The release efficiency for flood detention followed by flushing is typically higher than
for turbidity current flushing, even though the period that muddy water is detained in the
reservoir may be longer than for turbidity current venting. Detention flushing is more
efficient because sediment deposited in the main channel during the detention period is
removed when the reservoir attains full drawdown and flushing occurs as riverine flow
is established, as was illustrated in Fig. 25.7. This scouring does not occur when a
turbidity current is vented because the reservoir is not emptied, and the sediments from
the turbidity current settling into the main channel are not discharged until the subsequent
emptying and flushing period.
Under detention flushing the reservoir is initially empty. The flood discharge flows
along the main channel to the dam where a muddy lake is created, which then expands in
the upstream direction and overflows the floodplain. As illustrated in Fig. 25.8, the
surface of the muddy water initially corresponds to the water surface, but the interface
between clear and muddy water becomes submerged as sedimentation proceeds. Detention
time is a critically important factor affecting flushing efficiency. Sediment release
efficiency is reduced when the floodplain remains submerged by muddy water for a
prolonged period and accumulates sediment deposits because of large floods, delayed
discharge, or a low rate of discharge. Sediment deposits having a mean thickness of 0.8 m
settled onto the floodplain during the large flood on August 4, 1970, which had a peak inflow
of 370 m
3
/s and a volume of 2.715 Mm
3
. Discharge from the low-level outlet averaged
CASE STUDY: HEISONGLIN RESERVOIR, CHINA 25.18
CASE STUDY: HEISONGLIN RESERVOIR, CHINA 25.19
FIGURE 25.14 Characteristics of flood inflow and density current discharge at
Heisonglin Reservoir, China, July 11-13,1964 (Northwest Institute of Hydraulic Research e
t
al., I972a).
onl
y 7.7 m
3
/s, resulting in a detention time of 92 hours and producing a flushing release
efficiency of only 64 percent. Similarly, the large flood of August 20, 1971, having a peak
discharge of 465 m
3
/s and an outlet discharge of 8.5 m
3
/s, produced a relatively low
flushing release efficiency of 58 percent because of prolonged detention over the
floodplain. The flood of August 9, 1969, with a peak flow of 215 m
3
/s, was detained for a
prolonged period because the outlet discharge was held at only 2.8 m
3
/s until the inflow
flood reached its maximum water level, and only 6.5 m
3
/s thereafter. Release efficiency
was only 39 percent, the lowest of record for detention flood flushing at Heisonglin.
CASE STUDY: HEISONGLIN RESERVOIR, CHINA 25.20
Some low-discharge floods shown in Table 25.4 had sediment release efficiencies
approaching or exceeding 100 percent. These high efficiencies occur when small
volume events do not overflow onto the floodplain and when sediments deposited during
previous events are scoured out. This is illustrated by two inflow events during 1964
shown in Table 25.4. The high-discharge high-concentration event on August 10
overflowed the floodplain and deposited sediment which was not washed out at the end
of the event. The subsequent flood on September 2 had much lower values of peak
discharge and sediment concentration, although it had a larger volume, and it flowed
through the main channel without inundating the floodplain. The combination of low
sediment inflow and the erosion of previously deposited material from the main channel
produced a flushing efficiency of 142 percent for this event.
25.10 CLOSURE
Heisonglin Reservoir is located in a rural area of China. The sediment control operations
at this reservoir and reported in this case study were conducted without computers or
sophisticated telemetering equipment, by locally trained dam operators, at a reservoir
equipped with only the most basic types of equipment. The sediment load entering the
reservoir is extreme, and storage capacity was being lost at the annual rate of 6 percent
before sediment management was initiated. These are not the types of conditions under
which one would expect to stabilize reservoir volume at a capacity:inflow ratio of 20
percent, without dredging, and while continuously diverting 100 percent of all inflow
(water plus sediment) to irrigation. Yet this was achieved at Heisonglin. This
demonstrates that successful sediment management depends first and foremost on the
understanding and application of basic concepts, combined with the systematic pursuit
of clearly established goals.
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