Middleton G.V. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
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SUBJECT INDEX
815
Neptunists 569
Nereites 76
neritic carbonate depositionai
environments 464-75
basin-facing slopes 472-4
flat-topped platforms 464, 465
peritidal environments 467-9
ramps 464-5
reefs 469-72
sand shoal complexes 466-7
sediment factory 465-6
subtidal environments 466
neutron activation method 752
NIR see near infrared spectroscopy
nitrogen 305
Noah's flood 292
nodules
see also geodes; pseudonodules
anhydrite and gypsum 17-18, 585
cherts 662-4
iron-manganese 376-9, 487, 488
mierobial carbonates 3
nomenclature
amber 563-4
bentonites 61-2
laterites 409-10
mudrocks 452, 453
non-calcareous rocks, bioerosion 70
non-cohesive sediments 86,610-11
non-marine deposits
berthierine 64-5
carbonate cements 113-14
evaporites 258-60
ichnofacies 74-5
red beds 555-7
non-mimetic replacement, dolomites
232-4
nonparametrie statistics 684
nonplanar dolomites, textures 231-2, 233
normal grading, episodic deposits 56
North Atlantic, mineral magnetism 422
North Sea, Maastrictian chalk 120
novaculite 661
numerical models of sediment transport and
deposition 475-80
components 475-9
equation set 479
example 479-80
ocean circulation
basin-basin fractionation 491
upwelling systems 761-3
Ocean Drilling Program, chalk 119
oceanic sediments 481-92
see also pelagic sediments
biogenic sediments 482,487-91
chalk 119
chemogenic sediments 482, 483, 487
deep water deposition 271, 280
distribution 483
exploration 481-2
sedimentation rates and thickness 483-4,
485
terrigenous deposits 482, 484-7
volcanogenic deposits 482, 483
oceanic waters, calcite compensation
depth 88-9
oceanography,
T.W.Vaughan
652
odinite 64, 65, 125
offshore bar theory 44
offshore sands 492-9
classification 493-6
Pleistocene deposits 497-8
oil 364-6
see also hydrocarbons
oil sands 499-502
Old Red Sandstone facies 270
olistostrome 435
OMZ see oxygen minimum zone
oncoids 3, 502, 753
oncolites 129
ooids 502-5
carbonate 129
environments 503
ironstones 380, 381, 383
mineralogy and microfabric 503-5
origin 504
oolites 502-6
oozes 482, 483
calcareous 488-9
siliceous 489-90, 660-1
opal 490,659-60,661-2
open coasts, clastic facies 149-57
ophicalcites 506-8
orange soil 415
organic compounds
humic substances 361-2
hydrocarbons 364-6
organic matter (OM)
black shales 83-5
colors 159-60
decomposition 37-8
kerogen 400-3
maturation 425-9
peat 514-16
sapropels 592-4
slope deposition 672
upwelling systems 761-2
organisms, erosion 255
organizations, sedimentology 637
organogenic/microbial model,
dolomitization 237-8
orientation
see also dip direction; imbrication
clasts 371-4
currents 509-14
fossils 724-5
grains 265-6, 589, 616-17
gutter casts 353-4
oscillations
currents 362, 364, 624
flows
55-6,
704, 707-8
ripples 708
osmotic swelling, vermiculites 768
outwash fans and plains 323, 324
overbank deposits 286
overgrowths 216, Plate I
overturned cross-bedding 193
overwash, barrier islands 45-6
oxidation 159-60
.see
also telogenesis
oxides, iron 366-8
oxisols 774
oxygen, mudrocks deposition
455-6
oxygen isotopes
cherts 663-4
feldspars 281
ratio 442
stable 389, 390-1
oxygen minimum zone (OMZ),
upwelling 762
oxygenation, slopes 672
oxyhydroxides 48, 366-8, 376-7
packages, shales 205
packing, loose 191
packing flaws 518
painted particles 752
paleoclimate
indicators 144
interpretation 144-5
laterites 410
paleocurrent analysis 509-14
current indicators 509-10
environment and paleoslope 511-12
heavy mineral shadows 355-6
parting lineations 512-14
statistical methods 510-11
paleoecology 652, 681-2
paleoenvironments
see also environments
lacustrine sedimentation 407-8
trace fossils 79-82
varves 764-5
paleoflood hydrology 291
paleogeographic reconstructions 356, 357
paleogeothermometer, illite 370-1
paleohydraulic calculations 288-9
paleokarst see ancient karst
paleomagnetism 421, 556-7
paleontology 650-1
paleoslope interpretations 511-12
paleosols 774-6
Paleozoic, carbonate mud-mounds 101
palimpsest sediments 560-1
pans,
deserts 211
paragenesis, authigenic minerals 27
parallel lamination 534-7
paramagnetism 418
parasequence, cyclic sedimentation 174,
175-6
particle settling see settling behaviour
particles
see also boulders; grains; pebbles
gravity flow 30-1
orientation 265-6
packing 265
partieulate organic matter (POM) 488
parting, mudrocks 454
parting lineations 509, 512-14
patterns, streams 570, 575-7
pavements, fluvial armor 21-2
PDFs see planar deformation features
peat 514-16, 586-7
characteristics 515-16
coal balls 146-9
humification 514-15
pebbles
see also gravel
imbrication 373
marine attrition 25-7
sphericity 26-7
Peclet number, diffusion 226, 228
pedogenic carbonates 90
pedoliths 771
peels 374-5
see also relief peels
816
SUBJECT INDEX
PEG see polyethylene glycol
pelagic sediments 269, 482, 483, 730-1
calcareous 119-21
clays 641
'rain' 482, 487, 488
red clay 482, 483, 485-7
pellets, calcium carbonate 128
peloids, calcium carbonate 128
peneeontemporaneous dolomites 237-8
periglaeial environments 715
peritidal environments, carbonates 467-9
permeability 236, 266, 516
petrographie image analysis (PIA) 517
petrography
cathodoluminescence 104-5
L.Cayeux
640
definitions 627
diagenesis 218
lunar sediments 415
mudstone fabries 203
provenance determination 544-6
petroleum 364-6
oil sands 499-502
reservoirs 257
petrology
C.W. Correns 641
definitions 626-7
historical development 630
petrophysics 266-7
acoustical velocities 311-12
electrical properties 313
sands and sandstones 516-19
Pettijohn, Francis J. 648
phacoids, melange 435
phase separation, slurry 674
phosphates 131, 727
phosphogenesis 519-21
phosphorites 519-26
classification 521-2, 524
concentration 521
environments 519-20
'giant' deposits 522-3
stratigraphy 523-4
phosphorus 519, 523
photography
340-1,
713
photomicrographs Plates I-ll
phylloid algae 2
phyllosilicates 398
see also clay minerals; sheet structures
(minerals)
chlorite 123-7
micas 449, 767
structure and classification 139-41
talc 721-3
phylogenetic classification, trace fossils 72,
74
physical properties 265-8
physics of sediment transport
(R.A.Bagnold) 249, 250, 527-9
PIA see petrographic image analysis
pillar structures 193, 529-30
pillows see ball-and-pillow structures
pipes,
breccia 678
pisoids 503
pisolites 129
piston corers 169
placers
fluvial 530-2
heavy minerals 358
marine 532-4
plains, deltas 200
planar deformation features (PDFs) 277
planar dolomites 231-2, 233
planar lamination 534-7
plane-parallel lamination 54
planform
see also geometry
meandering channels 578
plankton 487, 761
plants
charcoal 121-3
coal balls 146-8
erosion 255
peat 515
resin 563-5
subtidal environments 466
tufas 753
Plastic Limit, soils 23
Plasticity Index, soils 23-4
plate tectonics
development of concept 633
diverging plates 729-30
sands and gravels 592
subduction zones 730-1
platforms, carbonates 239-40, 464, 465, 598
platinum group elements 654
playas 210-11,584
plucking or quarrying (glacial) 318
podzolization 410, 770, 771
point bars 57, 432, 578
polyethylene glycol (PEG) 375
polymorphs
see also neomorphism
calcium carbonate 93-4
polytype, illite 370
POM see partieulate organic matter
ponds and creeks, carbonates 468
porcelanites 661
pore fluids see porewaters
pore spaces 517
diagenesis 214-15
geometry 267
pore throats 517
porels 517
porewaters 310-11,315, 537- 42
composition 537-9
debrisflows 187-8
marine sediments 391, 540-1
porosity 266
compaction 161, 162, 165-6
dolomitization 236
models 516-17
reduction 215
stylolites 691
pot casts 353
potassium 313, 331
potassium ferrieyanide 683
Precambrian
cherts 664-5
paleosols 775
precipitation of minerals
cements 111
concretions 220
diagenesis 216
geodes 306, 307
lime muds 128
preservation
coastal facies 153-7
fluid inclusions 297
glaeigenic sediments 328
trace fossils 72
pressure
acoustic effects 311
authigenesis 28
fluid inclusions 299
nonequilibrium fluid 674
porewater 187-8
resistivity effects 313
shock metamorphism 275-6
pressure solution 223, 542-3, Plate I
pressure-temperature behaviour, fluid
inclusions 298
primary lacustrine sediments 405
primary red beds 555-6
Principles of Geology
(C.
Lyell)
628-30
Principles of Stratigraphy
(A.W.Grabau) 643-4
process facies models 269
prodelta 200
professionalization sedimentology 629,
631-3
proglacial tills 745-6
progradation
barrier islands 45-6
coastal facies 153-5, 157
deltas 200-1
properties of sediments
see also grain shapes; grain sizes;
permeability; porosity
carbonates 94
colloids 157-9
geomechanical 162-3
geophysical 308-14
iron oxides 367
magnetic 418-24
physieal 265-8
weathering of minerals and rocks 545-6
provenance 544-9
chemical determination 546-7
feldspars 279
heavy minerals 356-7, 546
isotope determination 547-8
mineral and rock properties 545-6
mudrocks 457-8, 546
petrographic determination 544-6
pseudomorphs, calcite 99
pseudonodules 39, 58, 549-51
see also ball-and-pillow structures
soft sediments 193
publications, sedimentology 637-8
pyrite 701-2
marine mudrocks 727
mudrocks 456
pyroclastic flows 348
pyroclastic rocks, classification 134
QFL determination, provenance 544
QFR determination, provenance 544
quantitative analyses
182-3,
569,
645,
684-5
quartz
attrition 646
authigenic 28
burial-stage cements 116-17
cathodoluminescence 103-4
conversion from magadiite 417-18
detrital 552-4
durability 545-6
geodes 306, 307
SUBIECT INDEX
817
lepispheres 411-12
sands and gravels 589-92
silcretes 659-60
siliceous sediments 661-2
surface textures 712
quasistatic flows 336
radio transmission, tracers 753
radioactive properties 313-14, 315
radioactive tracers 752
radiocarbon ages, resins 564
radiogenic isotopes see isotopic methods
radiography see X-ray radiography
radiolaria 67, 489
radiometric dating 385-97, 547
see also isotopic methods
Raman spectra, bauxite 49, 50
ramps, carbonates 464-5
rapid earth flows 247
rapid-flow regime 336
rare earth elements, provenance
indicators 546-7
rasping organisms, bioerosion 70-1
rate of...
accumulation 514-15,601,603
burial of fossils 723-4
denudation 600, 601
sediment transport 251, 614-17, 621-3
sedimentation 600-5
Rb-Sr isochron dating 386-7
reaction kineties, cation exchange 108
recognition key, soils 773
recovery, oil sands 500-1
recrystallization 460-2
see also micritization
red beds 125-6, 555-7
red clay, pelagic 483, 485-7
red coloration 159
redox conditions 159-60, 762
redox-sensitive trace metals 593-4
reduction features 222, 223
reefs 469-72, 557-60
see also stromatolites
ancient reefs 471
barriers reefs 465
classification 557-8
depositionai facies 469-70
distribution 559-60
growth window 470
microbial carbonates 2-3
reef builders 558
scleractinian corals 470-1
stratigraphy 471-2
reflux model, dolomitization 239
regime, glaciers 317
regolith 771
regressive coastal deposition 196
regressive stratigraphy 47
relict sediments 560-1
relief peels 561-3
remobilization, erosion products 256
replacement
mimetic and dolomitic dolomites 232-3
minerals 215,216,721-2
repose, angle of 15-16
reptation, eolian transport 250
repulsive energy, colloids 159
research
barrier islands 44
caliche/calcrete 90-1
eathodoluminescence 105
deltas 197-8
diagenesis 218
resin 563-5
resistance, flow 293-4
resistivity
chemical diffusion 225
sediments 312-13
temperature and pressure effects 313
retrogradation, barrier islands 45-6
reversing currents, lamination 536
reversing eolian dunes 243-4
reworked sediments 321, 406-7
Reynolds flux 228, 229
Reynolds numbers 337, 351, 358, 610-12
Reynolds stresses 228
rhodoliths 3
Rhone submarine fan 696
rhythmic sedimentation see cyclic
sedimentation
rhythmites
tidal 741-4
varves 764-6
Richter, Emma 649
Richter, Rudolph 648-9
ridges
see also bars
alluvial 34
sand 493-6
shoreface-attached 152
subglacial 324
ridges-and-furrows 595
rift basins 258, 729-30
ripple-drift cross-lamination 55
ripples, ripple marks, ripple structures
565-8,
627, 630
see also dunes
currents 509, 705-6
definition 565
formation 527
oscillatory flows 708
H.C.Sorby 650
subaerial 709-10
risk-assessment, toxicity 750
rivers 568-83
see also alluvial deposits; channels; fluvial
processes and deposits; streams
anabranehing 9-11, 576, 578-9
anastomosing 9-10, 575, 577, 579
braided 85-7, 323, 575, 577, 580, 582
channel geomorphology 575-9
deserts 208
equilibrium and threshold theories 569,
572-3,
574
erosion 569, 571-2, 578
hydraulics and geometry 571-2, 573-4
longitudinal profiles 570-1
meandering 430-4, 575, 577-8, 582
river mouth processes 198-200
sediment transport and deposition 571,
574-5,
576, 581, 601-2, 604
straight 575, 577, 578
rock avalanches 31-3, 348, 425
rock components, diagenesis 214-15
rock falls 33
rock slides 425
rock strength, chemical compaction 167
rocks
see also carbonaceous sediments and rocks;
carbonate sediments and rocks
chemical determination of
provenance 546-7
classification 127-36
weathering properties 545
rose diagrams, paleocurrent analysis 510,
511
rosettes, lepispheres 411-12
Rosin distribution 343
roundness 341,429,589
pebbles 27
quartz sand 553-4
Rouse equation 614-15
Rouse parameter 226
Russia, sedimentology 631
sabkhas 211,584-6
dolomitization 239
gypsum 18
SAGD see Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
salina 584-6
saline environments
dolomitization 238-9
minerals 210-11,257
salt wedges 607
tufas 754
zeolites 779
salinity, porewaters 538, 540-1
salinization 771
salt bodies 678
salt flats 584-6
salt floccuiation 284
salt marshes 586-8
saltation
250-1,
574, 611-12, 710
sampling
coring methods 168-70
diagenesis 218
grain size 342-3
grain surfaces 712
paleocurrent directions 510
X-ray radiography 777
sand bodies, deformations 58-9
sand crystals 222, 223
sand dunes see dunes
sand flats 735
sand injection structures 194
sand shoal complexes 466-7
sand volcanoes 57-8, 194
sands 588-92
avulsion deposits 35
R.A.Bagnold 638
classification 590
compaction 164, 165-7
composition 589-92
deformation 192
eolian dunes 243-4
graded beds 646-7
grain flow 335-6
grain size and shape 588-9
laminated 536
lithifieation (beachrock) 51-3
marine attrition 25
petrophysics 516-19
submarine fans 692-4
tidal deltas 739-40
tsunami deposits 755
sands,
offshore 492-9
banks 493
dunes 493, 494-5
818
SUBJECT INDEX
sands,
offshore (Continued)
ridges 493-6, 497
sheets and patches 496
shorefaces 496
sands,
oil 499-502
sandstones 588-90, Plate I
see also arkoses; graywackes; turbidites
acoustic velocities 309-10
ankerite 19-20
cathodoluminescence 104-5
cements 115-16
chemical compaction 165
classification
132-3,
590, 646
dish structures 230-1
laminated (flagstones) 534-5
petrophysics 516-19
reservoirs, feldspars 280-1
wood charcoal 121, 122
saprolite 771
sapropels 592-4
scablands debate 288
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
712-16
Science Council of Japan 636
scleractinian coral reefs 470-1
scour and scour marks 594-6
current analysis 509
current crescents 513-14
turbidites 759
scree see talus cones
SCS see swaley cross-stratification
sea-floor ferromanganese nodules 376,
377-8
sea-level control, shelf facies 445, 446
seawater
calcite compensation depth 88-9
chemistry 261-2, 540
dolomitization model 239-40
evaporation concentration 258, 259
gypsum 16
Mg/Ca ratio 596, 598
SI43sNd/SI44sNd ratios 388
nepheloid layer 462-4
S87sSr/S86sSr ratios 387-8
solute changes 596-600
secondary lacustrine sediments 405
secondary red beds 556
sediment deposition
debrisflows 187-8
eolian dunes 245
glacial 320-4
meandering channels 575, 578
river mouths (deltas) 198-200
rivers 571, 574-5, 576, 581, 601-2, 604
slopes 669-72
submarine channels 693-4
transport rate 616-17
turbidity currents 757-9
sediment entrainment 250, 319-20, 571-2,
594-5,
610
sediment factory, carbonates 465-6
sediment fluxes 600-5
depositionai environments 604
influences 601-3
rates of sedimentation 603-4
sediment transport
see also currents; load; rivers
bed stress 621-2
braided channels 86-7
cross-shore 623
drag 609-11
eolian 249-52
erosion 616-17
experimental work 633
floods 289
R.L.Folk
642
glaciers 319-20
longshore 623-4
models 615,617-18,624-5
numerical models 475-80
oscillatory currents 624
physics (R.A.Bagnold) 527-9
rates of transport 622-3
bed load 613-14
suspended load 614-15
rivers 571-2, 574-5
sand and gravel 610-11
sorting 616-17
tidal inlet sands 740
tides 606-9
tracers 752-3
turbulent diffusion 226-30
unidirectional water flows 609-18
waves 619-26
sediment yield 124-5, 143-4, 145, 254-6
sedimentary basins
see also basin facies
mountain building 731-2
strike-slip faults 732-3
subduction zones 730-1
sedimentary dykes 59, 136-7, 194
sedimentary geology 626-7
sedimentary iron ores 131-2
sedimentary structures
see also cross-stratification; laminations;
scour and scour marks
dunes 246
early recognition 630
microbially induced 439-40
mudrocks 454-5
mudstones 203-5
paleocurrent indicators 509-10
tidal flats 735
tidal rhythmites 741-4
turbidites 758-9
way-up indicators 627-8
sedimentation
climatic control 142-6
definition 626
nepheloid layer 462-4
rates of 483-4, 485, 600-5
slopes 669-72
tectonic control 729-34
sedimentologists 631, 638-53, 685
sedimentology 626-7
bedding definition 53
history 628-37
first period (pre-1830) 628-9
second period (1830-94) 629-30
third period (1894-1931) 630-1
fourth period (1931-1950) 631-2
fifth period (1950-77) 632-3
Japan 635-7
meetings 637
organizations 637
publications 637-8
Sedimentology Society of Japan 636
seepage 295
seismic profiling, facies models 271
seismites 57
selective grain entrainment 346
selective sorption, vermiculites 768
SEM see scanning eleetron microscope
SEMP see Society of Economic Paleontolo-
gists and Mineralogists
Senckenberg Laboratory (R.Richter) 648
septarian concretions 220, 657-9
sequence stratigraphy 636
cyclic sedimentation 176
mudrocks 457
phosphorites 523-4
serpentine group 64-6, 449
serration, stylolites 691
settling behavior
curves 337-8
hindered settling 358-60
scour lag 608
velocities 284-5, 337, 358, 359
shadows, heavy minerals 355-6
shales 132, 641
acoustic properties 310
depositionai fabric 203-6
diagenesis 126
packages 205
resistivity 313
shallow depths
authigenic minerals 28
marine evaporites 258
marine sediments 653
shallow flow theory 347-8
shape analysis, grains 589, 630
shear strength, equation 191
shear stress 249-50, 477
shear surfaces 666-7
shearing resistance, soils 24
sheet flow, imbrication 373
sheet structures (minerals)
chlorite 123
clay minerals 139-41,447-50
illite 370
vermiculite 766-7
shelf sediments, diamond placers 534
shells 723-5
.see
also bioclasts
shelves see continental shelves; slope
sediments
shock metamorphism 263, 275-7, 654
shoreface deposits 496
shoreface facies 79-80,150-3
shoreline deposits, deserts 210
shrinkage cracks 204, 209
Shrinkage Limit, soils 23
silcretes 659-60
silica
see also chalcedony; opal; quartz
burial-stage cements 115
clathrate structure 138
geodes 221
lepispheres 411-12
spongolites 682
silicates
see also clay minerals; phyllosilicates
iron 383
magadiite 417-18
siliceous sediments 489-90, 660-6
siliciclastie sediments
cements 115-17
climate effects 143-4, 145
geothermometry 393
mixed 443—7
SUBJECT INDEX 819
sandstones 590, 592
slopes 669, 672
silicification 307, 662, 664
sills,
clastic (neptunian) 136-7
silt, classiflcation 128
siltstones, fern charcoal 121, 122
simulation of sediment transport and
deposition 182-3,475-80
sinuosity, channels 578
sixth-power law 630
size analysis, grains 588-9, 611, 624,
630,
651
skeletal fossils
bioclasts 69
disarticulation 723
micritization 437
minerals 726-7
orientation 725
skeletal mud-mounds 101
Skolithos ichnofacies 72, 76, 78, 80, 152
slack-water deposits 291
slides 194, 248, 424, 425, 666-8
slopes
avalanches and rock falls 31-4
failure 424-5'
neritic carbonate slopes 473-4
sediments 474, 668-74, 717-18
slow earth flows 247-8
slump structures 58, 194, 425, 666-8
slurry 530, 674-5
smectite group 655,675-7,719
bentonite 61
illitization 126
mixed layer structure 448, 449
pelagic deposits 486
smoothness 341
Sm-Nd isochron dating 386-7
snout, mass flows 349
soapstone 721
Soeiety of Economic Paleontologists and
Mineralogists (SEMP) 650-1
soft-sediment deformation 57-9, 190-3,
193-5
see also dish structures
ball-and-pillow structures 39-40, 58
folds 296
intrusions 194, 296
load structures 193, 413-14
pseudonodules 193, 549-51
soils 770-6
Atterberg Limits 22-4
avalanches 255
classiflcation 771-4
deserts 207
liquefaction 412-13
river valleys 571
smectite 676
weathering processes 770-1
solar radiation 143, 404
sole markings 353, 509-10
see also gutter casts
solenoporaeeae 3
solid solution behavior 96-7
solifluction 425
solubility, calcite analyses 96-7
solutes
evaporative concentration 207
porewaters 538, 539-40, 541
seawater 596-600
solution breccias 677-8
Sorby, Henry Clifton 542, 630, 649-50
sorting
fossils 725-6
grains 616-17
gravity-driven mass flows 352
source rocks, mudrocks 452-3
source-area factors, alluvial fans 6
spar bodies, stromatactis 687
spatial variations in sediments 444-5
speciflc gravities, heavy minerals 356
spectrometry 632
spectroscopy, bauxite 49-51
speleothems 13, 678-81
sphericity 26-7, 341, 429, 689
spiculites 681-3
spinning, grains 713-14
spit accretion theory, offshore bars 44
sponges 67, 68, 558
spongolites 681-3
S87sSr/S86sSr ratios, seawater
sediments 387-8
stability of composition 429-30
stability flelds, anhydrite and gypsum 16, 17
stable isotopes 389-94
applications 385
fractionation and geothermometry 392-4
isotopic exchange 393
provenance indicators 547
sediment variations 391-2
variations in water 390-1
stains,
earbonate minerals 683-4,
Plates l-II
stalactites 679-80
stalagmites 679-80
star dunes 243-4
statistical analyses 645, 684-6
cyclic sedimentation 182-3
paleoeurrents 510-11
rivers 569
steady uniform shear flow 349-51
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
(SAGD) 500-1
steatite 722
Stokes' Law 339, 359, 406, 453-4
Stokes' settling equation 337
storage, erosion products 256
storm deposits 466, 686-7
straight rivers 575, 577, 578
strain, eompaction 162
strata see bedding
stratification
see also bedding; lamination
cross-stratification 170-3,362-4,
633
glacial sediments 320
littoral bars 41-2
phosphorites 522
terminology 60
stratigraphic younging, ripples 567
stratigraphy
ancient karst 12
barrier islands 46-7
coal balls 148
cyclic sedments 174-5,178-82
definition 626
A.W.Grabau 643
iron formations 381-2
Japan 636
Milankovitch cycles 442-3
reefs 471-2
sah marshes 587,591-2
W.H.Twenhofel 650
streams
see also rivers
R.A.Bagnold 638
deserts 208
G.K.Gilbert
643
gradients 570-1
patterns 570, 575-7
power 528
strength, loss of 191, 194
stresses
bed stress 621-2
compaction 161-2
dispersive 638
flow stress 346
fluid stress 251
Reynolds 228
septarian cracks 658
shear 249-50, 477
strike, deltaic sediments 201
strike-slip faults, sedimentary basins 732-3
stripping 595
stromatactis 687-8
stromatolites 664, 688-90
structure, crystalline 95-6, 124, 216
see also sheet structures (minerals)
structure, internal
see also fabrics; petrophysics of sands and
sandstones; textures
bedding '54-9
elay minerals
139-41,
370, 447-50
humic substances 361-2
structures
see also deformation structures;
sedimentary structures
biogenic 71-83
deformation 193-5
desiccation 212-14
diagenetic 219-25
dish 230-1
stylolites 222-3,690-2
subaerial surface forms 709-11
subaqueous speleothems 680
subaqueous surface forms 704-9
subduction zones, sedimentary basins 730-1
subglacial sediments and processes 291,
319-20, 324, 745
submarine fans
channel systems 692—8
facies models 271
floods 289-90
submergence theory, offshore bars 44-5
subpianar surfaces, stylolites 690-1
subsidence 729
substrates
bioerosion 70-1
ichnofacies 76, 698-700
subsurface features, ancient karst 12-13
subtidal environments 466, 468
suecessions, shoreface 154-6
sulfide minerals 701-3, 750
sulfur, stable isotopes 389, 390-1
sulphates see anhydrite; gypsum
superimposed currents, tides 607
superimposed strata 60, 61
Superior-type iron formations 381, 382
supply limited transport, eolian 251-2
supraglacial tills 745
supratidal flats 468-9, 585
820
SUBJECT INDEX
surface accumulation, calcrete/caliche
89-91
surface forms 703-12
sec also bedforms
ancient karst
12-13,
14
subaerial 709-11
subaqueous 704-9
surface shearing stress 249-50
surface textures 712-17
susceptibility, erosion 254
suspended load 574
concentrations 68
sediment transport 612
tidal currents 608-9
transport model 477-8
transport rate 614-15
wave action 622
suspension 30
see also autosuspension
clay fraction 453-4
eolian transport 250-1
particle settling 358-60
swales 44, 363
swaley cross-stratification (SCS) 55, 363-4
swash and swash marks 717-18
swelling, smectite 676
syndepositional eements 111-13, 116
syneresis 658, 718-20
synthesis, dolomites 97-8
table salt, evaporites 257
talc 449, 721-3
talus cones 33, 579
taphofacies 727
taphonomy 71, 723-9
tar sands 499-502
taxonomy, soils 772, 776
teaching 642, 646
techniques
cathodoluminescence 102-6
cores and coring methods 168-70
detrital grain determination 548
geochemistry 632
historical introduction 629-33
impregnation 374-5
isotopic methods 685-97
mass spectrometry 632
microstructure determination 516-18
relief peels 561-3
scanning electron microscope 712-16
soils recognition key 773
spectroscopy 49-51
statistical analyses
182-3,
510-11, 569,
645,
684-6
tracers for sediment movement 752-3
X-ray radiography 777-8
tectonic control of sedimentation 632,
729-34
see also plate tectonics
alluvial deposits 581
alluvial fans 6-7
compressional mountain building 731-2
cratonic basins 733
cyclic sedimentation 182
diverging plates 729-30
dolomitization 241
fan deltas 274
marine phosphorites 520, 522-3
sands and gravels 592
strike-slip faults 732-3
subduction 730-1
tectonic melanges 434
tectosilicates, zeolites 779-80
tektites 654-6
telogenesis 115,427
temperature
acoustic effects 311
authigenesis 28
fluid inclusions 298-9
resistivity effects 313
tempestites 686
temporal climate change 145
temporal variations in sediments 445
tephra deposits 716
allophane and imogolite 3-4
classification 134
zeolites 780
Teredolites ichnofacies 699-700
terminal velocity, settling 337
terminology
bedsets 60, 61
cyclic sedimentation 173-4
dedolomitization 190
A.W. Grabau 644
stratification 60
surface forms 703-4
terrain, ancient karst 14
terrestrial models, crustal evolution 598
terrestrial sediments 362, 482, 484-7
textural maturity 429
textures 265-8
see also fabrics; grain shapes; grain sizes
beachrock 52
bentonites 62
dolomites 231-4, 236-7
glacigenic sediments 326
limestone classification 130
littoral bars 41
mudrocks 452
surface 712-17
theories
barrier island formation 44-5
glacial 629-30
Gouy-Chapman 108, 158
historical development 628-30
shallow flow 347-8
thermal transformations, bauxite 48-50
thermodynamics, dolomitization 235
thermohaline currents 671
thixotrophy 677
thorium, abundance 313
thresholds
eolian transport 250
erosion 345-7,608,610-11
fluvial erosion 573
transport 610-11
thrust faults 668
tidal currents 55-6, 587
tidal flats 467-9, 734-7
biological aspects 735-6
muddy carbonates 467-8
sedimentology and facies 735
tidal inlets and deltas 737-41
coastal facies 153
flow patterns 512
tidal sedimentation
bundles 56
rhythmites 269, 741-4
sand ridges 393-6
tides 734, 741-4
coastal faeies 149
cycles 742-3
ranges 734-5
sediment transport 606-9
tills and tilhtes 325-6, 744-51, 745
time-averaged oscillatory currents 624
tin, marine placers 533
tissue-residue levels, toxicity 750
Titan-yellow stain 684
tonsteins 61-3
tool marks 747-8
topography
see also geometry; landforms; surface forms
heat flow 315
karst 11-15
total overburden stress 161-2
tourmaline 357
toxicity 748-51
trace elements 546-7
trace fossils 71-83
classification 72-4
paleoenvironmental significance 79-82
tracers for sediment movement 385,
752-3
traction load 56, 252, 574
tractive currents 54-5
transformation 188, 460-1
see also neomorphism; recrystallization
transgressions, glaucony 332
transgressive coastal deposition 196
transgressive erosion 155
transgressive stratigraphy 47
transport
see also sediment transport
charcoal 121
eolian 249-52
erosion products 254-5
floods 289
flumes 300-1
fossils 724-5
glaciers 319-20
grain thresholds 345-7, 611
mudrocks 453-4
travertines 754
tropical coral reefs 559
tropical month 742
trough cross-stratification 171
Trypanites ichnofacies 699-700
tsunami deposits 755-7
tufas 753-4
tuffs 62-3
turbidites 757-60
see also graded bedding
Bouma sequences 757, 758
convolute lamination 192
depositionai features 759
high density deposits 758-9
model 269
tool marks 747-8
turbidity, nepheloid layer 463
turbidity currents 348, 757-8
autosuspension 30-1
experiments 633
graded bedding 334
P.H.Kuenen 646
slope sediments 670
turbidity maximum 607, 609
turbulence, grains 612-13
turbulent diffusion 226-30
SUBJECT INDEX
821
Brownian motion 226-7
random fluid motions 228-9
Twenhofel, William H. 650-1
two-phase flow 266-7, 518,615
Udden, Johan August 651-2
Udden-Wentworth grain-size scale 339,
340,
651
ultisols 774
unconsolidated sediments 310
unidirectional water flow 609-18, 704-7
internal structures 54-5
planar lamination 536
ripples 567
Uniformitarianism 288, 569, 628-9
see also actualism
unroofing, erosion 591-2
unsorted sediments (glacial) 325
unsteady flows 351-2
uplift 729
uplift-stage cements 115
upper shoreface facies 151-2
upward-fining sequence 432
upwelling systems 761-3
uranium, abundance 313
U-Th-Pb dating 388-9
vadose zone
sabkha 584-5
speleothems 679-80
varves 764-6
vaterite, geochemistry 94
Vaughan, Thomas Wayland 652
vegetation
coal ball evidence 148
deserts 207
eolian transport 251
erosion 255
velocities
channel flow 572
eolian transport 250
erosion threshold 345
grain entrainment 250
settling 284-5, 337, 358, 359
sixth-power law 630
waves 309-12
wind 244-5
verdine 332-3
vermiculite 449, 766-9
vertieal facies, deltas 200-1
vertical pillar structure 529-30
vertisols 774
viscosity, soil 412
viscous liquid 412
vitrinite 427, 428
volcanic materials 61-3, 598
volcanic rocks, charcoal 122
volcanielastic sediments
see also tephra deposits
chlorites 126
classification 134
oceanic sediments 482, 483
volcanoes, sand 57-8, 194
vugs see geodes
waekes 590
Walther, Johannes 653
Walther's Law of Facies 270
wandering rivers 576
wash load 612, 615
water
see also seawater
groundwater 537
mass exchange (lakes) 404-5
meteoric 240-1,391,539-40
porewaters 537-42
stable isotopes variations 390-1
unidirectional flows 609-18, 704-7
water transport 528
see also rivers; sediment transport; wave
transport
water-escape channels 529-30
waterlain tills 746
waterlogging, peat 515
wave ripples 55, 565, 566
wave transport 619—26
R.A.Bagnold 527
modes
621
-2
rates of transport 621-3
swash and backwash 717-18
water waves 619-20
wave propagation 620-1
wave-dominated inlets 740
wave-formed bars 40-3
waves
coastal facies 149
lakes 405
mud 706-7
velocities 309-12
wavy bedding see flaser bedding
way-up indicators 627-8
cross-stratification 627-8
flning-upwards sequences 57, 755
first use 631
graded bedding 334, 627
weathering 600,713-15,770-1
bauxite 48
chemical 429
clay minerals 142
detrital chlorite 124-5
diagenesis relationship 217-18
mineral and rock properties 545-6
mudrocks 452-3
provenance 544-5
sediment yield 254
weight loss, attrition 24, 25
well cuttings 651
Wentworth, Chester 651
wet fans 580
wind transport 249-52
R.A. Bagnold 527-9
dunes 244-5,710-11
fluxes 603
pelagie clay 486
ripples 565, 709-10
surface forms 709-11
wave structures 55
wood
bioerosion 70
charcoal 121, 122, 123
wrinkle marks 414
X-ray radiography
631
-2,
641,
777-
8
yield, sediment 254-6
see also erosion and sediment yield
zeohtes 487, 779-80
zircon 357
Zoophycos, ichnofacies 76, 80
ZTR index 429
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