Middleton G.V. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
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Subject Index
abiogenic hydrocarbons 365-6
abrasion
fluvial 24-5
glaciers 318
grains 616
heavy minerals 356
marine 25-7
abyssal cones and plains 484-5
accommodation/sediment supply
ratios 176-7
accretion 252, 598
accumulation rate 514-15, 601, 603
acoustical properties 308-12
pore fluids 310-11
pressure and temperature effeets 311
sediment types 309-10
wave velocities 309-12
Activity Index, soils 23
actualism theory 628-30, 649
acute toxicity 749
Agassiz, Louis 629
aggradation 46-7, 580
Alberta, Canada, oil sands 499-500
albitization of feldspars 28, 280
alfisols 774
algae 66-7
algal carbonate sediments 1-3
Algoma-type iron formations 381, 382
Alizarin red S (ARS) 683, Plate I
alkali feldspars 278, 279
alkanes 365
Allen, J.R.L. 747
allochthonous sediments
classification 132-4
glaucony 332
lakes 405
neritic carbonates 472-3
allocycles 173, 274
allophane 3-4
alluvial deposits 568-9, 575
facies models 270
geometry of ancient deposits 581-2
ridges 34
alluvial fans
5-9,579-80
see also fan deltas
controls 6-7
deserts 209
processes and sediments 5-6
aluminum, bauxite 48-51
Amazon submarine fan 695
amber 563-5
ambient fluid 348, 350
American southwest, alluvial fans 5
amorphous structure, amber 564
anabranching rivers 9-11, 576, 578-9
analyses see techniques
anastomosing rivers 9-10, 575, 577, 579
ancient karst 11-15
features 12-13
karst breccia 13-14
ancient oolites 504-5
ancient potash, evaporites 261
ancient reefs 471
angle of repose 15-16, 336
anhydrite 16-19, 584-5
animals 255, 649
ankerite 19-21
annelids 69
antidunes 706
aprons, carbonate sedimentation 474
aqueous inclusions 297-8
aquifers 539-40
aragonite
calcitization 93
geochemistry 93-4
neomorphism 460-1
ooids 129, 503-5
sediments 127
shells 66, 68
speleothems 679-81
stains 684
archetypal ichnofacies 74
architecture
bedding 54
fan deltas 273-4
arenites 590-1
arenites see sandstones
arkoses 278, 591, 645
armor 21-2, 617
aromatic hydrocarbons 365
ARS see Alizarin red S
arthropods 69
ash flow 348
asteroid/comet impact 275, 654
atmospheric oxygen, iron formations 382
Atterberg Limits 22-4
attractive energy, colloids 158-9
attrition
fluvial 24-5
marine 25-7
quartz 646
authigenesis 27-9, 421
authigenic minerals 216
feldspars 280
geodes 306-7
zeolites 779-80
authigenic rocks 131-2
autochthonous sediments
classification 127-32
glaucony 332
lakes 405
neritic carbonates 472
siliceous sediments 660-6
autocompaction, salt marshes 587
autocycles, sedimentation 173, 181-2
autosuspension 30-1, 670
avalanches 31-3, 252
avulsion 34-6, 578-9, 582
back-arc basins 731
back-barrier marshes 586
backwash 717-18
bacteria 37-9
carbonate sediments 1-3
epibenthic cyanobacteria 439-40
Bagnold, Ralph Alger, physics of sediment
transport 249, 250, 527-9,638
Bahama platform, dolomitization 239-40
Bailey, Edward B. 628
Baja California tidal flats 585
bajadas 579
ball-and-pillow structures 39-40, 58,
549-50
banded iron formations (BIFs) 367, 379,
380,
381
806
SUBJECT INDEX
bands,
liesegang banding 221, 223
barchans 710
Barrell, Joseph 638-9
barrier islands 43-7, 155
environments 43-4
morphosedimentary types 45-6
thoeries of origin 44-5
barrier reefs 465
bars
see also point bars
barrier islands 43-7
eddy bars 290
ephemeral braid 85
littoral 40-3
tidal 740
basalt 591, 598
base-level conditions, alluvial fans 7
basinal facies
carbonate mud-mounds tOO-2
fan deltas 273-4
mudrocks 452
basins
brines 540-1
rift basins 258,729-30
slopes 472-4, 669, 672
stresses 161-2
tectonic control 730-3
Bathurst, Robin G.C. 639-40
bathyal zone, slopes 668-9
bathymetric forms
glacial deposition 324-5
glacial erosion 324-5
tidal influence 607
bauxites 48-51,409
beaches
armor 22
shoreface facies 152-3
swash and backwash 717-18
beachrock 51-3, 112, Plate I
bed load 574
braided channels 86-7
G.K. Gilbert 643
tidal currents 607-8
transport model 477-8
transport rates 613-14
unidirectional flow 611-12
wave action 622
bed model 478
bed slope 611
bed stress 621-2
bedded minerals
anhydrite 17
chert 661-2
gypsum 16-17,584-5
bedding 53-4
see also cross-stratification; sedimentary
structures
bedsets 59-61
composite sets 60, 61
internal structures 54-9
iron formations 381
laminated 53
bedforms 618, 633, 703-4
cross-stratification 170-3
eolian 252-3
floods 290-1
flume studies 300-1
littoral bars 41-2
ripples 566, 567
bedsets 59-61
behavior, trace fossils 72, 73
benthic invertebrates, toxicity 748
bentonites 61-3
berthierine 64-6, 125
BIFs see banded iron formations
binding agents 561-3
bioclasts 66-70
biodepositional structures 71
bioerosion 70-1
biofilms 37, 688, 690
biogenic processes
calcite 95-7
coastal facies 150
hydrocarbons 365-6
sediment magnetism 421
biogenic sediments 482, 487-91
accumulation 487-8
carbonate ocean mode 490-1
oozes 488-90
silica ocean mode 491
varves 764
biogenic structures 71-83
ichnofacies 74-9
paleoenvironmental significance 79-82
stromatolites 688-90
trace fossils 72-3
bioherms 558
biological processes, ooids 504
biological sediments, caves 109-10
biomarkers (hydrocarbons) 365
biopolymers 426
bioreactors, epibenthic bacteria 37
biostratification structures 71
biostratinomy 723-6
biostrome 558
biota 571,753
bioturbation 407
mudstones 204
structures 71
tidal flats 735
birds,
contaminants 749
bitumen 499-500
Black Sea
black shales 83
sapropels 593
black shales 83-5
Blue Earth amber 563
boehmite 48
borings 70-1, 699-700
bottom nepheloid layer 462-3
boudins 667
boulders, imbrication 372, 373
Bouma sequences, turbidites 56-7, 757, 758
boundary layers 620-1
boundstones 129-30
brachiopods, bioclasts 67, 68
brackish water ichnofacies 75, 76, 81
braided channels 85-7, 323, 575, 577,
580,
582
breccias
ancient karst 13-14
impact breccia 275
ophicalcites 506, 507
pipes 678
sedimentary 134
solution 677-8
brines
see also saline environments; seawater
continental 540
deep basins 540-1
evaporites deposition 257, 260-1
magadiite formation 417
broad marshes 586-7
Brownian motion 226-7
bryozoans 67
bulk density, compaction 162
burial
authigenic minerals 28-9
cementation 114-15,116-17
deformation 192
diagenetic reactions 65
dolomitization 240-1
fossils 723-4
mudrocks 456-7
paleosols 775-6
burrows 699-700
calcareous sediments
H.C. Sorby 650
oozes 488-9
pelagic grains 119-21
calcification, algae and bacteria 1-3
calcite
see also aragonite
burial-stage cements 114,117
cathodoluminescence 104
compensation depth 88-9
cracks 657-8
crystal structure and geochemistry 95-7
dedolomitization 188-90
dissolution 489
neomorphism 460-1
ooids 505
sediments 127
shells 66, 68
speleothems 679-81
stains 683-4
calcitization, aragonite 93
calcium carbonate
see also aragonite; calcareous sediments;
calcite; carbonate sediments and
rocks
cements 51-3
polymorphs 93-4
calcrete/caliche 89-91
canyons 693
carbon, stable isotopes 392
carbon cycle, upwelling 761
carbon dioxide 305
carbonaceous sediments and rocks
charcoal 121-3
classification 132
coal balls 146-9
peat 514-16, 586-7
carbonate cement fabrics 112
carbonate depositionai environments
mixed sedimentation 443-7
neritic environments 464-75
platforms 464, 465
ramps 464-5
sediment gravity flows 472-3
slopes 669-71
carbonate fluorapatite 519-21
carbonate minerals, stains 683-4
carbonate sediments and rocks 632
.see
also dolomites; limestones
acoustic velocities 309-10
algal and bacterial 1-3
allochthonous 472-3
SUBJECT INDEX
807
autochthonous 472
R.G. Bathurst 639
bioerosion 70-1
caliche/calcrete 89-91
cathodoluminescence 103, 104-5
L. Cayeux 640
cements 92-3, 111, 114-15
classification 127-9, 642
compaction 166-7
concretions 220
diagenesis 9t-3
facies models 270-1
factor analysis 685
fine-grained 472
geochemistry 93-100
microfabrics 91-3
mineralogy 93-100
mud-mounds 100-2
ophicalcite 507
properties 94
sands 590
carbonate skeletons 726-7
Carboniferous coal seams 146-7
casts
gutter casts 353-4
load casts 58, 192, 193,414
pot casts 353
tool marks 747-8
catagenesis 366, 402, 427
catalytic properties, smectite 676
catastrophic deposits 56-7
catastrophic events 287-93, 318
see also
floods
catastrophism theory 288, 569, 629
cathodoluminescence (CL) 102-6
cation exchange 106-9
clay minerals 106, 140
vermiculites 767-8
cauliflower nodules 307
causality, toxicity 749-50
caves
ancient karst 13
sediments 109-10
speleothems 678-81
cavitation 572
cavities, stromatactis 687-8
Cayeux, Lucien 640
cements and cementation 110-19,215
beachrock 51-2
burial stage 114-15
carbonates 92-3,111,114-15
cracks 657-8
dolomites 234
early diagenetic (non-marine) 113-14
silica 115
siliciclastic sediments 115-16
syndepositional (marine) 111-13
Central Asia, paleofloods 291-2
chalcedony 117,659-60
chalk 119-21
Challenger
Expedition (1872-76) 481,
647-8
chamosite 65, 125
channels
.see
also flumes
anabranching 9-11, 576, 578-9
anastomosing 9-10, 575, 577, 579
avulsion 34-6
braided 85-7
current analysis 509
distributary (deltas) 200
floodplain sediments 286
geometry 430-2
meandering 430-4, 575, 577-8, 582
rivers 571-9, 581-2
submarine 692-8
tidal 738-40
charcoal 121-3
Chattanooga Shale 83, 84
chemical compaction 163, 165-7
chemical constraints 235
chemical diffusion 225-6
chemical divides, brines 260
chemical weathering 429
chemistry
ankerite 19
berthierine 64
calcite 95-6
dolomitization 235
kaolin group minerals 399
phanerozoic seawater 261-2
porewaters 537-9
chemogenic sediments 482, 483, 487, 764
cherts
bedded 661-2
cements 117
conversion from magadiite 417-18
magadi 664
nodular replacement 662-4
origin 131
Precambrian 664-5
chiso-gaku,
Japan 635
chlorite 123-7, 449
detrital 124-5
evaporite/dolomite association 125
red beds association 125-6
shallow marine 125
chronic toxicity 749
CL
see
cathodoluminescence
Cladophora,
microbial carbonates 3
classification of sediments and sedimentary
rocks 127-36
allochthonous deposits 132-4
authigenic rocks 131-2
autochthonous deposits 127-32
bentonites 62-3
caliche, calcrete 89-90
carbonates 127-9, 642
clay minerals 139-41,140-1
cross-stratification 171-2
dolomites 236-7
dolostones 131
evaporites 258-60
hmestones 129-30, 268-9
oceanic sediments 482-3
phosphorites 521-2, 524
sands 590
sandstones 590, 646
silcretes 659-60
tills and tillites 745
classifications
anabranching rivers 9
dunes 243-4
eolian dunes 243-4
facies 268-9
fluid escape structures 295-6
glaciers 318
reefs 557-8
soils 771-4
stylolites 692
subaerial dunes 710-11
surface forms 703-4
tool marks (Allen) 747
trace fossils 72-4
tuffs 62-3
clastic dykes and sills 59, 136-7, 194
clastic facies, open coasts 149-57
clastic rocks see mudroeks; sandstones;
siliciclastic sediments
clastic varves 764
clasts,
flow-oriented 371-4
clathrates 137-9
clay, definition 139
clay minerals 139-42
authigenic 117
bentonites 62-3
cation exchange 106
CW. Correns 641
definition 139
identification 141
illite group 369-71
kaolin group 398-400
K-Ar dating 386
mixed-layer 447-50
mudroeks 458
oceanic sediments 485-6
origin and distribution 141-2
Rb-Sr isochron dating 386-7
smectite group 675-7
structure and classification 139-41
vermiculite 766-9
X-ray techniques 632
clay sediments
mixed-layer 447-50
pelagic red clay 485-7
syneresis 719
Clayton yellow stain
see
Titan-yellow stain
climate
evaporites formation 257
past conditions 315
sediment provenance 544-5
silcretes 660
climate change 145
alluvial deposits 581
fan delta indicator
272-3,
274
climatic control
alluvial fans 7
sedimentation 142-6
climatic precession 441
climatic rhythms, Milankovitch cycles 180
cnidarians 67
coal 132, 146-7, 629-30
see also
charcoal; peat
acoustic properties 310
ankerite 20
balls 146-9
diagenesis 426-8
resin 563
resistivity 313
coastal facies 149-57
inlet areas 153
preservation 153-7
processes 149-50
shorefaces 150-3,496
coated grains 502-6
coccoliths 489
cohesionless sediments 86,610-11
see
also
gravels; sands
cohesive sediments see muds
colloidal properties 157-9
808
SUBJECT INDEX
colluvial processes 406
colored impregnation media 218
colors of sedimentary rocks 159-61
columns, stylolites 690
combined flows 55-6, 708-9
comets 275, 597-8, 654
compaction 161-8
chemical 163, 165-7
deformation 192
diagenesis 215
dolomitization model 240
mechanical 162-5
mudrocks 456-7
mudstones 164-5
porosity 161, 162, 165-6,215
sands 164, 165, 166-7
stresses 161-2
compensation depth, calcite 88-9
compositional maturity 429-30
compound cross-stratification 171-2
compression, stylolites 691-2
computer simulation models 182-3
concave-upward shells 725
concentrated flows 347, 350
concentration fields, turbulent
diffusion 227-8
concentrations
heavy minerals 530
porewaters 537-8
suspensions 359-60
concretions 219-20, 223
fossils 727
septarian 657-9
condensed sections, phosphorites 523-4
conductivity, heat flow 315
cone-in-cone structures
220-1,
223
conglomerates 134,
472-3,
588
consolidation see compaction
consolidation laminations 295
contamination 748-51
eontinental crust 597-9
continental evaporites 258-60
continental goundwaters 539-40
continental rifts 729-30
continental shelves
560-1,
604
continental slopes 669
contourites 269, 671-2
convection, dolomitization 240
convolute laminations 58, 168, 192, 193
coral reefs 470, 557-60
J. Murray 647
T.W. Vaughan 652
J. Walther 653
coralline algae, reefs 2
cores and coring methods 168-70
Coriolis effect 143, 686, 694
corrasion 572, 595, 726
correlation, mudrocks 457
Correns, Carl Wilhelm 641-2
corrosion 572, 726
counter-flow ripples 55
cracks
concretions 220, 657-9
desiccation 194, 204, 209, 210,
212-t4,
719
syneresis 718-19
craters, impact 275, 653, 654, 656
cratonic basins, deposition 733
creep 250, 424
erescentic eolian dunes 243-4, 245-6
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary
654-5
crevasse-channel and crevasse-splay
sediments 286
crinoids, encrinites 248-9
cross lamination 535
cross-bedding see cross-stratification
cross-sections see geometry
cross-shore sediment transport 623
cross-stratification t7O-3, 633
see also hummocky cross-stratification;
swaley cross-stratification
classification 171-2
current analysis 509
cyclic 172
deformation 59
dunes 207
hummocky 55, 362-4, 686
large offshore sand dunes 494-5
origin 170-1
overturned 193
swaley 55, 363—4
unidirectional flows 54-5
way-up indicator 627-8
crust
see also tectonic control of sedimentation
composition. Moon 415-16
continental 597-9
dutile deformation 543
crusting, eolian transport 251
Cruziana, ichnofacies 76, 79, 80
cryptocrystalline texture 436-8
crystal structure
calcite 95-6
chlorite 124
diagenesis 216
crystallography
dolomites 231-3
speleothems 679
crystals
geodes 306-8
sand 222,223
CSS see Cyclic Steam Stimulation
current crescents 5t3-t4, 595
current lineations 513
current ripples 565, 566, 705-6
currents
see also flow (process)
autosuspension 30
gutter casts 353
orientation 509-14
planar laminated sands 536
scour marks 595
superimposed currents 607
thermohaline 671
tidal 55-6, 606-7, 737
time-averaged oscillatory 624
cyanobacteria, calcification 2, 504
cyclic cross-stratification 172
cyclic sedimentation 173-83, 444, 445, 639
allocycles v autocycles 173-4
Carboniferous deposits 444
fan deposits 580
hierarchies 174-8
orders of cyclicity 174-5,178-82
quantitative analyses 182-3
terminology 173-4
varves 764-6
Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) 500-1
cyclicity, glaucony 332
cyclothems see cyclic sedimentation;
rhythmites
Dake, Charles L. 627
Darcy equation 293-4
Darcy (unit of permeability) 266
Darcy's Law 266, 516
data collection and processing 510-11
dating methods
see also isotopic methods
radiometric 385-97, 547
varves 764
debris avalanches 31-2
debris entrainment, glaciers 319-20
debris flows 56, 186-8, 348, 425, 434
deposits 579, 580
processes, alluvial fans 5-6
debris slides 425
debrites 671
decomposition, organic matter 426, 514-15
dedolomitization 188-90
deep basins, brines 540-1
Deep Sea Drilling Project 88-9, 169
deep water deposition
see also oceanic sediments
facies models 271
paleoeurrents 511-12
zeolites 780
deepwater nepheloid layer 462—4
deformation
see also deformation of soft sediments
burial 92
cross-stratification 172
features 277
glaciotectonic 321
grain-scale (pressure solution) 542
laminae 168
slides 668
subglacial deposits 319, 320
tidal-waves 606-7
deformation pathways 39, 550
deformation of soft sediments 57-9, 190-3
see also load structures
dish structures 193,
230-1,
295, 529
forces 191-2
processes 192
slump structures 194, 667-8
structures 193-5
styles 194
dehydration 375, 440
deltas 153,195-203,580-1,639
see also submarine fans
braid deltas 577
definition 195
delta fronts 200, 496
environments 200
facies
200-1,
270
fan deltas 272-5
ice-contact 324-5
lacustrine 406
morphology 196
prodelta 200
research history 197-8
river mouth processes 198-200
seale and importance 197
sedimentation 604
tidal 737-41
density, river outflows 198, 199
density inversions, soft sediments 192
SUBJECT INDEX
809
denudation rate 600, 601
deposition
see also sediment deposition
anhydrite and gypsum 16-18
bathymetric forms 324-5
charcoal 121
eolian 249, 252-4
floods 289-91
glaciers 320-4
meander floodplains 432-3
numerical models 475-80
depth, calcite compensation 88-9
deserts 207-12
alluvial fans 5
armor 22
eolian environments 207-8
fluvial environments 208-9
lacustrine environments 209-10
landforms, ridges-and-furrows 595
marine coastal environments 211
playa environments 210-11
sediment transport 527
J. Walther 653
desiccation structures (cracks) 194, 204, 209,
210,
212-14, 719
detection methods
see also forensic sedimentology
extraterrestrial materials 264
tracers 752
detrital grains
chlorite 124-5
diagenesis 214, 216
feldspars 278-9
quartz 552-4
sand 591-2
smectite 676
dewatering 231,698-9
diagenesis 214-19
see also authigenesis; burial; compaction
berthierine 65
carbonates 91-3
cements 113-14, 116
chemical processes 215-17
chlorites 126
conditions 214
feldspars 279-80
fossils 726-8
free gas formation 304
humic substances 362
hydrocarbons 366
organic matter 402, 426-8
physical processes 215, 216-18
red beds 556
rock components 214-15
sapropels 593-4
diagenetic structures 219-25
concretions 219-20, 223
cone-in-cone
220-1,
223
geodes 221,223
liesegang banding 221,223
sand crystals 222, 223
stylolites 222-3
diamagnetism 418
diamictites 134,325,327
diamictons 32, 134, 325, 326, 330
see also tills and tillites
diamonds, marine placers 534
diapirs, mud 194-5
diaspore 48
diatomites 661
diatoms 489-90, 491
dickite 399
differential thermal analysis (DTA) 48-50
diffuse double layer models 108
diffusion
chemical 225-6
turbulent 226-30
dilatation 335
dilute flows 347, 349,
350-1,
352
dip direction, cross-bedding 172, 200,
201,
510
disarticulation, fossils 723-4
discharge, river mouth 198
dish structures 57-8, 193,
230-1,
295, 529
see also pillow structures
dispersive stress 638
dissolution
calcite compensation depth 88-9, 172
compaction 165
diagenesis 216
dolomitization 235
fossils 726-7
stylolites 223, 690-1
dissolved gases 304
dissolved load 574
distributary channels, deltas 200
distributary mouth bars 198
dolomites 20, 234-7, 683
burial-stage cements 114
chemistry 99
chlorite 125
classification 236-7
crystallography 231-3
dedolomitization 188-90
diagenesis 92
geochemistry 94, 237
mineralogy 97
natural environments 237-41
occurrence 98-9
penecontemporaneous 237-8
textures 231-4, 236-7
dolomitization 234-41
chemical constraints 235
environments 237-41
fluid flow 240-1
hypersaline environments 239
hyposaline environments 238-9
mass balance constraints 235-6
models 237-41
porosity and permeability 236
dolostones 131,234,241
domes, breccias 678
downslope movements, slides and
slumps 191,666-8
drag 229, 609-10
drainage networks 568, 569-70
drilling rock cores 168-70
dry fans 579, 580
DTA see differential thermal analysis
dunes
antidunes 706
barchans 710
barrier islands 44
classification 243-4
eolian 207, 243-6, 252-3
large offshore 493, 494-5
processes and dynamics 244-5, 252-3
sediments 245-6
subaqueous 706
surface forms 709-11
Dunham classification, limestones 129-30
duricrusts, silcretes 659-60
dust, extraterrestrial 263
dutile deformation 543-4
dykes,
clastic (neptunian) 59, 136-7, 194
dynamic equlibrium, rivers 569, 572
dynamics
debris flows 187
eolian dunes 244-5
eolian processes 252-3
glaciers 317
mass movement 347-9
turbulent flow 226-9
Earth
orbital parameters 441, 442-3
orbitally forced insolation 441-2
earth flows 247-8, 425
earthquakes
syneresis 719
turbidity currents trigger 757
ebb-tidal deltas 153,738,739-40
ECC see Exposed Continental Crust
echinoderms 69, 724
ecology
coral reefs 471-2
ichnofacies 77
economic uses
calcrete 90
evaporites 257
smectite 676-7
ecosystems
contamination 748-9
salt marshes 586
eddy bars 290
eddy diffusivity 228, 229
effective porosity 266
effective stress, compaction 162
ejecta, impacts 263-4, 654-6
elastic wave velocities 311-12
electrical properties 312-13
elutriation 215, 295
embedding media 375, 562
emissions, cathodoluminescenee 102-3
encrinites 248-9
encrustation, fossils 726
endogenetic sediments, eaves 109
energy, colloidal particles 158-9
entrainment 250, 319-20,
571
-2,
594-5, 610
entrapment, fluid inclusions 297
environmental applications 676
environmental issues 524-5
environments
see also eolian environments; peritidal
environments; saline environments;
subtidal environments
barrier islands 43-4
deltas 200
deserts 207-12, 234-6
detrital quartz 553-4
dolomitization 237-41
evaporites formation 257-8
facies models 270-1
glacial and periglaeial 327, 328, 330, 715
low energy 332, 496
mudroeks 457
mudstone fabrics 206
neritic carbonate deposition 464-75
oolites 503
810
SUBJECT INDEX
environments (Continued)
paleocurrent analysis 511-12
phosphorites 519-20
eogenesis 402, 426-7
eogenetic cements
marine carbonates 111-13
non-marine carbonates 113-14
siliciclastie deposits 116
eolian environments 207-8
see also wind transport
cross-stratification 170
deposition 249, 252-4
dunes 243-6
textures 486, 715-16
transport 249-52
ephemeral braid bars 85
epibenthic bacteria 37, 439-40
episodic deposits, structures 56-7
epoxy resins 375, 562
equations
cation exchange 108
Darcy 293-4
isotopic methods 385-6
motion 227
Rouse 614-15
shear strength 191
Stokes settling 337
equilibrium partitioning, toxicity 750
erosion
see also abrasion; attrition; bioerosion;
corrasion
J. Barrell 639
bathymetric forms 324
episodic 255
fluvial
569,
571-2, 578
glacial 256, 318-19, 603
grain threshold 345
-7,
608, 610-11
meandering channels 578
organisms 70-1, 255
sediment transport rate 616-17
submarine channels 693
susceptibility 254
unroofing 591-2
erosion and sediment yield 254-6
chlorite 124-5
climate effects 143-4, 145
glacial erosion 256
hillslope factors 254-5
human activities 255-6
organisms 255
eskers 324
estuaries 195-203, 581
circulation 607-9
definition 195-7
processes 197
sedimentation 604
tidal flats 735
etching 714
ethological classification, trace fossils 73
eustasy
alluvial deposits 581
cyclic sedimentation 179-81
evaporites 257-63, 269
acoustic properties 310
anhydrite and gypsum 16-19
authigenic talc 722
brine evolution 260-1
burial-stage cements 114-15
chlorite occurrence 125
dedolomitization 189
environmental conditions 257-8
marine and non-marine 258-60
mineral sequences 132, 260-1
nodules 307
phanerozoic seawater ehemistry 261-2
resistivity 313
sabkha 584-5
sands and gravels 590
silicified 664
solution breccias 677
evidential value, sediments 301-2
exfoliation, vermiculites 768
exogenetic sediments, caves 109
exotic lithologies 434-5
experimentation 633
see also techniques
angle of repose 15
flumes 300-1
pressure solution 543
exploration, oceanic sediments 481-2
Exposed Continental Crust (ECC) 597-9
extrabasinal deposits 132-4
extraterrestrial materials 263-4, 597-9,
653-7
see also Mars; Moon
extreme floods 287-8
extruded sheets, soft sediments 194
fabrics 265-6
see also microfabrics
breccias 677
carbonate cements 112
environment 206
melange 434, 435
mudstones 203-6
facies
associations 269-70
carbonate mud-mounds 100-1
classifications 268-9
coastal 149-57
deep water carbonate slope apron 473
deltas 200-1
glacigenic sediments 328, 329
A. Gressly 629, 644
ichnofacies concept 74-9
iron formations 379
ironstones 383
littoral bars 42
meandering channels 433
models 268-72
reefs 469-70
river channels 575-9
sequences 54, 57
shoreface 150-3
slopes 672
submarine fans 694-8
tidal flats 735
tidal inlets 740-1
J. Walther 653
factor analysis, carbonates 685
fallout radionuclides 752
fans
alluvial fans 5-9, 209, 579-80
deltas 272-5
outwash fans 323, 324
submarine 271, 289-90, 692-8
faults 667-8
growth faults 193-5
fauna
see also animals; organisms
sediment mixing 450-1
toxicity 749-50
Feigl's stain 684
feldspars 278-81
detrital 589-90, 592
overgrowths 279-80
provenance 279
ferallitization 770, 771
ferric oxides see iron
ferricretes 409
ferroan dolomites 19, 20, 188-90
ferromagnetism 418
ferromanganese nodules 376-9, 487, 488
ferruginous tracers 752-3
fine-grained sediments see mudrocks
fingerprinting teehnique 752
fining-upwards sequences 57, 755
fire erosion 255
Fischer Plots, cyclic sedimentation 182
fish, neoplasms 748
fissility, mudrocks 454
fissures, filled 136
fjords 322, 601, 604
flame structures 281-2
see also load structures
flaser bedding 56, 282-3
flat-topped platforms, carbonates 464
flatness, grains 339, 341
floccuiation
284-5,
454, 609
floes
284,
340, 454
flood ramp 739
flood-basin sediments 286
flood-tidal deltas 153, 737-9
floodplains
avulsion 35
classes 576
deserts 208-9
meander deposition 432-3
sediments 285-7, 575, 582
floods 287-93
catastrophic 287-8, 289-90, 318
depositionai forms and structures 289-91
dynamics and processes 288-9
Mars 288, 291
subglacial 291
flow (process)
see also currents; thresholds; velocities
acceleration 244
combined 708-9
competence 346
direction 172
flood dynamics 289
fluid
217,
228-9, 240-1
geostrophic 686
grain threshold stress 346
granular 335-6
hydrodynamic model 475-7
littoral bars 41-2
meandering channels 432
multiphase 226-7, 518, 615
oscillatory 55-6, 704, 707-8
rapid-flow regime 336
resistance 293-4
ripples 566, 567
river channels 571-2
sediment transport 613
shallow flow theory 347-8
unidirectional 536, 609-18, 704-7
flow-oriented clasts 371-4
SUBJECT INDEX
811
flows (forms)
see also debris flows; fluidization;
gravity-driven mass flows
earth flows 247-8, 425
gravitational 424, 425
internal structures 54-6
mud flows 348
pyroclastic flows 348
surface forms 703-9
flowstones, calcite 679-80
fluid dynamics, rivers 569
fluid escape structures 294-7
fluid flow
217,
228-9, 240-1
fluid inclusions 297-300
composition 298
pressure 299
temperature 298-9
fluid pressure 674
fluid stress 251
fluidization
136,
295, 412-13, 530
flumes
300-1,
643
braided channels 577
first use 630-3
grain threshold 345
straight rivers 578
fluorapatite 727
flute marks 595-6, 707
fluvial processes and deposits
alluvial fans 5-6, 273
armor 21-2
attrition 24-5
deserts 208-9
placers 530-2
tufa model 754
Fluvialists 569
fluxes
global sediment 601-3
mantle 598
sediments 600-5
solutes 596-7
flyseh
732,
757
folds,
soft-sediment 296, 667
foliation, melange 435
Folk, Robert Louis 642
limestone classification 130
foraminifera 67, 68
force chains 335-6
forces, deformation 191-2
forearc basins 731
foreland basins 731-2
forensic sedimentology 301-3
formation water 391
fossils
bioclasts 66-70
calcareous nannofossils 199-21
trace fossils 71-83
fossils, preservation 723-9
biostratinomy 723-6
diagenesis 726-8
silicification 307
trace fossils 72
fractionation, stable isotopes 392-4
fractures see cracks; faults
fragmentation
fossils 725-6
melange blocks 435
framboids 702
framework reefs 558
francolite 519-21
free gases 304
freeze drying 375
freshwater carbonates 753-4
freshwater fauna, toxicity 749
fringing marshes 586-7
frost creep 425
fuller's earth 676
furrows (waves) 595, 707
fusain, charcoal 122
Ganges plains 579
garnet 357
gas hydrates, clathrates 137-8
gases 304-6, 538
gelifluetion 425
gelisols 774
gem minerals, marine placers 532, 534
genetic packages 57
geoehemical cycles, seawater 596-7
geochemistry
burial-stage cements 115
carbonates 93-100
dolomites 237
evaporites 260-1
techniques 632
geochronometers 385, 388-9
see also isotopic methods
geodes 221, 223, 306-8
geology, sedimentary 626-7
geomechanical properties 162-3
geometry
ancient alluvial deposits 581-2
gutter casts 353
littoral bars 40-1
meandering channels 576-8
melange units 435-6
pore spaces 267
ripple marks 565-6
river channels 430-2, 573-4
surface forms 703-4
geomorphology
see also surface forms
channels 575-9
heroic age of 630
karst 12
geophysical properties 308-14
acoustical 308-12
electrical 312-13
radioactive 313-14
geopolymers 426
geostatistics 685
geostrophic flows 686
geosynclines
631
-2
geothermic characteristics 314-16
geothermometry, stable isotopes 392-4
Germany 631
giant current ripples, floods 290-1
giant wave deposits 291
gibbsite 48, 410
GIFs see granular iron formations
Gilbert, Grove Karl 631, 642-3
Gilbert-type fan delta 273
glacial processes 318-21
bathymetric forms 324-5
debris entrainment and transport 319-20
deposition 320-1
erosion 256, 318-19, 603
glaeiotectonism 321
glacial sediments 316-31
depositionai landforms 321-4
diamictons 32, 134, 325, 326, 330
distribution and significance 316
environment criteria 330
facies analysis 328
geological record 328-30
glacigenic 325-8
glaciolacustrine 328
glaciomarine 326-8, 328
ice-marginal landforms 321-4
landform associations 328
reworking 321
surface textures 713-15
terminology and classification 325-8
tills and tillites 325-6, 744-51, 745
yield 256
glaciers
dynamics and structure 316-17
fluctuations 318
glacial theory 629-30
hydrology 317-18
types 317, 318, 322, 325
glacio-eustatic cycles 179-81
glaciotectonic deformation 321
glauconite see glaucony
glaucony 331-3, 386, 448
see also verdine
gleization 770, 771
global climate 142-6
global sediment fluxes 601-3
Glohigerina ooze 489
Glossifungites ichnofaeies 698-9
gold, marine placers 532, 533-4
Gouy-Chapman theory 108, 158
Grabau, Amadeus William 643-4
graded bedding 56-7, 333-5
distribution grading 334
normal or reverse 334
sands 646-7
tsunami deposits 756
turbidites 758
turbidity eurrents 334
way-up indicators 627
graded streams,
G.K.Gilbert
643
gradients, streams 570-1
grading see graded bedding
grain flow 335-6
grain orientation 265-6
see also imbrication
sands and gravels 589, 616-17
grain settling 336-8
see also settling behaviour
grain shapes 714
distribution 344
early analysis 630
elongation and flatness 339, 341
sands and gravels 589
smoothness/roundness 341
grain sizes 338-45
6-axis
339
determination 339-41
detrital quartz 552-3
distribution 343-4, 429
early analysis 630
erosion threshold 611
fractionation 624
frequency 342
heavy minerals 530-1
lunar sediments 416
sampling 342—3
sands and gravels 588-9
812
SUBJECT INDEX
grain sizes {Continued)
settling 338
tills 744
J.A.Udden
651
grain threshold 345-7
grains
abrasion 616
bed load 611-12
drag/lift 610-11
eolian 715-16
pressure solution 542-3
sands and gravels 588-9
sixth-power law 630
sorting 616-17
spinning 713-14
surface textures 712-13
transport 530-2
turbulence 612-13
granular flow 335
granular iron formations (GIFs) 379,
380,
381
graphical representation 704-6, 708
grasses, salt marsh 586
gravels 588-92
anabranehing rivers 9-10
armor 21
current analysis 509
lithifieation 51-3
gravitation, turbulent diffusion 229
gravity corers 169
gravity flows see autosuspension
gravity waves (water) 619-20
gravity-driven mass flows 56, 347-53
macrodynamics 347-9
micromechanies 349-52
names and attributes 348
slurry 530,674-5
sorting effects 352
turbidites 757
gray coloration 159
graywackes 133, 430
green coloration 159, 331, 332
greigite 701
Gressly, Amanz 644
groundwaters 537
see also porewaters
continental 539-40
growth fabrics, cathodoluminescence 105
growth faults 193-5
guano 109, 524
Gulf of St. Lawrence, littoral bars 41
gutters and gutter casts 353-4, 595
gypsum 16-19, 584-5, 681
Hatimeda segment reefs 3
halite 585
hardground, ancient karst 13
HCS see hummocky cross-stratification
heat flow, geothermal 314-15
heavy metals 367, 541
heavy mineral shadows 355-6
heavy minerals 356-8, 617, 630, 646
placers 530-1,532-3
provenanee 356-7, 546
hematite 159, 367, 368, 555-7
hemipelagie deposits 482, 483, 670
herringbone cross-stratification 55-6
heterogeneity 217, 222
heterolithic beds 444
hierarchies, cyclic sedimentation 174-8
high-frequency stochastic cycles 181
high-stability minerals 357
hillslope factors, erosion 254-5
hindered settling 358-60
histosols 773
Hjulstrom curve 345-6
Hjulstrom-type fan delta 273
Hotchkiss, William O. 627
HS see humic substances
human impact, sediment fluxes 255-6, 602
humic substances (HS) 361-2, 426
humification, peat 514-15
huminite 427, 428
hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) 55,
362-4,
686
hydrates, clathrates 137-8
hydration-dehydration, laterites 410-11
hydraulics, rivers 266, 571-2
hydrocarbons 364-6
see also kerogen
diagenesis 426-8
occurrences 365
oil sands 499-502
origin 365-6
hydrodynamic model, fluid flow 475-7
hydrogen sulfide 304-5
hydrology
evaporite basins 257-8
glaciers 317-18
paleofloods 291
hydrolysis, weathering 770
hydrothermal deposits
dolomites 240
iron formations 382
talc 721
travertine 753, 754
zeolites 780
hydroxides and oxyhydroxides 366-8
formation 367-8
properties 367
transformation 368
hypersaline environments 239
hyposaline environments 238-9
hypsometrie influences, tides 607
hysteresis loops 419, 420
ice sheets 603
Milankovitch cycles 180
soft-sediment deformation 58-9, 192
ice shelves 318,322
ichnofacies 74-9, 698-700
ichnology 71-83, 649
Illing, L.V. 632
illite group clay minerals 369-71, 448, 449
crystal size and shape 370
oceanic sediments 485-6
origin and evolution 369
structure 369-70
illitization 126, 369
imbrication 57, 371-4
classification 373
downstream dip 372-4
upstream dip 372
immature sediments, alluvial fans 6
imogolite 3-4
impact sediments 263-4, 653-7
see also extraterrestrial materials
impact and shock metamorphism
features 275-8
craters 263
metamorphic features 275-7
structures and products 275
impregnation 218, 374-5, 561-3
inclusions
amber 565
cement 115
detrital quartz 552
fluid 297-300
indicators
see also way-up indicators
climate change
272-3,
274
paleoclimate 144
paleoeurrents 509-10
provenance 546-8
individualization of evidence 302
induced and remanent magnetization
418-19
Indus submarine fan 696
industry, evaporites 257
infrared emission spectroscopy 50-1
injection bodies, dykes and sills 136-7,
194,
296
inlets
coastal facies 153,155-6
tidal 737-41
insolation, orbitally forced 441-2
insoluble organic matter 400-3
interfacial forces, colloids 158-9
intergranular fluid 348, 350
intergranular porosity 266
internal structures (bedding) 54-9
see also crystal structure; fabrics;
sedimentary structures; textures
deformation-related 57-9
large sand dunes 494-5
microstructures 68, 516-19
tranportation-related 54-7
International Association of
Sedimentology 631, 636
intertidal flats 468
intra-arc basins 731
intrabasinal deposits, classification 127-32
intraclasts 128
intraformational mud clasts 57
intrinsic permeability 266
intrusions, soft-sediment 136-7, 194, 296
inversion 460
see also neomorphism
iridium 654
iron
classification of ores 131-2
hydroxides and oxyhydroxides 367-8
occurrence 367
oxidation states 159-60
oxides 555-7
sulphides 701
iron formations 367, 379-82, 389
banded and granular 367, 369, 379-81
origins and implications 382
iron-rich chlorites 125
ironstones 379, 382-5
oolitic 380
origins 383-4
iron-manganese nodules 376-9, 487, 488
growth and composition 376-7
origin 378
islands, barrier islands 43-7
isotopic methods 385-97
SUBIECT INDEX
813
basic equations 385-6
K-Ar methods 386
model ages and epsilon values 387
S143sNd/S144sNd ratios 388
provenance indicators 547-8
radionuclides 389
Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isochron
methods 386-7
S87sSr/S86sSr ratios 387-8
stable isotopes 389-94
tracers 385
U-Th-Pb 388-9
Japan, sedimentology
journals 637
635-7
K-feldspars 278, 279-80
K-T boundary see Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary
kame terraces 324
kaolin group minerals 398-400
chemistry 399
kaolinite 398-9, 448
oceanic sediments 486
origin and occurrence 399-400
structure 398-9
kaolinite see kaolin group minerals
karst, ancient 11-15, 109-10
kerogen 366, 400-3, 426, 427
kinetic sieving 352
kinetics
cation exchange reactions 108
dolomitization 235
Krumbein, William Christian 644-5, 685
Krynine, Paul Dimitri 133, 645-6
Kuenen, Philip Henry 633, 646-7
K-Ar dating 386
illite 371
iron-manganese nodules 376
laboratory analysis, forensic 302
lacustrine sedimentation 404-8
charcoal 121, 122
elassification 405-6
deserts 209-10
limnologic processes 404-5
processes 405-7
sediment record 408
tufa model 754
varves 764, 765
lagoonal deposits 18, 155-6
lags 608
lahars 348, 425
lakes 209-10,404-8
see also lacustrine sedimentation
laminae 53-5, 534-6
contorted 549
deformation 168
mudstones 203-5
planar 534-5
laminasets 59-61
laminations 592-4
bedding 53
consolidation 295
convolute 58, 168, 192, 193
cross 535
deformation 192, 193
mudrocks 454
muds and sands 54-5
planar and parallel 534-7
stromatolites 688-9
landforms
see also surface forms
bathymetric 324-5
glacial deposition 321-4
ice-marginal 321
subglacial 324
Iandsystems approach 328
lateral accretion 57, 432-3
lateral facies, deltas 201
laterites 65, 408-11
continental drift influence 410
nomenclature 409-10
latosols 409
layered structures see laminations; sheet
structures (minerals); stratification
Leith, Charles K. 627-8
lenticular bedding see flaser bedding
lepispheres 411-12
lessivage 770, 771
levees 692, 694, 696
liesegang banding 221, 223
lift, grains 610-11
light heavy minerals 532, 533
lime muds 127, 128
limestones
see also carbonate sediments and rocks;
chalk; dolomites
ankerite 20
cherts 662
classification 268-9
crinoidal 248-9
dedolomitization 188-90
Dunham classification 129-30
Folk classification 130
micrite 436
oolites 502-6
limnologic processes 404-5
linear dunes 243-4, 246, 710
lineations
see also orientation
current 513
parting 512-14, 535
parting-step 512-13
liptinite 427, 428
liquefaction 57, 412-13
soft sediments 136, 191, 192
structures 295, 296, 759
Liquid Limit, soils 23
Liquidity Index, soils 23
lithifieation
beachrock 51-3
sands and gravels 588-92
stylolites 691
Trypanites ichnofacies 700
hthofacies, glacial environments 327, 328
lithogenesis,
J.Walther
653
lithomarges 409
littoral bars 40-3
load
see also bed load; suspended load
fluxes 600-2
rivers 574-5
tides 607-9
load structures 413-14
load casts 58, 192, 193, 414
pseudonodules 549, 550-1
trigger mechanisms 413
turbidites 759
wrinkle marks 414
lobes,
depositionai 694
loess 715
log-normal distribution 343
Long Range Desert Group 638
longshore sediment transport 27, 623-4
low angle lamination 54, 55
low energy environments 332, 496
lower shoreface facies 152
lowstands 445, 446, 496
luminescence, provenance indicator 547
lunar sediments 415-16
lunettes 243-4
Lyell, Charles 628-30
Lyman, Benjamin S. 635
lyophilic colloids 158
lyophobie colloids 158
Lysocline 489
Maastrictian chalk. North Sea 120
mackinawite 701
macroborers 70-1
magadi cherts 664
magadiite 417-18
magnesian calcite 99
magnesium carbonates see dolomites;
dolomitization
magnesium-rich chlorites 125
magnetic properties 418-24
classes of magnetism 418
induced and remanent 418-19
natural magnetie minerals 419
sediment magnetism 421-3
susceptibility 422, 423
manganese nodules 487, 488
mantle, fluxes 598
marcasite 701
marine attrition 25-7
marine environments
deserts 211
iehnofacies 76-9
marine fauna, toxieity 749-50
marine sediments 653
carbonate cements 111-13
diagenesis 92
evaporites 258, 259
glaucony 332
humic substances 362
SI43sNd/S144sNd ratios 388
paleoclimate evidence 144
phosphorites 520-3
placers 532-4
porewaters 540-1
red beds 556
S87sSr/S86sSr ratios 387-8
sand belt 466
Mars 288, 291, 776
marshes, salt 586-8
mass movement 424-5
see
al.so
flows (forms)
causes 424-5
earth flows 247-8
gravity-driven mass flows 347-53
roek avalanches 31-3
rock falls 33
slides and slumps 191,425,666-8
mass spectrometry 632
matrix
breccias 677
melange 435
8t4
SUBIECT INDEX
maturation of organic matter 402, 425-9
catagenesis 402, 427
eogenesis 402, 426-7
metagenesis 402, 427
telogenesis 427
maturity, textural and compositional
429-30
meandering channels 430-4, 575,
577-8,
582
flow 432
formation and deposits 432-3
planform and channel geometry 430-2
river planform facies 433
mechanical compaction 163-5
mechanics
avalanches and rock falls 32-3
debrisflows 186-7
unsteady flows 351-2
Mediterranean Sea
mineral magnetism 421-2
sapropels 593
sediment fluxes 602
shoreface sands 496
meetings, sedimentology 637
megaturbidites 334
melange (melange) 434-6
meltwater, glacial 318,323-4
mercury injection test 267, 517-18
mesogenetic cements 114-15,116-17
Mesozoic bentonites 61
metagenesis 366, 402, 427
metals
heavy 367, 541
redox-sensitive 593-4
metamorphism
cherts 633
diagenesis relationship 217-18
impaet and shock features 275-8,
654
ophicalcites 506
metastability, diagenesis 216
meteoric carbonate cement 112
meteoric water
240-1,
391, 539-40
meteorites 597-8
shock metamorphism 275-8
methane 305
methane hydrate 137-8
Mg/Ca ratio, seawater 596, 598
micas 449, 767
see also phyllosilicates
micrites 128,436
micritization 436-8
microbial action
diagenesis 217
dolomitization 237-8
kinetie isotope fractionation 394
reef builders 558, 560
sedimentary structures 439-40
microbial deposits 688-90
carbonates 1-3
epibenthic bacteria 37
mud-mounds 101
microborers 71, 437
microcrystalline calcite see micrites
microcrystals, sulphides 702
microfabrics
carbonates 91—3
mudstones 205-6
ooids 503-4
microscopy, carbonates 91-2
microspar, calcite 461
microstructures
bioclasts 68
sands and sandstones 516-19
microtektites 655-6
middle shoreface facies 152
migrated gases 305
Milankovitch cycles 145, 179-81,441-3
mimetic replacement, dolomites 232-4
mineralization, fossils 727
mineralogy
ankerite 19
bentonites 62
carbonates 93-100
clay 139-42
dolomites 97, 98
mudrocks 453
ooids 503-4, 503-5, 505
siliceous sediments 662
minerals
see also clay minerals; feldspars; quartz
authigenesis 27-9
carbonates 683-4
cavity precipitation 306, 307
evaporites 257, 260-1
fluid inclusions 297-300
fossil skeletons 726-7
heavy minerals 356-8,617,630,646
magnetic properties 418-24
marine placers 532, 533-4
oceanic sediments 487
precipitation 37-8
provenance indicators 546-7
shock metamorphism 276-7
stability 429-30
sulfides 701-3
weathering properties 545-6
mining
evaporites 257
iron formations 379
phosphorites 525
mires,
peat 515
mixed siliciclastie and carbonate
sedimentation 443-7
mixed-layer clays 369-70, 447-50
mixing models 238-9, 262, 444-5,
450-1
mobile armor 21
models
biogenic sedimentation 490-1
computer simulation 182-3
cyclic sedimentation 182-3
diffuse double layer 108
dolomitization 237-41
facies 268-72
flumes 300
grain entrainment 250
mass transport rate 251
meandering river floodplain 433
mixed sedimentation 444-5
mixing 444-5, 450-1 238-9, 262
numerical 475-80
packing flaws 518
paleoclimate 144
porosity 516-17
sediment routing 617-18
sediment transport 477-8, 615, 624-5
submarine fans 694-8
terrestrial 598
tufa 754
turbidites 269
moganite 659
moiasse 732
mollusks 68, 69
montmorillonite 675
Moon 415-16, 776
moraines 321-4
motion
equation 227
initiation 249-50
particles 226-7
threshold 610-11
mottle horizons 409
mountain building, sedimentary basins
731-2
mountains, alluvial fans 5
mud cracks 204, 209, 210, 212-14
mud flows 348
mud waves 706-7
mud-mounds 558, 560
carbonates 100-2
mud-silt 3
mudflats 735
deserts 210-11
shorefaces 153
mudrocks 451-9, 590
see also clays; shales; siltstones
ankerite 20
burial and compaction 456-7
clasts 57
clay and silt sources 452-3
intraformational clasts 57
oxygen levels 455-6, 457
provenance 457-8, 546
sedimentary structures 454-5
stratigraphy and environment 457
texture and nomenclature 452-3
transport 453-4
muds 692
anabranehing rivers 10
dewatered 698-9
diapirs 194-5
fluid 609
laminated 536
shrinkage cracks 212-14
tidal flat environments 467-8
transport threshold 611
mudstones
see also mudrocks
compaction 164-5
depositionai fabric 203-6
microfabrics 205-6
multiphase flow 266-7, 518
Murray, John 647-8
nacrite 399
nannobacteria, ooids 504
nannofossils, calcareous 119-21
natural environments, dolomitization
237-41
natural-levee sediments 286
Naumann, Edmund 635
Na-Ca, cation exchange 107
Na-K, cation exchange 107
S143sNd/S144sNd ratios, seawater
and sediments 388
near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) 50
neomorphism 189, 460-1
neptunian dykes and sills 136-7