Медведев Г.Г., Максимов В.И., Половников В.Ю. Практикум по гидравлическим расчетам в теплоэнергетике
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ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ ....................................................................................................3
1. ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ȽɂȾɊȺȼɅɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɈȼ......5
1.1. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ......5
1.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.........................6
1.3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ..........................................................7
1.3.1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ..................................................7
1.3.2. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ, ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ........................................................8
1.3.3. Ɍɪɭɛɤɚ ɬɨɤɚ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɣɤɚ....................................8
1.4. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ...............................................................9
1.4.1. ɋɢɥɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.........................................9
1.4.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ..........................................9
1.4.2.1. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ............................................9
1.4.2.2. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ........................10
1.4.2.3. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ ..............................................10
1.4.2.4. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɧɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ)
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.......................................................................12
1.4.3. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɪɧɭɥɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɣɤɢ
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ..................................12
1.4.4. Ɍɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ....................................................15
1.4.4.1. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ....................................15
1.4.4.2. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ Ɇɚɯɚ ......................................16
1.4.5. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ .............................................................16
1.4.6. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɨɩɵɬɵ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ) ............18
1.4.7. Ʌɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ..........................18
1.4.8. Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ......................................21
1.4.8.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ...........................................................21
1.4.8.2. Ɉɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.................22
1.4.8.3. ɉɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ .............23
1.4.9. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ.....................................................25
1.4.10. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ ......27
1.5. Ƚɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɚ ......................................................................................30
1.5.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ...................................31
1.5.2. ɋɢɥɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.........................................................................32
1.6. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ .......................................................................33
1.6.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ.........................................35
1.6.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ........................36
1.6.3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ........................................37
1.7. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ...............................38
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2. ɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɁȺɇəɌɂə .................................................................41
2.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ..........................................................................41
2.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ..................................................42
2.3. ɋɢɥɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ
(ɩɥɨɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ) ............................................................53
2.4. ɉɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱥɪɯɢɦɟɞɚ.......................................................60
2.5. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ȼɟɪɧɭɥɥɢ ..........................62
2.6. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ........73
2.7. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ...............81
3. ɐɂɄɅ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɇɕɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ ɇȺ ɉɈɊɌȺɌɂȼɇɕɏ
ɋɌȿɇȾȺɏ «ɄȺɉȿɅɖɄȺ».......................................................................83
3.1. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ........................................83
3.1.1 Ɉɛɳɢɟ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ...................................................................83
3.1.2. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 1.......................................................85
3.1.3. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ............................................86
3.2. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.........................................89
3.2.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ..................................................................89
3.2.2. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 2.......................................................90
3.2.3. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ............................................92
3.3. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ..........................................93
3.3.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ..................................................................93
3.3.2. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 3.......................................................94
3.3.3. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ............................................96
3.4. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɪɧɭɥɥɢ ..................................................97
3.4.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ..................................................................97
3.4.2. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 4.....................................................100
3.4.3. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ..........................................101
3.5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ...........................................102
3.5.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ................................................................102
3.5.2. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ..........................................105
3.6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ............................................107
3.6.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ................................................................107
3.6.2. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ..........................................110
3.7. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɢ ......112
3.7.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ................................................................112
3.7.2. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 5.....................................................114
3.7.3. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ..........................................115
4. ɐɂɄɅ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɇɕɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ ɇȺ ɋɌȿɇȾȿ
«ȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɇȺɋɈɋɕ ɂ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄɂ ɀɂȾɄɈɋɌɂ»..................................................................118
4.1. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.....................118
143
4.2. ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ WCP 25-40G.....118
4.3. ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ WCP 25-40G
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ..........................................121
4.4. ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ WCP 25-40G
ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ.................................................123
4.5. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ...................................................126
4.6. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
Ȼɟɪɧɭɥɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ..........................................129
4.7. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ...........................................132
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.................................................................................................134
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ ..........................................................................140
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɆȿȾȼȿȾȿȼ Ƚɟɧɧɚɞɢɣ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɢɱ
ɆȺɄɋɂɆɈȼ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱ
ɉɈɅɈȼɇɂɄɈȼ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜ ɘɪɶɟɜɢɱ
ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɍɆ ɉɈ ȽɂȾɊȺȼɅɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ
ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺɆ ɌȿɉɅɈɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɄȿ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
ɂɡɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ
Ȼ.ȼ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜ
ɉɭɪɠɲɛɭɛɨɩ ɝ Ƀɢɟɛɭɠɦɷɬɭɝɠ ɍɊɎ ɝ ɪɩɦɨɩɧ ɬɩɩɭɝɠɭɬɭɝɣɣ
ɬ ɥɛɲɠɬɭɝɩɧ ɪɫɠɟɩɬɭɛɝɦɠɨɨɩɞɩ ɩɫɣɞɣɨɛɦ-ɧɛɥɠɭɛ
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ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ
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