Martienssen W., Warlimont H. (Eds.). Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data
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1082 Detailed Contents
3.3 Amorphous Materials ....................................................... 39
3.4 Methods for Investigating Crystallographic Structure .................... 39
References ......................................................................... 41
Part 2 The Elements
1 The Elements
Werner Martienssen ............................................................... 45
1.1 Introduction ................................................................. 45
1.1.1 How to Use This Section .......................................... 45
1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated ....................................... 46
1.2.1 Parts A of the Tables .............................................. 46
1.2.2 Parts B of the Tables .............................................. 46
1.2.3 Parts C of the Tables .............................................. 48
1.2.4 Parts D of the Tables .............................................. 49
1.3 Sources ...................................................................... 49
1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders ............................... 49
1.5 Data .......................................................................... 54
1.5.1 Elements of the First Period ...................................... 54
1.5.2 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup I to IV ............ 59
1.5.3 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup V to VIII .......... 98
1.5.4 Elements of the Lanthanides Period ............................ 142
1.5.5 Elements of the Actinides Period ................................ 151
References ......................................................................... 158
Part 3 Classes of Materials
1 Metals
Frank Goodwin, Sivaraman Guruswamy, Karl U. Kainer, Catrin Kammer,
Wolfram Knabl, Alfred Koethe, Gerhard Leichtfried, Günther Schlamp,
Roland Stickler, Hans Warlimont
................................................ 161
1.1 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys ....................................... 162
1.1.1 Magnesium Alloys ................................................. 163
1.1.2 Melting and Casting Practices, Heat Treatment ................. 168
1.1.3 Joining ............................................................. 169
1.1.4 Corrosion Behavior ................................................ 169
1.1.5 Recent Developments ............................................. 170
1.2 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys ........................................ 171
1.2.1 Introduction ....................................................... 171
1.2.2 Production of Aluminium ........................................ 171
1.2.3 Properties of Pure Al .............................................. 172
1.2.4 Aluminium Alloy Phase Diagrams ................................ 174
1.2.5 Classification of Aluminium Alloys ............................... 179
1.2.6 Structure and Basic Mechanical Properties of Wrought
Work-Hardenable Aluminium Alloys ............................ 180
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1083
1.2.7 Structure and Basic Mechanical Properties of Wrought
Age-Hardenable Aluminium Alloys .............................. 182
1.2.8 Structure and Basic Mechanical Properties of Aluminium
Casting Alloys ...................................................... 184
1.2.9 Technical Properties of Aluminium Alloys ....................... 186
1.2.10 Thermal and Mechanical Treatment ............................. 194
1.2.11 Corrosion Behavior of Aluminium ............................... 202
1.3 Titanium and Titanium Alloys ............................................. 206
1.3.1 Commercially Pure Grades of Ti and Low-Alloy Ti Materials ... 207
1.3.2 Ti-Based Alloys .................................................... 208
1.3.3 Intermetallic Ti–Al Materials ..................................... 209
1.3.4 TiNi Shape-Memory Alloys ........................................ 216
1.4 Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys ........................................... 217
1.4.1 Technically-Pure and Low-Alloy Zirconium Materials .......... 217
1.4.2 Zirconium Alloys in Nuclear Applications ........................ 218
1.4.3 Zirconium-Based Bulk Glassy Alloys ............................. 218
1.5 Iron and Steels .............................................................. 221
1.5.1 Phase Relations and Phase Transformations ................... 222
1.5.2 Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels ..................................... 227
1.5.3 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels ................................. 240
1.5.4 Stainless Steels .................................................... 240
1.5.5 Heat-Resistant Steels ............................................. 257
1.5.6 Tool Steels ......................................................... 262
1.5.7 Cast Irons .......................................................... 268
1.6 Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys .................................................... 272
1.6.1 Co-Based Alloys ................................................... 272
1.6.2 Co-Based Hard-Facing Alloys and Related Materials .......... 274
1.6.3 Co-Based Heat-Resistant Alloys, Superalloys ................... 274
1.6.4 Co-Based Corrosion-Resistant Alloys ............................ 276
1.6.5 Co-Based Surgical Implant Alloys ................................ 277
1.6.6 Cemented Carbides................................................ 277
1.7 Nickel and Nickel Alloys .................................................... 279
1.7.1 Commercially Pure and Low-Alloy Nickels ...................... 279
1.7.2 Highly Alloyed Ni-Based Materials .............................. 279
1.7.3 Ni-Based Superalloys ............................................. 284
1.7.4 Ni Plating .......................................................... 288
1.8 Copper and Copper Alloys .................................................. 296
1.8.1 Unalloyed Coppers ................................................ 296
1.8.2 High Copper Alloys ................................................ 297
1.8.3 Brasses ............................................................. 298
1.8.4 Bronzes ............................................................ 298
1.8.5 Copper–Nickel and Copper–Nickel–Zinc Alloys ................. 300
1.9 Refractory Metals and Alloys ............................................... 303
1.9.1 Physical Properties ................................................ 306
1.9.2 Chemical Properties ............................................... 308
1.9.3 Recrystallization Behavior ........................................ 311
1.9.4 Mechanical Properties ............................................ 314
Detailed Cont.
1084 Detailed Contents
1.10 Noble Metals and Noble Metal Alloys ..................................... 329
1.10.1 Silver and Silver Alloys ............................................ 330
1.10.2 Gold and Gold Alloys .............................................. 347
1.10.3 Platinum Group Metals and Alloys ............................... 363
1.10.4 Rhodium, Iridium, Rhutenium, Osmium, and their Alloys .... 386
1.11 Lead and Lead Alloys ....................................................... 407
1.11.1 Pure Grades of Lead .............................................. 407
1.11.2 Pb–Sb Alloys ....................................................... 411
1.11.3 Pb–Sn Alloys ....................................................... 414
1.11.4 Pb–Ca Alloys ....................................................... 416
1.11.5 Pb–Bi Alloys ....................................................... 419
1.11.6 Pb–Ag Alloys ....................................................... 420
1.11.7 Pb–Cu, Pb–Te, and Pb–Cu–Te Alloys ............................ 421
1.11.8 Pb–As Alloys ....................................................... 421
1.11.9 Lead Cable Sheathing Alloys ...................................... 421
1.11.10 Other Lead Alloys ................................................. 421
References ......................................................................... 422
2
Ceramics
Hans Warlimont ................................................................... 431
2.1 Traditional Ceramics and Cements ........................................ 432
2.1.1 Traditional Ceramics .............................................. 432
2.1.2 Cements ............................................................ 432
2.2 Silicate Ceramics ............................................................ 433
2.3 Refractory Ceramics ......................................................... 437
2.4 Oxide Ceramics .............................................................. 437
2.4.1 Magnesium Oxide ................................................. 444
2.4.2 Alumina ............................................................ 445
2.4.3 Al–O–N Ceramics .................................................. 447
2.4.4 Beryllium Oxide ................................................... 447
2.4.5 Zirconium Dioxide ................................................. 447
2.4.6 Titanium Dioxide, Titanates, etc. ................................ 450
2.5 Non-Oxide Ceramics ........................................................ 451
2.5.1 Non-Oxide High-Temperature Ceramics ........................ 451
2.5.2 Borides ............................................................. 451
2.5.3 Carbides ............................................................ 458
2.5.4 Nitrides ............................................................ 467
2.5.5 Silicides ............................................................ 473
References ......................................................................... 476
3
Polymers
Manfred D. Lechner ............................................................... 477
3.1 Structural Units of Polymers ............................................... 480
3.2 Abbreviations ............................................................... 482
3.3 Tables and Figures .......................................................... 483
3.3.1 Polyolefines ....................................................... 483
3.3.2 Vinyl Polymers ..................................................... 489
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1085
3.3.3 Fluoropolymers .................................................... 492
3.3.4 Polyacrylics and Polyacetals ...................................... 497
3.3.5 Polyamides ........................................................ 501
3.3.6 Polyesters .......................................................... 503
3.3.7 Polysulfones and Polysulfides .................................... 506
3.3.8 Polyimides and Polyether Ketones .............................. 508
3.3.9 Cellulose ........................................................... 509
3.3.10 Polyurethanes ..................................................... 511
3.3.11 Thermosets ........................................................ 512
3.3.12 Polymer Blends .................................................... 515
References ......................................................................... 522
4
Glasses
Dieter Krause ...................................................................... 523
4.1 Properties of Glasses – General Comments ............................... 526
4.2 Composition and Properties of Glasses ................................... 527
4.3 Flat Glass and Hollowware ................................................. 528
4.3.1 Flat Glass ........................................................... 528
4.3.2 Container Glass .................................................... 529
4.4 Technical Specialty Glasses ................................................. 530
4.4.1 Chemical Stability of Glasses ..................................... 530
4.4.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties ............................. 533
4.4.3 Electrical Properties ............................................... 537
4.4.4 Optical Properties ................................................. 539
4.5 Optical Glasses .............................................................. 543
4.5.1 Optical Properties ................................................. 543
4.5.2 Chemical Properties ............................................... 549
4.5.3 Mechanical Properties ............................................ 550
4.5.4 Thermal Properties ................................................ 556
4.6 Vitreous Silica ............................................................... 556
4.6.1 Properties of Synthetic Silica ..................................... 556
4.6.2 Gas Solubility and Molecular Diffusion .......................... 557
4.7 Glass-Ceramics .............................................................. 558
4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications ................................... 559
4.8.1 Sealing Glasses .................................................... 559
4.8.2 Solder and Passivation Glasses .................................. 562
4.8.3 Colored Glasses .................................................... 565
4.8.4 Infrared-Transmitting Glasses ................................... 568
References ......................................................................... 572
Part 4 Functional Materials
1 Semiconductors
Werner Martienssen ............................................................... 575
1.1 Group IV Semiconductors and IV–IV Compounds ......................... 578
1.2 III–V Compounds ............................................................ 604
Detailed Cont.
1086 Detailed Contents
1.2.1 Boron Compounds ................................................ 604
1.2.2 Aluminium Compounds ........................................... 610
1.2.3 Gallium Compounds .............................................. 621
1.2.4 Indium Compounds ............................................... 638
1.3 II–VI Compounds ............................................................ 652
1.3.1 Beryllium Compounds ............................................ 652
1.3.2 Magnesium Compounds .......................................... 655
1.3.3 Oxides of Ca, Sr, and Ba .......................................... 660
1.3.4 Zinc Compounds ................................................... 665
1.3.5 Cadmium Compounds ............................................ 676
1.3.6 Mercury Compounds .............................................. 686
References ......................................................................... 691
2
Superconductors
Claus Fischer, Günter Fuchs, Bernhard Holzapfel, Barbara Schüpp-Niewa,
Hans Warlimont ................................................................... 695
2.1 Metallic Superconductors .................................................. 696
2.1.1 Elements ........................................................... 696
2.1.2 Practical Metallic Superconductors .............................. 704
2.2 Non-Metallic Superconductors ............................................ 711
2.2.1 Oxide Superconductors ........................................... 711
2.2.2 Superconductors Based on the Y–Ba–Cu–O System ............ 720
2.2.3 Superconductors Based on the Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O System ....... 736
2.2.4 Carbides, Borides, Nitrides ....................................... 744
References ......................................................................... 749
3
Magnetic Materials
Hideki Harada, Manfred Müller, Hans Warlimont .............................. 755
3.1 Basic Magnetic Properties .................................................. 755
3.1.1 Atomic Moment ................................................... 755
3.1.2 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy ................................... 756
3.1.3 Magnetostriction .................................................. 757
3.2 Soft Magnetic Alloys ........................................................ 758
3.2.1 Low Carbon Steels ................................................. 758
3.2.2 Fe-based Sintered
and Composite Soft Magnetic Materials ......................... 759
3.2.3 Iron–Silicon Alloys ................................................ 763
3.2.4 Nickel–Iron-Based Alloys ......................................... 769
3.2.5 Iron–Cobalt Alloys ................................................. 772
3.2.6 Amorphous Metallic Alloys ....................................... 772
3.2.7 Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys ............................ 776
3.2.8 Invar and Elinvar Alloys .......................................... 780
3.3 Hard Magnetic Alloys ....................................................... 794
3.3.1 Fe–Co–Cr ........................................................... 795
3.3.2 Fe–Co–V ........................................................... 797
3.3.3 Fe–Ni–Al–Co, Alnico .............................................. 798
3.3.4 Fe–Nd–B ........................................................... 800
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1087
3.3.5 Co–Sm .............................................................. 803
3.3.6 Mn–Al–C ........................................................... 810
3.4 Magnetic Oxides ............................................................ 811
3.4.1 Soft Magnetic Ferrites ............................................. 811
3.4.2 Hard Magnetic Ferrites ............................................ 813
References ......................................................................... 814
4
Dielectrics and Electrooptics
Gagik G. Gurzadyan, Pancho Tzankov .......................................... 817
4.1 Dielectric Materials: Low-Frequency Properties .......................... 822
4.1.1 General Dielectric Properties ..................................... 822
4.1.2 Static Dielectric Constant (Low-Frequency) ..................... 823
4.1.3 Dissipation Factor ................................................. 823
4.1.4 Elasticity ........................................................... 823
4.1.5 Piezoelectricity .................................................... 824
4.2 Optical Materials: High-Frequency Properties ............................ 824
4.2.1 Crystal Optics: General ............................................ 824
4.2.2 Photoelastic Effect ................................................ 824
4.2.3 Electrooptic Effect ................................................. 825
4.2.4 Nonlinear Optical Effects ......................................... 825
4.3 Guidelines for Use of Tables ............................................... 826
4.4 Tables of Numerical Data for Dielectrics and Electrooptics .............. 828
Isotropic Materials .......................................................... 828
Cubic, Point Group m3m (O
h
) Materials ................................... 828
Cubic, Point Group 43m (T
d
) Materials .................................... 834
Cubic, Point Group 23 (T ) Materials ........................................ 838
Hexagonal, Point Group
6m2(D
3h
) Materials ............................. 838
Hexagonal, Point Group 6mm (C
6v
) Materials ............................ 840
Hexagonal, Point Group 6 (C
6
) Materials ................................. 842
Trigonal, Point Group
3m (D
3d
) Materials ................................. 844
Trigonal, Point Group 32 (D
3
) Materials ................................... 844
Trigonal, Point Group 3m (C
3v
) Materials ................................. 848
Tetragonal, Point Group 4mmm (D
4h
) Materials ......................... 852
Tetragonal, Point Group 4/m (C
4h
) Materials ............................. 854
Tetragonal, Point Group 422 (D
4
) Materials ............................... 854
Tetragonal, Point Group
42m (D
2d
) Materials ............................. 856
Tetragonal, Point Group 4mm (C
4v
) Materials ............................ 864
Orthorhombic, Point Group mmm (D
2h
) Materials ....................... 866
Orthorhombic, Point Group 222 (D
2
) Materials ............................ 866
Orthorhombic, Point Group mm2(C
2v
) Materials ......................... 872
Monoclinic, Point Group 2 (C
2
) Materials .................................. 884
References ......................................................................... 890
5
Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics
Toshio Mitsui ...................................................................... 903
5.1 Definition of Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics ....................... 903
5.2 Survey of Research on Ferroelectrics ...................................... 904
Detailed Cont.
1088 Detailed Contents
5.3 Classification of Ferroelectrics ............................................. 906
5.3.1 The 72 Families of Ferroelectrics ................................. 909
5.4 Physical Properties of 43 Representative Ferroelectrics .................. 912
5.4.1 Inorganic Crystals Oxides [3.1,2] ................................. 912
5.4.2 Inorganic Crystals Other Than Oxides [3.3] ...................... 922
5.4.3 Organic Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and Polymers [3.4] ........... 930
References ......................................................................... 936
Part 5 Special Structures
1 Liquid Crystals
Sergei Pestov, Volkmar Vill ....................................................... 941
1.1 Liquid Crystalline State ..................................................... 941
1.1.1 Chemical Requirements .......................................... 943
1.1.2 Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals ............................ 943
1.1.3 Applications of Liquid Crystals ................................... 944
1.1.4 List of Abbreviations .............................................. 944
1.1.5 Conversion Factors ................................................ 945
1.2 Physical Properties of the Most Common Liquid Crystalline Substances 946
1.3 Physical Properties of Some Liquid Crystalline Mixtures ................. 975
References ......................................................................... 977
2
The Physics of Solid Surfaces
Gianfranco Chiarotti .............................................................. 979
2.1 The Structure of Ideal Surfaces ............................................ 979
2.1.1 Diagrams of Surfaces [3.2] ........................................ 979
2.1.2 Crystallographic Formulas ........................................ 986
2.2 Surface Reconstruction and Relaxation ................................... 986
2.2.1 Definitions and Notation ......................................... 986
2.2.2 Metals .............................................................. 987
2.2.3 Semiconductors ................................................... 987
2.3 Electronic Structure of Surfaces ............................................ 996
2.3.1 Metals .............................................................. 997
2.3.2 Semiconductors ................................................... 1003
2.3.3 Magnetic Surfaces ................................................. 1007
2.4 Surface Phonons ............................................................ 1012
2.4.1 Metals .............................................................. 1012
2.4.2 Semiconductors and Insulators .................................. 1017
2.4.3 Atom–Surface Potential .......................................... 1019
2.5 The Space Charge Layer at the Surface of a Semiconductor ............. 1020
2.5.1 Definitions and Notation ......................................... 1020
2.5.2 Useful Formulas and Numerical Values .......................... 1022
2.5.3 Surface Conductivity .............................................. 1023
2.6 Most Frequently Used Acronyms ........................................... 1026
References ......................................................................... 1029
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1089
3 Mesoscopic and Nanostructured Materials
Fabrice Charra, Susana Gota-Goldmann ........................................ 1031
3.1 Introduction and Survey ................................................... 1031
3.1.1 Historical Review .................................................. 1031
3.1.2 Definitions ......................................................... 1032
3.1.3 Specific Properties ................................................ 1034
3.1.4 Organization of this Chapter ..................................... 1034
3.2 Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy .................................... 1035
3.2.1 Electronic Quantum Size Effects .................................. 1035
3.2.2 Breakdown of the Momentum Conservation Rule .............. 1036
3.2.3 Excitons in Quantum-Confined Systems ........................ 1036
3.2.4 Vibrational Modes and Electron–Phonon Coupling ............ 1040
3.2.5 Electron Transport Phenomena .................................. 1042
3.3 Electromagnetic Confinement ............................................. 1044
3.3.1 Nanoparticle-Doped Materials ................................... 1044
3.3.2 Periodic Electromagnetic Lattices ................................ 1048
3.4 Magnetic Nanostructures ................................................... 1048
3.4.1 Spin Electronics ................................................... 1049
3.4.2 Ultrahigh-Density Storage Media in Hard Disk Drives .......... 1060
3.5 Preparation Techniques .................................................... 1063
3.5.1 Molecular-Beam Epitaxy ......................................... 1063
3.5.2 Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) ............ 1064
3.5.3 Lithography ........................................................ 1064
3.5.4 Nanocrystals in Matrices .......................................... 1064
3.5.5 Ex Situ Synthesis of Clusters ...................................... 1065
References ......................................................................... 1066
Acknowledgements ............................................................... 1073
About the Authors ................................................................. 1075
Detailed Contents .................................................................. 1081
Subject Index ....................................................................... 1091
Detailed Cont.
1090
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1091
Subject Index
π-bonded chain geometry 993
π-bonded chain model
– diamond(111)2 × 1 1005
α = 0 glass-ceramics 558
(CH
3
NHCH
2
COOH)
3
·CaCl
2
family
932
5CB
– liquid crystals 948
8CB
– liquid crystals 948
8OCB
– liquid crystals 949
A
Abbe value
– glasses 543, 548
Abrikosov vortices 717
absorption and fluorescence spectra
of CdSe 1039
absorption coefficient
– two-photon 826
absorption spectra of spherical
particles 1046
Ac actinium 84
acceptor surface level 1023
acceptor surface state 1022
accumulation layer 1020
accuracy 4
acids
– liquid crystals 946
acoustic band 1012
acoustic surface wave 906
acronyms
– solid surface 1026
actinium Ac
– elements 84
adatom 995
adopted numerical values for selected
quantities 23
Ag silver 65
Ag-based materials 344
age hardening 198
AISI (American Iron and Steel
Institute) 221
Al aluminium 78
Al bronzes 298
alkali aluminium silicates
– electrical properties 434
– mechanical properties 434
– thermal properties 434
alkali halides
– surface phonon energy 1017
alkali–alkaline-earth silicate glasses
530
alkali–lead silicate glasses 530
alkaline-earth aluminium silicates
– electrical properties 436
– glasses 530
– mechanical properties 435
– thermal properties 436
allotropic and high-pressure
modifications
– elements 46
alloy
– cast irons 270
– cobalt 272
– elinvar 780
– invar 780
– lead, battery grid 413
– lead–antimony 412
– lead–tin 415
– magnesium 163
–Ti
3
Al-based 210
– TiAl-based 213
– titanium 206
– wear resistant 274
alloy systems 296
Allred 46
Alnico 798
Al–O–N ceramics
– dielectric properties 447
– optical properties 447
alum family 911
– ferroelectrics 911
alumina
– electrical properties 446
– mechanical properties 445
– properties 445
– thermal properties 446
aluminium Al
– aluminium alloys 171
– aluminium production 171
– chemical properties 172
– cold working 195
– corrosion behavior 204
– elements 78
– hot working 195
– mechanical properties 172
– mechanical treatment 195
– surface layers 204
– work hardening 195
aluminium alloy
– abrasion resistance 190
– aging 198
– behavior in magnetic fields
194
– binary Al-based systems 174
– classification of aluminium alloys
179
– coefficient of thermal expansion
192
– creep behavior 187
– elastic properties 194
– electrical conductivity 194
– hardness 186
– homogenization 198
– machinability 192
– mechanical properties 180, 182
– nuclear properties 194
– optical properties 194
– physical properties 192, 193
– sheet formability 190
– soft annealing 197
– specific heat 194
– stabilization 197
– stress-relieving 198
– structure 182
– technical property 186
– technological properties 190
– tensile strength 186
– thermal softening 195
– work-hardenable 180
aluminium antimonide
– crystal structure, mechanical and
thermal properties 610
– electromagnetic and optical
properties 619
– electronic properties 616
– transport properties 618
aluminium arsenide
– crystal structure, mechanical and
thermal properties 610
– electromagnetic and optical
properties 619
– electronic properties 616
– transport properties 618
aluminium casting alloys
– mechanical properties 184
– structure 184
aluminium compounds
– crystal structure, mechanical and
thermal properties 610
Subject Index