Marjoribanks R. Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining
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Appendix E 221
above, the edge of the bar – its thickness – cannot be seen). Record the bearing
on the compass card – this is the trend of the linear feature.
• Next, lay the long edge of the open compass against the linear and, holding
the compass body vertically, measure the angle that the linear makes with the
horizontal (Fig. E.6). This angle is the plunge of the lineation.
• The orientation of the linear feature is recorded on to the map using an arrow
pointing to the direction of trend, and a number indicating the amount of plunge.
Different types of arrow can be used for different types of lineation.
Appendix F
Suggested Further Reading
General
Berkman DA (Compiler) (1991) Field geologists’ manual, 3rd edn, Monograph 9.
The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne
This is an invaluable source for the thousand and one useful facts and figures that
every field geologist will at some time need. If you own no other book, get this
one.
Peters WC (1987) Exploration and mining geology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York,
NY, 685p
Reedman JH (1979) Techniques in mineral exploration. Applied Science Publishers,
London, 533p
Although now somewhat dated, these are still excellent detailed texts on the
practical field aspects of exploration geology.
Chapter 1
Guilbert JM, Park CF Jr (1986) The geology of ore deposits. WH Freeman, New
York, NY, 985p
A comprehensive and well-written text on the geology of ore deposits.
Kirkham RV, Sinclair WD, Thorpe RI, Duke JM (eds) (1993) Mineral deposit
modelling, vol 40. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, St. John’s,
NL, 798p
An excellent compendium on ore deposit models and their use in developing
conceptual exploration strategies
223
224 Appendix F
Chapter 2
Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (1990) Geological aspects of the
discovery of some important mineral deposits in Australia, Monograph 17.
Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 503p
Barnes JW (1995) Basic geological mapping, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, NY, 133p
A practical coverage of field geological mapping techniques.
Hancock PL (1985) Brittle microtectonics: Principles and practice. J Struct Geol
7:437–457
A useful and practical review paper on the recognition and interpretation of sense
of movement indicators in brittle fracture zones.
Hobbs B, Means W, Williams P ( 1976) An outline of structural geology. Wiley,
New York, NY, 571p
A general text on structural geology, relatively cheap, and written by experienced
field geologists. In the author’s opinion, in the crowded field of structural geology
textbooks, this is still one of the best.
Hutchinson RW, Grauch RA (eds) (1991) Historical perspectives of genetic con-
cepts and case histories of famous discoveries, Monograph 8. Economic Geology,
Lancaster, PA
Case histories of geological aspects of mineral discovery.
Marshak S, Mitra G (1987) Basic methods in structural geology. Prentice-Hall, New
Yor k , NY
A good treatment of the philosophy of geological mapping.
McClay K (1987) The mapping of geological structure, Melbourne (1990),
Monograph 17. Halstead Press, London, 503p
On the field observation and use of ductile deformation structures.
Turcote DL (1992) Fractals and chaos in geology and geophysics. Cambridge
University Press, New York, NY, 221p
A detailed discussion of some of the applications of chaos theory in geology.
Wolf PR (1983) Elements of photogrammetry, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New
Yor k , NY
For the basic theory of air photo stereoscopy, measurement of features seen on
air photographs and the production of maps.
Appendix F 225
Chapter 4
MacDonald EH (1983) Alluvial mining: The geology, technology and economics
of placers. Chapman & Hall, London, 508p
Detailed information on the geology and exploration of unconsolidated placer
deposits.
Chapter 5
Annels AE (1991) Mineral deposit evaluation: A practical approach. Chapman &
Hall, London, 456p
A comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the evaluation of mineral deposits,
with an emphasis on advanced exploration projects and ore deposits.
Petit JP (1987) Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces in brittle rocks.
J Struct Geol 9:597–608
The recognition and interpretation of sense of movement indicators in brittle
fracture zones.
Hanmer S, Passchier C (1991) Shear sense indicators: A review, Paper 90-17.
Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, 72p
A detailed and well illustrated treatment on the recognition and interpretation of
sense of movement indicators in shear zones.
Sibson RH (2001) Seismogenic framework for hydrothermal transport and ore
deposition. In: Richards JP, Tosdal RM (eds) Structural controls on ore gene-
sis, Reviews in Economic Geology, vol. 14. Society of Economic Geologists,
Littleton, CO, 25–50
An excellent detailed review paper that provides a summary of fluid movement
in fault zones and mineral deposition in dilational sites of the various classes of
fault.
Robert F, Poulsen KH (2004) Vein formation and deformation in greenstone gold
deposits. In: Richards JP, Tosdal RM (eds) Structural controls on ore gene-
sis, Reviews in Economic Geology, vol 14. Society of Economic Geologists,
Littleton, CO, 111–155
A must-read review paper by two of Canada’s most distinguished structural
geologists. Of great value to anyone working in gold exploration in Archaean
greenstone or Palaeozoic slate belts.
226 Appendix F
Chapter 6
Barnes J (1987) Practical methods of drill hole sampling. Bulletin/Australian
Institute of Geoscientists 7: Meaningful Sampling in Gold Exploration. Papers
presented at Seminar No. 5, Perth, 26th Oct 1987, Sydney
The title is self-explanatory.
Barnes J (1989) RAB drilling – Secret weapon. Resource Service Group Pty Ltd,
Resource Review, 5–7 Oct 1989
RAB and RC drilling and sampling techniques in mineral exploration.
Chapter 7
Australian Drilling Industry (1997) Drilling: The manual of methods, applications
and management, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 295p
A good source, aimed at drillers and probably containing much more than you
will ever need, this should answer all your technical questions about diamond
drilling.
Blackbourne GA (1990) Cores and core logging for geologists. Whittle’s
Publishing, Caithness, Scotland, 113p
A Comprehensive coverage of drilling techniques from the geologists’ point of
view.
Devereux S (1999) Drilling Techniques. Penwell, Tulsa, OK, 337p
Hartley JS (1994) Drilling: Tools and program management. AA Balkema,
Rotterdam, 150p
Good discussion of the management of drilling programmes and directional
control of diamond drill holes.
McPhie J, Doyle M, Allen R (1993) Volcanic textures. University of Tasmania,
Hobart, TAS, 196p
An example (p. 13) of graphical scale logging in volcanic rocks (and many other
good and useful things besides).
Chapter 8
Drury SA (1990) A guide to remote sensing. Oxford University Press, London, 243p
Detailed treatments of remote sensing technology.
Appendix F 227
Drury SA (1993) Image interpretation in geology, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall,
London, 304p
A superbly illustrated book on all aspects of image interpretation including aerial
photography, satellite reflectance imagery and radar imagery. Now a bit dated
but still relevant.
Rencz AN (ed) (1999) Manual of remote sensing, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, NY
Bedell R, Crosta AP, Grunsky E (2009) Remote sensing and spectral geol-
ogy. Reviews in Economic Geology, vol 16. Society of Economic Geologists,
Littleton, CO, 288p
A series of invited review papers and up to date case studies on remote sensing
applications in mineral exploration. Chapter 2 by Richard Bedell provides an
excellent description of the principles behind spectral geology.
Chapter 9
Kosko B (1993) Fuzzy thinking – The new science of fuzzy logic. Hyperian Press,
New York, NY, 318p
A good introduction to fuzzy logic – entertainingly written.
Kearney P, Brooks M (2002) Introduction to geophysical exploration, 3rd edn.
Wiley, New York, NY, 272p
An update of a classic textbook. Provides a separate chapter on each of the
geophysical methods, with theory, field procedures and case histories. Minimal
mathematics.
Australian Geological Survey Organisation (1997) Special volume on Airborne
magnetic and radiometric surveys. J Aust Geol Geophys 17(2)
A number of review papers on the effective use of magnetic and radiometric data
in mineral exploration.
Handbook of exploration geochemistry, Elsevier, New York, NY
1. Fletcher WK (1981) Analytical methods in exploration geochemistry,
255p
2. Howarth RJ (ed) (1983) Statistics and data analysis in geochemical prospect-
ing, 437p
3. Govett GJS (1983) Rock geochemistry in mineral exploration, 461 pp
4. Butt CRM, Zeegers H (1992) Regolith exploration geochemistry in tropical
and subtropical terrains, 607p
5. Kauranne K, Salimen R, Eriksson K (eds) (1992) Regolith exploration
geochemistry in arctic and temperate terrains, 443p
228 Appendix F
6. Hale M, Plant JA (1994) Drainage geochemistry, 766p
An exhaustive treatment of the theory and practice of mineral exploration
geochemistry.
Smith RE (1987) Using lateritic surfaces to advantage in mineral exploration.
Proceedings of Exploration ’87: Third Decennial International Conference on
Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration for Minerals and Groundwater.
Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume, Toronto
On using maps of the regolith to control geochemical mineral exploration.
Butt CRM, Robertson KM, Cornelius M (2005) Regolith expressions of Australian
ore systems. Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environment and
Mineral Exploration (CRC LEME), Bentley, Western Australia, 423p
A comprehensive collection of case histories of mineral discovery with emphasis
on exploration models and use of regolith geochemistry. Full of good and relevant
stuff, and not just for Australian explorers.
Chapter 10
Delaney J, Van Niel K (2009) Geographical Information Systems: An Introduction,
2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 214p
A good introductory text that is not based on any particular proprietary software.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ALOS Advanced land observation satellite
ASTER Advanced space borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer
BLEG Bulk leach extractable gold
BOH Bottom of hole
CA Core axis
CAD Computer aided drafting
CCD Charged couple device
CRC LEME Cooperative research centre for landscape environment and mineral
exploration
DDH Diamond drill hole
DEM Digital elevation model
DGPS Differential global positioning system
EGNOS European geostationary navigation overlay service
EM Electromagnetic
GIS Geographical information system
GPS Global positioning system
g/t Grams per tonne
HMC Heavy mineral concentrate
IOCG Iron oxide copper gold
IP Induced polarisation
KISS Keep it simple, stupid
KPI Key performance indicator
LCA Long core axis
LH Left hand
MGA94 Map grid of Australia 94
MIP Magnetic IP
MMR Magnetometric resistivity
MSAS Multifunctional satellite augmentation system
MSS Multi spectral scanner
Mt Million tonnes
ppm Parts per million
ppt Part per trillion
RAB Rotary air blast
229
230 Acronyms and Abbreviations
RC Reverse circulation
RH Right hand
RL Relative level
SAM Sub audio magnetics
SEDEX Sedimentary exhalative
SEG Society of Economic Geologists
SG Specific gravity
SPOT Satellite probatoire l’observation de la terre
SRTM Shuttle radar tomography mission
SWIR Short wave infra red
TIR Thermal infra red
TM Thematic mapper
TM Transverse Mercator
TMI Total magnetic intensity
TOH Top of hole
USGS United States Geological Survey
UTM Universal transverse Mercator
VHR Very high resolution
VMS Volcanogenic massive sulphide
VNIR Visible and near infra red
WAAS Wide area augmentation system
WGS 84 World geodetic system 84