Lin S.D. Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual
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Oxidation, 522
of ammonia, 469–470, 626, 775–777
by chlorination, 464
chlorine dioxide for, 471–472
of domestic sewage, 30
for iron and manganese removal
(water), 342–343, 365, 436–440
of nitrites, 774–775
of nitrogenous compounds, 10
for organic matter, 15–16, 635, 666, 783
of protoplasm, 626
of TKN, 634, 784
Oxidation ditch (activated sludge), 677–679
Oxidation ponds (See Stabilization ponds)
Oxidation rate:
of nitrification, 777, 782
in stream, 32, 49, 52, 55–56
Oxygen:
deficiencies in streams and rivers, 6
transfer and utilization of (activated
sludge), 681–683
Oxygen requirement for activated sludge,
634–635
Oxygen sag constant, 43–45
Oxygen sag curve:
Churchill-Buckingham method, 59–62
critical point on, 64–76
determination of k
r
, 62–63
natural self-purification in streams,
55–62
simplified computations, 77–78
Thomas method, 59
Oxygen sag formula, Streeter-Phelps,
13–14
Ozonation, 473–474
Ozonation by-products (OBPs), 498, 499
Ozone, 473–474, 491, 492, 498–499
Packed towers, 357–365
PAN (Plant available nitrogen), 849
Pan evaporation, 135–136
Parasites, 322, 842–844
Parshall flume, 302–305, 588
Partially filled conduit, 249, 276, 277
Pascal, 229–231
Pascal’s law, 230
Pathogen reduction regulation (sludge),
842–845
Pathogens (wastewater), 108–109
Paved sludge drying beds, 837–838
PE (Pressure energy), 238
Peak hourly flow (wastewater), 548
Pellet softening (of water), 411–417
Percent capture, 809
Percent saturation of DO absorbed per mix,
88
Perfect gas, 234–235
Performance, membrane, 450–458
Permeability (P), 191–195
PFRP (Process to further reduce
pathogens), 827
pH:
and biofilm densities, 505
and chlorine dioxide, 471–472
and combined available chlorine, 469
and free available chlorine, 464, 465
and nitrification, 779–780
Phelps law, 15–16
Phosphorus:
biosolids application calculation
based on, 851–852
dissolved, 154–155
in lakes and reservoirs, 154–155
removal (AWT), 753–770, 772
by biological processes, 766–772
by chemical precipitation, 754–766
by lime treatment of secondary
effluent, 760–766
by mineral addition to secondary
effluent, 759–760
in primary and secondary plants,
755–758
in runoff, 558
in wastewater, 537
PhoStrip process (phosphorus removal),
767
PhoStrip II process (nitrogen removal), 769
Photosynthesis, DO in water and, 54–55
Physical conditioning (sludge), 827–828
Physical properties:
of wastewater, 533–537
of water, 233
Pipe network, 258–264
Pipeline systems, 254–258
in parallel, 257–258
in series, 255–257
Pipes:
water flow in, 236–264
distribution networks, 258–264
dividing-flow manifolds, 265
fluid pressure, 236
head, 237–253
leakage test for, 320–321
multiport diffusers, 265
pipeline systems, 254–258
sludge flow, 265
Index 935
Pitot tube measurement, 291–292
Plant available nitrogen (PAN), 849
Plastic media:
for rotating biological contactors, 711
for trickling filters, 705
Plate and frame filter press, 833–836
Plug-flow with recycle (activated sludge),
648–649
Point source dilution, 2–3
Point-of-use units, 520
Poise, 232
Pollutants:
biosolids application calculation based
on, 852–853
concentrations, 846, 852–853, 858–859
in lakes and reservoirs, 125–126–166
from runoff, 559–562
Population estimates (water supply),
311–315
arithmetic method, 311–312
constant percentage growth rate
method, 312–313
declining growth method, 313
logistic curve method, 313–314
Porosity, 184–190, 396–399, 442
Potassium, 853
Potassium dichromate, 540
Potassium permanganate, 376, 436–440,
832
POTW (See Public owned treatment
works)
Power requirement for mixing, 378–380,
695–696
Power to pump water (PW), 265
Pragmatic approach:
steps in, 99–106
stream DO model, 92–106
Precipitation, 551–553, 559–560
Preliminary wastewater treatment
systems, 575–576
Pressure (P), 229–231
Pressure energy (PE), 238
Pressure filtration (sludge dewatering),
830–836
Pressure head, 238–239
Primary sedimentation tanks
(wastewater), 607–617
Primary wastewater treatment system,
576–577
Process to further reduce pathogens
(PFRP), 827
Process to significantly reduce pathogens
(PSRP), 826
Pseudomonas, 621, 727
PSRP (Process to significantly reduce
pathogens), 826
Public owned treatment works (POTW),
580–581, 796, 842
Public water supply, 308–525
activated carbon adsorption isotherm
equations, 440–444
aeration and air stripping, 343–368
diffused aeration, 355–357
gas transfer models, 347–355
nozzles, 365–368
packed towers, 357–365
coagulation, 371–380
disinfection, 463–491
chlorination, 464–473
CT values, 477–491
disinfection by-products, 491–506
disinfection kinetics, 474–475
ozonation, 473–474
filtration, 392–403
hydraulics of filter, 396–401
mixed media, 395
size of filter medium, 394–395
flocculation, 380–384
fluoridation, 506–513
health risks, 513–525
assessment of, 515–520
management of, 520–525
potential of, 514–515
ion exchange, 417–434
leakage, 425–426
nitrate removal, 426–434
iron and manganese removal,
435–440
membrane processes, 444–458
description and operations of,
445–449
design considerations for, 449–450
and membrane performance, 450–458
sild density index, 459
silt density index, 458
population estimates, 311–315
arithmetic method, 312
constant percentage growth rate
method, 312–313
declining growth method, 313
logistic curve method, 313–314
residual from water plant, 458–463
sedimentation, 384–392
solubility equilibrium, 368–371
sources and quantity of water, 308–311
washwater troughs, 401–402
936 Index
Public water supply (Cont.):
water quality regulation, 321–342
atrazine, 341–342
compliance with standards, 340–341
maximum contaminant level, 335
maximum contaminant level goals,
332–335
National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations, 321–331
National Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations, 332
Safe Drinking Water Act, 321,
332–335
updates to, 2006, 335–339
water requirements, 315–321
water softening, 404–417
lime-soda, 404–411
pellet, 411–417
water treatment processes, 342–343
Pumping:
cost of, 270–272
wastewater treatment, 568–572
water and wastewater, 265–272
wells, 182–183
QUALZE model, 54, 55
Quantity and characteristics of sludge,
796–801
Quantity of wastewater, 545–548
Racks, 581–586
Radionuclides, 330, 519–520
Radius of influence, 219–222
Rainfall (See Precipitation)
Rapid methods (ultimate BOD), 32
Rapid ratio method, 19, 32
RAS (See Return activated sludge)
RBC (See Rotating biological contactor)
RBCs (See Manufacturers’ empirical
design approach)
Reactors, pellet softening, 411–417
Reaeration, 41–49, 87–92
Reaeration curve, Velz, 87–92
Reaeration rate constant K
2
, 41–49
Reciprocating pumps, 265
Recirculation, 638, 675, 698
Recreation use impairment index (RUI),
140, 154, 158–168
Rectangular basin design, 612–614
Recycle ratio, 536, 671, 738
Reed-Theriault least-squares method, 19
Reference Dose (RfD) (drinking water
contaminants), 332–335, 523
Regulations:
for biosolids, 831–842
CT values, 477–491
for sludge, 841–861
for water quality, 321–342
(See also Federal drinking water
standards)
Relationship of sediment and SOD, 51
Relative roughness of pipe wall,
242, 256
Reservoirs (See Lakes and reservoirs)
Residual disinfectant concentration, 476,
479
Residual from water plant, 458–463
Residual production and density, 461–462
Residuals (See Sludge)
Respiration DO in water, 6, 54–55, 98
Retention time:
in activated sludge systems, 658, 664,
716, 779, 820
hydraulic, 478, 627–633, 719
of lake, 128, 130
in secondary tank, 736
of solids, 794
in wastewater treatment, 549, 596, 623,
624
Return activated sludge (RAS), 622,
650–654
Return flow rate, 698
Reverse osmosis (RO), 445–449, 453–455,
502–504, 521
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
(RUSLE), 174, 175
Reynolds number (R), 188–189
Risk:
definition of, 514
potential of, 514–515
Risk assessment, 515–520
Risk management, 520–525
Rivers (See Streams and rivers)
RO (See Reverse osmosis)
Rotating biological contactor (RBC,
wastewater treatment), 711–726
advantages/disadvantages of,
716–717
denitrification with, 794–796
hardware, 712–713
nitrification with, 786–791
process description, 713–716
process design, 718–726
soluble BOD
5
, 718
RUI (See Recreation use impairment
index)
Index 937
Runoff, 551–553
estimation of, 555–556
models, 559–562
National Urban Runoff Program,
556–557
rainfall intensity, 552–553
street and road loading rate, 559–560
time of concentration, 554
(See also Stormwater)
RUSLE (See Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 217,
321, 332–336, 496, 503, 507
Salmonella, 842–844
Salt flux, 451–452
Sand seeding (in pellet softening), 412,
416–417
Sand sludge drying beds, 836–837
SBOD (Suspended BOD), 718
SBRs (See Sequencing batch reactors)
Scour, 593–595
Screening devices (wastewater), 581–586
SDI (Silt density index), 458
SDWA (See Safe Drinking Water Act)
Secchi disc transparency, 153–154
Second-order reaction, 37–41
Secondary clarifiers/sedimentation tanks
(wastewater), 735–742
basin sizing
for attached-growth biological
treatment effluent, 736–739
for suspended-growth biological
treatment, 739–742
mass balance, 657
Secondary (biological) treatment systems,
578, 617–621
Sediment budget (lakes), 171–173
Sediment oxygen demand (SOD), 49–52
dissolved oxygen vs., 51–52
in DO usage, 78–79
Sedimentation:
public water supply, 384–392
inclined settlers, 390–392
overflow rate, 388–390
wastewater treatment, 592–607
compression settling (type 4),
606–607
discrete particle sedimentation
(type 1), 592–593
flocculant settling (type 2), 600–602
hindered sedimentation (type 3),
602–606
scour, 593–595
Sedimentation tanks (wastewater):
configuration of, 595–600
primary, 607–617
secondary, 735–742
sludge from, 797–798
Seeding sand (in pellet softening), 412,
416–417
Selenium, 325, 846, 853
Self-cleansing velocity, 281–284
Self-purification (See Natural self-
purification in streams)
Semipermeable membranes, 445, 447
Separated sewer systems, 542–543
Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 622,
674
Setback zones (groundwater protection),
217–218
Settleable solids (wastewater), 535
Settling velocity:
in wastewater treatment, 592–606, 608,
642, 735, 737
in water supply, 385–388, 395, 399
7-day, 10-year flow, 3–4
Sewage (See Wastewater)
Sewage sludge (See Biosolids)
Sewers/sewer systems, 542–543
appurtenances, 562–568
buried, 572–574
combined sewers, 543–544
construction of, 572–574
depressed (inverted siphons), 565–568
hydraulics for, 562
inverted siphons (depressed sewers),
565–568
manholes, 564–565
self-cleansing velocity in, 281–284
separated systems, 542–543
street inlets, 562–564
Shannon-Weiner diversity index,
107–108
Shoreline development index, 127–129
Short-term aeration (activated sludge),
671
Silicon tetrafluoride, 507–508
Silt density index (SDI, water), 458
Simplified oxygen sag computation, 77–78
Site evaluation and selection (biosolids
application), 847
Slope:
of energy gradient line, 246, 273
vegetated submerged bed system
design, 878, 879
Slope method, 19–23
SLR (See Sludge loading ration)
938 Index
Sludge (residuals), 796–861
activated, 618
age, 635, 658–662, 671, 820
collector, 612–613
conditioning, 827–828
dewatering, 828–840
centrifugation, 836
pressure filtration, 830–836
sludge drying beds, 836–840
sludge drying lagoons, 839–840
vacuum filtration, 828–830
flow in pipes, 265, 636, 796–809
lime, 798, 839
loading rate, 831, 836–837
mass-volume relation, 799–800
moisture content, 800–801
from primary/secondary/tertiary
processes, 797–798
production of, 633
public water supply, 458–463
quantity/characteristics of, 796–801
regulatory requirements, 841–861
land applications, 845–861
pathogen reduction, 842–845
settleability, 649–655, 671, 740
sewage sludge biosolids, 840–841
stabilization, 812–827
aerobic digestion, 820–826
anaerobic digestion, 812–815
composting, 826–827
egg-shaped digesters, 820
gas production, 815–820
lime stabilization, 826
thickening, 802–812
centrifuge, 807–811
dissolved air flotation, 805–807
gravity, 802–805
gravity belt, 811–812
treatment alternatives, 801
types of, 458–459
use/disposal of sewage sludge biosolids,
841
volume reduction processes, 828–840
wasting, 627–628, 657, 670, 674
Sludge age, 657–662
Sludge bulking, 662–663
Sludge density index (SDI), 650
Sludge drying beds, 836–840
Sludge drying lagoons, 839–840
Sludge loading ration (SLR), 624 (See also
Food-to-microorganism ratio)
Sludge volume index (SVI), 649–650
Slug tests (unsteady flows), 206–211
Slugs (mass), 228
Small systems (water supply), 503–504
SO
2
(Sulfur dioxide), 746
SOD (See Sediment oxygen demand)
Soda ash (lime), 404–411
Sodium fluoride, 507
Sodium hydroxide, 822
Sodium hypochlorite, 743, 744
Sodium metabisulfite (dechlorination),
746
Sodium silicofluoride, 507, 508
Soil loss rate (lakes), 173–176
“Sole Source Aquifer Demonstration
program,” 495
Solids:
capture, 380, 581, 809, 833, 836
content, 265, 533–534, 607, 797–800,
802–803, 811, 821, 826–827, 830,
837, 839, 844–845
flux, 642–644
loading rate, 606, 740–741, 802,
806–807, 814, 821–828, 840
retention time, 650, 658, 779, 820
in wastewater, 533–537
Solubility:
equilibrium, 368–371
of gas, 343, 350, 352
at or near room temperature, 904–907
of ozone, 473–474
product constants, 904–907
Solubility equilibrium, 368–371
Solubility product constant (K
sp
), 368–371
Soluble biodegradable substrate, 626
Soluble BOD
5
, 718
Solutions, at or near room temperature,
904–907
Sorption (groundwater), 213–214
Source water protection (SWP), 495–497
Sources and quantities of water, 308–311
Soybeans, 327, 854
Specific capacity (groundwater), 195
Specific energy (H
e
), 284–285
Specific substrate utilization rate, 632
Specific weight (g, w), 228–229
Sphaerotilus, 714
Spillways, weir coefficients of, 94–95
Spores, 501
Stabilization ponds (wastewater),
726–734
aerobic, 734–735
anaerobic, 735
classifications of, 726–727
facultative, 727–735
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
By-products Rule, 335–338, 493
Index 939
State EPA, 321, 332
State lake classification survey, 139–140
Stationary field monitoring procedure,
46–49
Steady flows (groundwater), 195–196
Step aeration (activated sludge), 667–668
Stoke, 233
Stokes equation for laminar flow
conditions, 386
Stoke’s law, 386–388, 593, 608
Storage tank, leaking, 521
Storativity (S) (groundwater), 185
Cooper-Jacob method, 201–204
distance-drawdown method, 204–206
slug tests, 206–211
Theis method, 198–201
Storm sewers, 542–543
Stormwater:
event mean concentration, 556–559
National Urban Runoff Program,
556–557
quality of, 556–559
runoff models, 559–562
storm drainage system design, 551
street and road loading rate,
559–560
(See also Runoff)
Stormwater management, 549–551
Stream DO model, 92–106
DO used, 98
influence of dams, 92–95
influence of tributaries, 95–97
steps of pragmatic approach, 99–106
Streams and rivers, 1–120
apportionment of stream users,
79–86
biochemical oxygen demand analysis,
10–13
biological factors, 107–108
algae, 107–108
indicator bacteria, 108–120
macroinvertebrate biotic index,
119–120
BOD models and K
1
computation,
14–41
deoxygenation rate and ultimate
BOD, 18–32
first-order reaction, 15–18
second-order reaction, 37–41
temperature effect on K
1
, 32–37
discharge measurement, 3–4
dissolved oxygen and water
temperature, 5–9
Streams and rivers (Cont.):
natural self-purification in streams,
55–76
critical point on oxygen sag curve,
64–76
determination of k
r
, 62–63
simplified oxygen sag computations,
77–78
organic sludge deposits, 52–54
point source dilution, 2–3
reaeration rate constant K
2
, 41–49
runoff to, 308–311
sediment oxygen demand (SOD), 49–52,
78–79
stream DO model, 92–106
influence of dams, 92–95
influence of tributaries, 95–97
steps of pragmatic approach,
99–106
Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag formula,
13–14
time of travel, 4–5
Velz reaeration curve, 87–92
Street and road loading rate (runoff),
559–560
Street inlets, 562–564
Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag formula,
13–14
Streptomyces, 714
Substrate limited growth, 620–621
Substrate utilization rate (r
su
), 539, 630,
632
Subsurface flow wetlands (See Vegetated
submerged bed (VSB) systems)
Sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), 746
Sulfuric acid (in pellet softening), 412,
416
Supersaturation (DO), 6
Supervisory control and data aquisition
systems, 504
Supplemental potassium (K) fertilizer,
853–861
Surface (overflow) loading rate, 388–392,
722, 753
Surface settling rate, 609–611
Surface tension, 688
Surface Water Treatment Regulations
(SWTR), 340, 476
Surfact process, 716
Suspended BOD (SBOD), 718
Suspended solids effluent standards, 79,
534, 617–618, 753
Suspended solids removal, 753
940 Index
Suspended-growth biological treatment,
627, 739–742
SVI (See Sludge volume index)
Swimming, 117, 162
SWP (See Source water protection)
SWTR (See Surface Water Treatment
Regulations)
Synthesis denitrification, 791–793
Tap water, 521
Tapered aeration (activated sludge),
666–667
TARP (Tunnel and Reservoir Plan), 550
TBOD (Total BOD), 718
TC (See Total coliform)
TDS (See Total dissolved solids)
Temperature(s):
and deoxygenation coefficient, 14–15
for nitrification, 778–779
of wastewater, 533
Temperature correction factor:
Arrhenius model for, 474
for gases, 345
in RBC, 722, 788
Ten States Recommended Standards for
Sewage Works, 575
Terminal settling velocity
(sedimentation), 385–388
Tertiary stabilization ponds, 734
Theis method, 198–201
Thermal conditioning (sludge), 827–828
Thiotrix, 663, 717
THMs (See Trihalomethanes)
Thomas method, 59
Time:
of concentration, 554
of travel, 4–5, 183
Time-related capture zones, 183
TOC (See Total organic carbon)
TOD (Total oxygen demand), 10
Toluene (in drinking water), 328
Total BOD (TBOD), 718
Total coliform (TC), 109, 146
Total dissolved solids (TDS, wastewater),
447, 452–456, 534, 579
Total energy head, 256, 284
Total organic carbon (TOC), 10, 156, 427,
499, 500, 535
Total oxygen demand (TOD), 10
Total phosphorus (TP), 154–155
Total solids (TS, wastewater), 534
Total suspended solids (TSS, wastewater),
534, 579
Total volatile solids, 537
Toxic organic compounds, 909–912
TP (See Total phosphorus)
Transmissivity (T) (groundwater),
185–186
Cooper-Jacob method, 201–204
distance-drawdown method, 204–206
in flow nets, 186–187
slug tests, 206–211
Theis method, 198–201
Treatment cost, 87, 126, 168–173
Treatment strategies, 521–525
Treatment technique (TT), 335
Tributaries, dissolved oxygen and,
95–97
Trichloramine, 468
Trickling filter (wastewater treatment),
853–861
design formulas, 698–711
distributor speed, 707–711
Eckenfelder formula, 705–706
Germain formula, 707
NRC formula, 700–705
for plastic media, 705
filter classification, 698
process description, 696–698
recirculation, 698
sludge from, 797
Trihalomethanes (THMs), 337, 339,
492–494
Triple-sludge process (nitrogen removal),
773
Trophic state index (TSI, lakes),
156–159
TS (Total solids), 534
TSI (See Trophic state index)
TSS (See Total suspended solids)
TT (Treatment technique), 335
Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP,
Chicago), 550
Turbidity:
and LT2 rule, 337
maximum contaminant level goal for,
322
and membrane filtration, 449
and microfiltration, 445
Two-film theory (gas transfer),
347–355
Two-resistance layer theory (diffused
aeration), 355–356
Type curve, 199–200
carbonaceous, 34
nitrogenous, 34
Index 941
UBOD (See Ultimate (total) BOD)
Ultimate (total) BOD (UBOD), 18–32
logarithmic formula, 30–32
moment method, 23–29
rapid methods, 32
slope method, 19–23
Ultrafiltration (UF), 445–446, 502–504
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 463, 497, 499,
742, 747
Uncertainty factor, 332–333, 341
Unconfined aquifers, 180–181
Bouwer and Rice slug test for, 208–209
defined, 180
flows in, 195–196
lateral area of influence, 218–219
storativity in, 185–186
volumetric flow equation, 223
well discharge for, 192–193
Underground storage tanks (USTs),
214–216, 521
Uniform coefficient, 393, 419
Uniform flow, 272–273
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE),
174, 175
Unpaved sludge drying beds, 838
Unsteady (nonequilibrium) flows
(groundwater), 198–211
Cooper-Jacob method, 201–204
distance-drawdown method, 204–206
slug tests, 206–211
Theis method, 198–201
Uranium, 330, 519, 520
Urban stormwater management, 549–551
US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA):
atrazine concentration, 342
carcinogen classification scheme of,
333–334
Clean Lakes Program, 137–138, 156
cost-benefit analysis, 335
fluoride standards, 507
iron standards, 435
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule, 335, 337–339
manganese standards, 435
maximum contaminant level goal, 340
Part 503 rule, 841–842, 847
particle removal times, 559
public wells, 183
QUALZE water quality model, 55
and risk assessment/management, 518,
522
Safe Drinking Water Act, 321
US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) (Cont.):
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection
By-products Rule, 335–338
Surface Water Treatment Regulations,
475
uncertainty factor determination,
332–333
wellhead protection programs, 217
wetlands, 862
Use and disposal of sewage sludge
biosolids, 841
USLE (See Universal Soil Loss Equation)
USTs (See Underground storage tanks)
UV radiation (See Ultraviolet radiation)
Vacuum filtration (sludge dewatering),
828–830
Vacuum-assisted sludge drying beds,
838
Van der Waals force, 372
Vapor pressure, 135, 212, 216, 465
Vegetated submerged bed (VSB) systems,
863, 864, 876–884
Velocity (flow):
in open channel, 291
in pipes, 291–292
self-cleansing, 281–284
Velocity coefficient of nozzle, 365
Velocity head, 237–238
Velz reaeration curve, 87–92
Venturi meter, 292–294
Vinyl chloride (in drinking water), 330,
524
VIP process, 768
Viruses:
in biosolids, 842–844
in drinking water, 322
enteric, 742, 842–844
filtration of, 393
inactivation of, 475–485, 489–491
(See also CT values)
secondary treatment for, 578
sources of, 108–109
ultrafiltration of, 445, 446
in wastewater, 541
Viscosity:
absolute, 231–232
kinematic, 233
of water, 231–234
VLMP (See Volunteer lake monitoring
program)
VOCs (Volatile organic compounds), 212
942 Index
Void ratio, 184, 698
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
212
Volatile solids (wastewater), 535
Volatile suspended solids, 140, 535–537,
623, 775, 820
Volatilization factor, 849
Volume development ratio, 128–129
Volume of lake, 127
Volumetric flow equations, 219–223
Volunteer lake monitoring program
(VLMP), 139
VSB systems (See Vegetated submerged
bed systems)
WAS (See Waste activated sludge)
Washwater troughs (water supply),
401–403
Waste activated sludge (WAS), 653, 657
Wastewater, 531–884
biological characteristics of, 541–542
BOD analysis of, 10–13
chemical constituents of, 537–541
defined, 533
design flow rates, 547–548
effluent standards for, 79
and oxygen resources of streams,
52–53
pathogens from, 108–109
physical properties of, 533–537
precipitation and runoff, 551–553
quantity of, 545–548
sewer construction, 572–574
sewer hydraulics, 562
sewer systems, 542–543, 562–568
storm drainage system design, 551
stormwater quality, 556–562
and ultrafiltration, 446
urban stormwater management,
549–551
Wastewater lagoons (See Facultative
stabilization ponds)
Wastewater treatment:
activated-sludge process, 621–696
aeration and mixing systems,
681–683
aeration periods and BOD loadings,
623
biochemical reactions, 626
food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio,
623–626
mathematical modeling of, 627–649
modified processes, 663–681
Wastewater treatment, activated-sludge
process (Cont.):
operation and control of, 649–663
process design concepts, 626–627
advanced, 578–579, 752–796
nitrogen control, 772–773
phosphorus removal, 753–770, 772
suspended solids removal, 753
comminutors, 586
compliance standards, 580–581
dual biological treatment, 726
effluent disinfection, 742–752
chlorine dosage, 743–746
dechlorination, 746–747
process design, 747–752
flow equalization, 588–591
grit chamber, 586–588
preliminary, 575–576
primary (physical), 576–577
primary sedimentation tanks,
607–617
circular basin design, 614–617
rectangular basin design, 612–614
pumping stations, 568–572
rotating biological contactor,
711–726
advantages/disadvantages of, 717
hardware, 712–713
process description, 713–716
RBC process design, 718–726
soluble BOD
5
, 718
screening devices, 581–586
secondary clarifier, 735–742
secondary (biological) systems, 578,
617–621
sedimentation, 592–607
compression settling (type 4),
606–607
discrete particle sedimentation
(type 1), 592–593
flocculant settling (type 2),
600–602
hindered sedimentation (type 3),
602–606
scour, 593–595
sedimentation tank (basin)
configuration, 595–600
sludge treatment and disposal,
796–861
quantity/characteristics of sludge,
796–801
regulatory requirements,
841–861
Index 943
Wastewater treatment, sludge treatment
and disposa (Cont.):
sewage sludge biosolids, 841
sludge conditioning, 827–828
sludge dewatering, 828–840
sludge stabilization, 812–827
sludge thickening, 802–812
treatment alternatives, 801
use and disposal of sewage sludge
biosolids, 841
stabilization ponds, 726–734
aerobic, 734–735
anaerobic, 735
facultative, 727–735
systems for, 560–562
tertiary (combination), 578–579
trickling filter, 696–711
design formulas, 698–711
filter classification, 698
process description, 696–698
recirculation, 698
and wetlands, 861–884
Water:
clarity, Secchi disc transparency for,
153–154
drinking (See Drinking water)
fluoridation of, 506–513
groundwater (See Groundwater)
physical properties of, 233
public water supply (See Public water
supply)
viscosity of, 231–234
Water budget method (lake evaporation),
132
Water flow:
in open channels, 272–291
Che’zy equation for uniform flow,
272–273
critical depth, 285–287
hydraulic jump, 287–290
Manning equation for uniform flow,
273–276
partially filled conduit, 276–281
self-cleansing velocity, 281–284
specific energy, 284–285
in pipes, 236–264
distribution networks,
258–264
dividing-flow manifolds, 265
fluid pressure, 236
head, 237–253
multiport diffusers, 265
Water flow, in pipes (Cont.):
pipeline systems, 254–258
sludge flow, 265
Water flux, 451–452
Water hardness:
classification for, 404
lime-soda softening for, 404–411
pellet softening for, 411–417
Water hyacinth, 862–863
Water quality:
Clean Lakes Program, 137–176
federal drinking water standards,
321–342
lakes and reservoirs, 130–131,
146–156
Water quality models, 55–56, 130–131
Water requirements, 315–321
fire demand, 315–320
leakage test, 320–321
Water softening, 404–417
lime-soda, 404–411
pellet, 411–417
Water table, 180
Water temperature:
and dissolved oxygen, 5–9
in lakes and reservoirs, 148–150
Water treatment processes, 342–343
and disinfection, 491
Watershed management:
for drinking water quality, 321
source water protection, 495, 496
Watershed protection approach (WPA),
146
Wedge-wire (wedgewater) sludge drying
beds, 838–839
Wehner-Wilhelm equation, 732–734
Weight (W), specific, 228–229
Weir coefficients, 94–95
Weir loading, 388, 390, 608–617
Weirs, 297–302
Well function of u (W(u)), 198–201
“Wellhead Protection Program,” 496
Wells, 183–184, 195
Wells, interceptor, 521
Wetlands, 861–884
aquatic plant systems in, 862–863
constructed, 863–884
environmental/health considerations,
864–866
free water surface wetlands, 866–876
vegetated submerged bed systems,
876–884
944 Index