Lin S.D. Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual
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Dialysis:
definition of, 445
Dichloramine, 468–471
Diffused aeration:
activated-sludge process, 683–688
public water supply, 355–357
Diffusion:
groundwater contamination, 213–214
Diffusion coefficient, 88, 213–214
Digesters (sludge):
aerobic, 820–826
anaerobic, 812–815
egg-shaped, 820
gas production in, 815–820
Dioxin (in drinking water), 328
Direct measurement method (lateral
radius of influence), 221
Discharge:
defined, 180
of orifices, 296–297
of streams and rivers, 3–4
Discharge measurements:
of orifices, 296–297
of Parshall flumes, 302–305
of water flow in pipes, 292–296
for weirs, 297–302
Discrete particle sedimentation, 592–593
Disinfection:
federal regulation of, 323, 335–339
public water supply, 463–491
chlorination, 464–473
CT values, 475–491
disinfection by-products, 491–506
disinfection kinetics, 474–475
federal regulation of, 322, 323,
335–338
kinetics of, 474–475
ozonation, 473–474
wastewater effluent, 742–752
chlorine dosage, 743–746
dechlorination, 746–747
process design, 747–752
Disinfection by-products (DBPs), 491–506
alternative disinfectants, 497–499
biofilms, 504–505
and cost of control, 505, 506
enhanced coagulation, 499–500, 505
federal regulation of, 323, 335, 337–339
filtration, 500–503
pathogen control, 493–506
small systems, 503–504
water disinfection, 491–493
Dispersion (groundwater), 213–214
Dissimilatory denitrification, 791
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge
thickening, 805–807
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 497, 500
Dissolved oxygen (DO):
in activated sludge aeration, 681–682
availability, 9
in lakes and reservoirs, 148–150
and nitrification, 780
oxygen deficiencies, 6
oxygen sag constant, 43–45
oxygen sag curve
Churchill-Buckingham method,
59–62
determination of k
r
, 62–63
natural self-purification in streams,
55–76
simplified computations, 77–78
Thomas method, 58–59
and photosynthesis/respiration, 54–55
saturation, 7–9
SOD portion of, 78–79
SOD vs., 51–52
stream DO model, 92–106
DO used, 98
influence of dams, 92–95
influence of tributaries, 95–97
steps of pragmatic approach, 99–106
Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag formula,
13–14
and water temperature, 5–9
Dissolved oxygen availability, 9
Dissolved oxygen saturation (DO
sat
), 7–9
Dissolved oxygen used (DO
used
, DO
u
),
87, 98
Dissolved phosphorus (DP), 154–155
Distance-drawdown method (unsteady
flows), 204–206
Distribution networks (water), 258–264
Distributor speed, 707–711
Diversity index, Shannon-Weiner,
107–108
Dividing-flow manifolds, 265
DO (See Dissolved oxygen)
DOC (See Dissolved organic carbon)
DO
sat
(See Dissolved oxygen saturation)
Dose-response model for carcinogenesis,
515, 517
Dosing pumps (NaOH), 415–416
DO
used
(See Dissolved oxygen used)
DP (See Dissolved phosphorus)
Drag force, 380–381, 385–386
Drainage systems, stormwater, 550–551
Index 925
Drawdown:
Cooper-Jacob method, 201–204
defined, 182–183
distance-drawdown method, 204–206
groundwater, 181, 182–183
Theis method, 198–201
Drinking water:
alternate disinfectants for, 497–499
atrazine in, 341–342
carcinogens in, 321, 323, 327–330
compliance standards for, 321–331,
340–341
contaminants in, 322, 340–341
federal drinking water standards,
321–332
fluoridation of, 506–513
health risks of, 513–525
inorganic chemicals in, 323–326
lake use assessment, 163
maximum contaminant level goal,
332–335
maximum contamination level, 335
nitrates in, 426–427
organic chemicals in, 326–330
radionuclides in, 330, 519–520
Safe Drinking Water Act, 217, 321,
332–336
source water protection, 495–497
standards for, 340–341
tables for contaminant levels in,
322–332
updated rules for, 2006, 335–339
Drinking water equivalent level (DWEL),
333, 334, 341
Dual biological treatment processes
(wastewater), 726
Dual-sludge process (nitrogen removal),
773
Duckweed, 862–863
Duolit A-140, 427
Dupuit equation, 195–196
DWEL (See Drinking water equivalent
level)
Eckenfelder formula (trickling filters),
705–706
EDR (Electrodialysis reversal), 449
Effective detention time, 477
Effective size, 393–394, 419, 439
Effluent:
microorganism and substrate
concentrations, 630–632
wastewater standards, 79
Effluent disinfection (wastewater),
742–752
chlorine dosage, 743–746
dechlorination, 746–747
process design, 747–752
Egg-shaped digesters (sludge
stabilization), 820
Electric circuit rider concept, 503
Electrodialysis reversal (EDR), 449
Elevation head, 239
Eligibility for financial assistance, 138
Elutriation, 828
Empirical formulas, 45–46
Empty-bed contact time, 442
Endogenous decay coefficient, 630
Endogenous respiration, 626
Energy budget coefficient, 134
Energy budget method (lake evaporation),
132–134
Energy production or respiration
equation, 626
Energy transformations (See
Thermodynamics)
Enhanced coagulation, 499–500, 505
Enteric viruses, 742, 844
EPA (See US Environmental Protection
Agency)
EPS (Extracellular polysaccharides),
504
Equilibrium:
solubility, 368–371
Equilibrium constant (K
eq
), 369–370
Equivalent bar diagram, 406
Equivalent pipes method (distribution
networks), 260–264
Equivalent roughness, 242
Equivalent weight, 405–406, 422–424
Escherichia coli, 109, 322, 337–339, 499,
714
Estimation of runoff, 555–556
Euglenoids, 155
Eutrophic lakes, 157
Eutrophication, 125–126, 156, 752
Evaporation, 131–137
Extended aeration (activated sludge),
669–670
Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), 504
Facultative stabilization ponds,
727–735
FC (See Fecal coliform)
Feasibility study, 142–143
Fecal coliform (FC), 109, 147
926 Index
Fecal Streptococcus:
in lake analysis, 142, 147
as pollution indicator, 109
in wastewater, 542
Federal drinking water standards,
321–332
additional rules for, 340
and disinfection by-products, 506
maximum contaminant level goal,
332–335
maximum contamination level, 335
Safe Drinking Water Act, 321, 332–336
tables for contaminant levels, 322–332
updated rules for, 2006, 335–339
Ferric chloride, 372–373, 754–755,
758, 827
Fick’s law, 213
Field measurement of permeability,
192–195
Filter press, 830–836
Filter yield, 829, 834–836
Filtration:
AWT systems, 752
granular, 216
backwash, 394–395
efficiency, 403
head loss, 396–401
medium size, 396
public water supply, 392–403
disinfection, 500–503
hydraulics of filter, 396–401
membrane, 444, 445
mixed media, 395
size of filter medium, 394–395
washwater troughs, 403
Final report of diagnostic/feasibility
study, 143–145
Fine screen, 585–586
Fire demand of water, 315–320
Fire flow tests, 319–320
Fish:
consumption of, 146, 160–161, 164–165
5-days BOD (BOD
5
):
for activated sludge, 627
soluble (RBCs), 718
for stormwater, 544
for wastewater, 539–540, 578,
649–651
Five-stage Bardenpho process, 768
Fixed solids (wastewater), 535
Flavobacterium, 621, 727
Flocculant settling, 600–602
Flocculation, 380–384
Flow(s):
Darcy’s law for, 186–191
for fire fighting, 315–320
of groundwater, 187–188
measurement of, 291–305
discharge for weirs, 297–302
discharge of orifices, 296–297
discharge of water flow in pipes,
292–296
Parshall flume, 302–305
velocity in open channel, 291
velocity in pipe flow, 291–292
in open channels, 272–291
Che’zy equation for uniform flow,
272–273
critical depth, 285–287
hydraulic jump, 287–290
Manning equation for uniform flow,
273–276
partially filled conduit, 276–281
self-cleansing velocity, 281–284
specific energy, 284–285
in pipes, 236–264
distribution networks, 258–264
fluid pressure, 236
head, 237–253
multiport diffusers, 265
pipeline systems, 254–258
sludge flow, 265
uniform:
Che’zy equation for, 272–273
Manning equation for, 273–276
unsteady (groundwater), 198–211
Cooper-Jacob method, 201–204
distance-drawdown method, 204–206
slug tests, 206–210
Theis method, 198–201
Flow equalization (wastewater), 588–591
Flow measurement, 291–305
discharge
of orifices, 296–297
of water flow in pipes, 292–296
for weirs, 297–302
Parshall flume, 302–305
velocity
in open channel, 291
in pipe flow, 291–292
Flow nets (groundwater), 186–187
Flow rate:
streams and rivers, 3–4
wastewater, 547–548
Flow spacers, 449
Fluid pressure (in pipes), 236
Index 927
Fluid properties:
mass, 228
perfect gas, 234–235
pressure, 229–231
specific weight, 228–229
viscosity of water, 231–234
weight, 228–229
Fluoridation (water), 506–513
Fluoride (in drinking water), 325, 559
Fluoride chemical, 507–508
Fluoride dosage, 511–513
Fluoride feed rate, 510–511
Fluoride optimum concentration, 506–509
Food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio
(activated sludge), 623–626
Formulation for plastic media, 705
Francis equation (f ), 300–301
Free available chlorine, 464–468
Free chlorine disinfectants, 488–490
Free residual chlorine, 468
Free water surface (FWS) wetlands, 863,
864, 866–876
design considerations, 868–876
hydrology, 866–868
Freundlich adsorption isotherm
constants, 909–912
Freundlich isotherm equation, 440–441
Friction head:
Darcy-Weisback equation, 241–242,
251–252
Hazen-Williams equation, 245–247,
251–252
Manning equation, 248–253
Froude number (F), 287–290
Fundamental and treatment plant
hydraulics (See Hydraulics)
Funds, types of (CLP), 138
Fusarium, 714
FWS wetlands (See Free water surface
wetlands)
GAC, 441, 442, 501, 502
Gage pressure (See Gauge pressure)
Galileo number, 400
Gas constant (apparent gas constant),
234–235, 344, 451, 687
Gas production (sludge digesters),
815–820
Gas transfer (public water supply),
347–355
by diffused aeration, 355–357
two-film theory of, 347–355
types of models for, 347–348
Gases:
solubility of, 343–344
(See also Ideal gases)
Gauge (gage) pressure (psig), 230
at pump discharge, 265
at pump suction, 265
Germain formula (trickling filters), 707
Giardia lamblia:
and disinfection, 339, 492, 499, 500
in drinking water, 322
filtering, 393, 445
inactivation of, 477–491
microfiltration of, 445
(See also CT values)
Glucose, 816
GLUMRB (Ten States Recommended
Standards for Sewage Works), 575
Glycocalyx, 504
Graphical method (BOD), 32
Gravitational acceleration (g), 228–229,
237
and belt thickening, 811–812
and centrifuge sludge thickening,
807–811
and discharge measurement, 298
and head loss through racks,
582–585
and nozzle transfer, 365–366
and pipe flow velocity, 291
and pump performance, 265
and self-cleansing velocity, 282
and settling velocity, 385
thickening, 807–811
through fine screens, 585–586
Gravity belt sludge thickening,
811–812
Gravity sludge thickening, 802–805
Grit chamber, 586–588
Groundwater, 180–223
anisotropic aquifers, 197–198
contamination, 180–181, 211–214
defined, 180
hydrogeologic parameters, 184–195
aquifer porosity, 184–185
Darcy’s law, 186–191
flow nets, 186–187
permeability, 191–195
specific capacity, 195
storativity, 185
transmissivity, 185–186
quality of, 342–343
setback zones, 217–218
source water management, 495–496
928 Index
Groundwater (Cont.):
steady flows in aquifers, 195–196
unsteady (nonequilibrium) flows,
198–211
Cooper-Jacob method, 201–204
distance-drawdown method, 204–206
slug tests, 206–211
Theis method, 198–201
wells, 183–184
zones of influence and capture,
183–184
Groundwater table, 180
Growth rate:
of algae, 55–56
of bacteria, 619–621, 630–632, 657,
776–784, 793–794, 812–813,
854–855
of populations, 311–313
of power costs, 271
Half velocity constant (k
s
), 621, 631,
776–778
Haloacetic acids (HAAs), 337, 339,
491–494
Hardness classification (water), 404
Hardy-Cross method (distribution
networks), 264
Hatfield process (activated sludge), 673
Hazen-Williams equation, 245–247,
251–252
Head:
in pipes, 237–253
Bernoulli equation, 240
elevation head, 239
friction head, 241–253
pressure head, 238–239
velocity head, 237–239
in pumps, 265
Head loss (water filtration):
for fixed bed flow, 396–399
for fluidized bed, 399–401
Health risks (in drinking water),
513–525
assessment of, 515–520
management of, 520–525
potential of, 514–515
HEC-5Q model (lakes/reservoirs), 131
Helminth ova, 844
Henry’s law, 343–347
High rate aeration (activated sludge), 671
High-purity oxygen system (activated
sludge), 674–677
High-rate aerobic ponds, 734
Hindered (zone) sedimentation,
602–606
Horsepower:
loss of, 290–291
for mixing, 379
of pumps, 267
HRT (See Hydraulic retention time)
Hurricane Hazel, 549
Hvorslev slug test, 206–210
Hydraulic conductivity (K):
Bouwer and Rice slug test, 208–211
defined, 190
Hvorslev slug test, 206–210
isotropic vs. anisotropic, 197
permeability vs., 189–190
and transmissivity, 185–186
Hydraulic elements graphs for circular
sewers, 251, 283
Hydraulic jump (open channel water
flow), 287–290
Hydraulic radius, 258–259, 262,
277, 392
and average velocity, 272
for circular pie, 258
and self-cleansing velocity, 282
Hydraulic retention time (HRT, activated
sludge), 626–627
Hydraulics, 227–305
flow measurements, 291–305
discharge for weirs, 297–302
discharge of orifices, 296–297
discharge of water flow in pipes,
292–296
Parshall flume, 302–305
velocity in open channel, 291
velocity in pipe flow, 291–292
mass, 228
perfect gas, 234–235
pressure, 229–231
pumps, 265–272
specific weight, 228–229
viscosity of water, 231–234
water flow in open channels,
272–291
Che’zy equation for uniform flow,
272–273
critical depth, 285–287
hydraulic jump, 287–290
Manning equation for uniform flow,
273–276
partially filled conduit, 276–281
self-cleansing velocity, 281–284
specific energy, 284–285
Index 929
Hydraulics (Cont.):
water flow in pipes, 236–264
distribution networks, 258–264
dividing-flow manifolds, 265
fluid pressure, 236
head, 237–253
multiport diffusers, 265
pipeline systems, 254–258
sludge flow, 265
of water supply filters, 396–401
weight, 228–229
Hydraulics of filter, 396–401
Hydrochloric acid, 464–465
Hydrofluosilicic acid, 507, 508
Hydrologic budget (lakes), 168–171
Hypereutrophic lakes, 157
Hyperfiltration, 444
Hypochlorous acid, 465
Ideal gas constant, 451
Ideal gas law, 361–362
Ideal gases, 236, 347
IDSE (See Initial Distribution System
Evaluation)
IEPA (See Macroinvertebrate tolerance
list)
IESWTR (See Interim Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule)
Immiscible substances, 216
Impoundment impairments (lakes),
125–126
Inactivation capability of water plants
(See CT values)
Inactivation ratio, 479–481
Inclined settlers, 390–392
Indicator bacteria:
in lakes and reservoirs, 147–148
in streams and rivers, 108–120
density calculations, 109–120
die-off rate, 117–118
membrane filter method, 114–117
MPN method, 109–117
standards for, 117–118
in wastewater, 541–542
Infiltration, 533, 542–551
Influence:
of a dam, 92–95
of a tributary, 95–97
Initial Distribution System Evaluation
(IDSE), 336, 337
Initial DO at beginning of a reach, 11, 13,
75, 89–91
In-lake monitoring, 146–156
Inlets, 562–564
Inorganic chemicals (drinking water),
323–326
Inorganic material (wastewater), 537
Intensity of pressure, 236 (See also
Pressure)
Interceptor wells, 521
Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule (IESWTR), 336, 476
Inverted siphons, 565–568
Ion exchange (water supply), 417–434,
521
leakage, 425–426
nitrate removal, 426–434
Iron removal (water supply), 435–440
Isotropic aquifers, 197
Isotropic turbulence, 45
Jar test, 375–377
Kinematic viscosity, 233
Kinetic energy, 237, 284
Kinetics:
of denitrification, 793–794
of nitrification, 775–786
Kirschmer equation, 582–583
Kozeny equation, 396
Kraus (activated sludge), 673–674
Laboratory measurement of permeability,
189–190
Lagoons (See Stabilization ponds)
LAI (See Lateral area of influence)
Lake budgets, 168–173
Lake evaporation nomograph, 134
Lake use support analysis, 158–168
Lake water quality assessment (LWQA),
140
Lakes and reservoirs, 125–176
Clean Lakes Program, 137–176
evaporation, 131–137
impoundment impairments, 125–126
morphometric data, 126–130
new construction of, 130–131
water quality models, 130–131
Land application (sludge), 845–861
and agronomic rate, 845–846
annual biosolids application rate on
agricultural land, 847
annual whole sludge application rate,
846–847
nitrogen-based calculation, 847–851
phosphorus-based calculation, 851–852
930 Index
Land application (sludge) (Cont.):
pollutant limitation-based calculation,
852–853
site evaluation and selection, 847
supplemental potassium (K) fertilizer,
853–861
Langbein and Durum equation, 46
Langmuir adsorption model, 441
Lateral area of influence (LAI,
groundwater), 218–219
Lateral radius of influence (LRI,
groundwater), 219–222
Lawrence and McCarty design equations,
627
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, 447
Lead:
in biosolids, 846, 853
in drinking water, 325
in runoff, 557
in water, 323
Lead pipe, 246
Leakage (ion exchange), 425–426
Leakage in sewer, 542–543, 564
Leakage test (water supply piping),
320–321
Leaking storage tank, 521
Least-squares method, 19
Legionella, 322, 476, 492
Leucothrix, 663
Lime:
in activated sludge process, 663
for phosphorus removal, 754–755,
760–766
sludge, lime, 798, 839
for sludge stabilization, 826
for softening water, 342, 368,
372–373, 389, 404–411, 426,
460–461, 521
for wastewater stabilization, 812,
826–830
Lime sludge stabilization, 826
Loading rate:
annual pollutant loading rate for
biosolids, 846
areal (stabilization ponds),
728–731
of nitrification, 778
sludge, 831, 837
solids, 606, 740–741, 802, 806–807, 814,
821–828, 840
street and road runoff, 559–560
surface (overflow), 388–392, 596, 753
Loads:
on sewer lines, 572–574
for buried sewers, 572–574
for trench condition, 573–574
LOAFL (See Lowest-observed-adverse-
effect level)
Logistic curve method (water supply
population estimates), 313–314
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule, 335, 337–339
Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
(LOAFL), 332, 333
LRI (See Lateral radius of influence)
LT2 rule (See Long Term 2 Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rule)
Ludzack-Ettinger process (nitrogen
removal), 770
LWQA (Lake water quality assessment),
140
Macroinvertebrate biotic index (MBI),
119–120
Macroinvertebrate tolerance list (IEPA),
893–898
Macrophytes:
in lake use support analysis, 158–167
in lakes and reservoirs, 141–142, 147,
154
in streams and rivers, 6, 54
Magnesium carbonate hardness,
409, 410
Manganese removal (water supply),
435–440
Manganese zeolite process, 438
Manholes, 564–565
Manning equation, 248–263, 273–276
Manufacturers’ empirical design approach
(RBCs), 719–726
Maps, lake, 126–127
Marston’s equation, 572–573
Mass (apparent mass) (m), 228
Mass balance:
aeration tank, 654–656
microorganism and substrate,
629–631
secondary clarifier, 657
Mass transfer equation, 213–214
Mass transfer rate, 349–350, 355–356,
454–455
Mass-volume relation (slurry), 799–800
Mattee-Muller model, 355
Maximum contaminant level (MCL,
water), 335, 497, 507
Index 931
Maximum contaminant level goal
(MCLG, water):
for carcinogens, 321
for Category I contaminants, 332, 334
for Category II contaminants, 332, 334
for Category III contaminants, 332,
334–335
compliance with standards for, 340–341
development of, 332–335
for disinfectants/disinfectant
by-products, 494
federal standards (table), 322–331
for radionuclides, 519–520
Maximum daily flow rate, 316, 420–430
Maximum hourly flow rate, 548, 726
Maximum rate for substrate utilization,
629–630
Maximum specific growth rate, 621, 630,
776–777
Maximum yield coefficient, 630
MBI (See Macroinvertebrate biotic index)
MCL (See Maximum contaminant level)
MCLG (See Maximum contaminant level
goal)
Mean cell residence time, 629–631,
657–658, 661, 816
Mean depth:
of lake, 127–129, 195
of stream/river, 3, 73
Mean velocity gradient (G), 378–383
Mechanically aerated systems (activated
sludge), 688–690
Membrane(s):
and disinfection by-products, 502–503
filter method, 114–117
processes, 444–458
description and operations of,
445–449
design considerations for, 449–450
and membrane performance, 450–458
silt density index, 458
treatment strategies, 521
Mercury, 325, 846, 853
Mesotrophic lakes, 157
Metals:
in anaerobic digesters, 813
groundwater contamination by, 212
and ion exchange, 418
in land-applied biosolids, 845, 852,
855, 858
screening of, 581
in sludge, 798
in stormwater, 557
Metals (Cont.):
in wastewater, 537
in water samples, 140, 142
(See also specific metals)
Methane-forming bacteria, 813
Methanes, 345, 729
from anaerobic degradation, 213
in drinking water, 323, 327, 471
in wastewater, 537, 727, 734–735, 813,
816–818
Method of equivalent pipes, 260–261
Methods for lateral radius of influence,
219–222
MF (See Microfiltration)
Microbial contaminants (drinking water):
federal regulation of, 321, 322, 336–339
and membrane filtration, 449
and source water protection, 495, 496
Micrococcus, 791
Microfiltration (MF), 445, 446, 502–504
Microorganism and substrate mass
balance, 629–631
Microthrix parvicella, 663
Mineralization factor (K
min
), 848–849
Minimum daily flow (wastewater), 548
Minimum hourly flow (wastewater), 548
Miscible substances, 216
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS):
composition of, 622
MLSS settling test, 642–648
MLVSS vs., 623
Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
(MLVSS), 622, 623
Mixed media filtration, 395
Mixing:
public water supply coagulation,
377–380
(See also Aeration)
MLSS (See Mixed liquor suspended
solids)
MLSS settling test, 642–648
MLVSS (See Mixed liquor volatile
suspended solids)
Modified activated sludge processes,
663–681
biological nitrification, 681
complete-mix process, 554
contact stabilization, 671–672
deep shaft reactor, 679–680
extended aeration, 669–670
Hatfield process, 673
high rate aeration, 671
high-purity oxygen system, 674–677
932 Index
Modified activated sludge processes (Cont.):
Kraus process, 673–674
oxidation ditch, 677–679
sequencing batch reactor, 674
short-term aeration, 671
step aeration, 667–668
tapered aeration, 666–667
Modified Ludzack-Ettinger process
(nitrogen removal), 770
Modified wetlands, 863
Moisture content (sludge), 800–801, 826,
840
Molar density of water, 346
Molybdenum, 846, 852, 853
Moment method, 19, 23–29
Monochloramine, 468–471
Monod model of population dynamics, 776
Moody diagram, 242, 243, 252, 684
Most probable number (MPN) method
(coliform density), 109–117
MPN method (See Most probable number
method)
Multiport diffusers, 265
Multistage model for carcinogenesis,
517–519
Nanofiltration (NF), 446–447, 502, 503,
505
Nanotubes, 447
National Drinking Water Contaminant
Candidate List (CCL), 332
National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES), 459, 580–581, 842
National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWRs), 321–331,
494
National Research Council (NRC)
trickling-filter formula, 700–705
National Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations, 321, 332
National Urban Runoff Program (NURP),
556–557
Natural self-purification in streams,
55–76
apportionment of stream users, 79–86
critical point on oxygen sag curve,
64–76
determination of k
r
, 62–63
oxygen sag curve, 55–62
simplified oxygen sag computations,
77–78
Natural wetlands, 862
NBOD (See Nitrogenous BOD)
Net waste activated-sludge (P
x
), 633
Newton (N), 228
Newton’s viscosity law, 231
NF (See Nanofiltration)
Nickel, 846, 853, 906
Nitrate:
drinking water standards for, 325
removal in water supply, 426–434
Nitrate effect on kinetics of nitrification,
793–794
Nitrification:
biological, 681, 773–775
combined carbon oxidation-nitrification
in attached growth reactors,
786–791
kinetics of, 775–786
loading rate of, 778
and organic loading rate, 778
OWASA process, 766
and pH, 779–780
with rotating biological contactor,
786–791
temperatures for, 778–779
Nitrifying biofilm properties, 775
Nitrobacter, 774–775
Nitrogen:
biosolids application calculation
based on, 847–851
in wastewater, 537
Nitrogen control (AWT), 772–796
advanced processes for, 772–773
biological nitrification, 773–775
combined carbon oxidation-nitrification
in attached growth reactors,
786–791
conventional processes for, 772
denitrification, 791–796
environmental effects of nitrogen
compounds, 772
kinetics
of denitrification, 793–794
of nitrification, 775–786
nitrifying biofilm properties, 775
Nitrogenous BOD (NBOD), 10, 16, 74–75,
98
Nitrosomonas, 775–780
NOAEL (See No-observed-adverse-effect-
level)
Nodal method (distribution networks), 264
Nomograph:
for Hazen-William formula, 247
for Manning formula, 250
Nonequilibrium flows (See Unsteady flows)
Index 933
Nonisotropic turbulence, 45
Nonvolatile suspended solids, 165
No-observed-adverse-effect-level
(NOAEL), 332, 333, 341
Nozzle coefficient (C
v
), 294–296
Nozzle meters, 292, 294
Nozzles:
public water supply aeration, 365–368
NPDES (See National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System)
NPDES permits, 459, 842
NPDWRs (National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations), 494
NRC formula, 700
NRC trickling-filter formula (See
National Research Council trickling-
filter formula)
NTUs (See Number of transfer units)
Nuclear radiation, 519
Number of transfer units (NTUs), 362
NURP (See National Urban Runoff
Program)
Nutrient budget (lakes), 171–173
Nutrient removal, 579, 766–772
OBPs (See Ozonation by-products)
Observed yield (Y
obs
), 631, 639
Ocardia, 663l
O’Connor and Dobbins equation, 46, 74
Oligotrophic lakes, 157
One-hit (one-stage) model for
carcinogenesis, 517
Ontario, 549–550
Open channel water flow, 272–291
Che’zy equation for uniform flow,
272–273
critical depth, 285–287
hydraulic jump, 287–290
Manning equation for uniform flow,
273–276
partially filled conduit, 276–281
self-cleansing velocity, 281–284
specific energy, 284–285
Operation and control of activated sludge,
649–663
aeration tank mass balance, 654–656
return activated sludge, 650–654
secondary clarifier mass balance, 657
sludge age, 657–662
sludge bulking, 662–663
sludge density index, 650
sludge volume index, 649–650
waste activated sludge, 657
Optimum fluoride concentration, 506–507
Organic chemicals (drinking water),
326–330
Organic compounds, Freundlich
adsorption isotherm constants for,
909–912
Organic loading rate:
and biological nitrification, 778
stabilization ponds, 728–731
Organic matter/material:
anaerobic digestion of, 813, 815
and BOD, 10, 14–15, 18–19
critical concentration for, 778
decomposition of, 52–54, 727, 735
and DO saturation, 44–45
in grit chamber, 586
and iron/manganese removal, 435–438
in lakes, 6, 125–126–166, 151–155, 157
metabolism of, 620–622, 682
in sludge, 797, 800, 841, 844–845
stabilization of, 672, 826–827
in streams, 55–56
transfer of, 696
in wastewater, 535–541, 574–579, 626,
633–634, 678, 727
Organic polymers, 827
Organic sludge deposits:
and natural self-purification, 55–76
critical point on oxygen sag curve,
64–76
determination of k
r
, 62–63
oxygen sag curve, 55–62
simplified oxygen sag computations,
77–78
in streams and rivers, 52–54
Orifice discharge, 296–297
Orifice meters, 292, 294
Oscillatoria, 714
Osmosis:
definition of, 445
and membrane processes, 444–449
reverse, 445–449, 453–455, 502–504,
521
Osmotic pressure, 445, 448, 450–458
Overall mass transfer coefficient (K
L
):
in air, 349
in liquid, 349–350, 355–356,
358–359
Overall use of lake, 165
Overflow rate (water supply
sedimentation), 388–390
OWASA nitrification process (phosphorus
removal), 767
934 Index