Lin S.D. Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual

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Appendix

Solubility Product Constants for

Solution at or near Room

Temperature

Substance Formula K

†

Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)

2 ⫻ 10

⫺32

Barium arsenate Ba

(AsO

)

7.7 ⫻ 10

⫺51

Barium carbonate BaCO

8.1 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Barium chromate BaCrO

2.4 ⫻ 10

⫺10

Barium fluoride BaF

1.7 ⫻ 10

⫺6

Barium iodate Ba(IO

)

⭈ 2H

O 1.5 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Barium oxalate BaC

⭈ H

O 2.3 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Barium sulfate BaSO

1.08 ⫻ 10

⫺10

Beryllium hydroxide Be(OH)

7 ⫻ 10

⫺22

Bismuth iodide BiI

8.1 ⫻ 10

⫺19

Bismuth phosphate BiPO

1.3 ⫻ 10

⫺23

Bismuth sulfide Bi

1 ⫻ 10

⫺97

Cadmium arsenate Cd

(AsO

)

2.2 ⫻ 10

⫺33

Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)

5.9 ⫻ 10

⫺15

Cadmium oxalate CdC

⭈ 3H

O 1.5 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Cadmium sulfide CdS 7.8 ⫻ 10

⫺27

Calcium arsenate Ca

(AsO

)

6.8 ⫻ 10

⫺19

Calcium carbonate CaCO

8.7 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Calcium fluoride CaF

4.0 ⫻ 10

⫺11

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)

5.5 ⫻ 10

⫺6

Calcium iodate Ca(IO

)

⭈ 6H

O 6.4 ⫻ 10

⫺7

Calcium oxalate CaC

O 2.6 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Calcium phosphate Ca

(PO

)

2.0 ⫻ 10

⫺29

Calcium sulfate CaSO

1.9 ⫻ 10

⫺4

Cerium(III) hydroxide Ce(OH)

2 ⫻ 10

⫺20

Cerium(III) iodate Ce(IO

)

3.2 ⫻ 10

⫺10

Cerium(III) oxalate Ce

)

⭈ 9H

O3⫻ 10

⫺29

Chromium(II) hydroxide Cr(OH)

1.0 ⫻ 10

⫺17

905

906 Appendix C

Substance Formula K

†

Chromium(III) hydroxide Cr(OH)

6 ⫻ 10

⫺31

Cobalt(II) hydroxide Co(OH)

2 ⫻ 10

⫺16

Cobalt(III) hydroxide Co(OH)

1 ⫻ 10

⫺43

Copper(II) arsenate Cu

(AsO

)

7.6 ⫻ 10

⫺76

Copper(I) bromide CuBr 5.2 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Copper(I) chloride CuCl 1.2 ⫻ 10

⫺6

Copper(I) iodide CuI 5.1 ⫻ 10

⫺12

Copper(II) iodate Cu(IO

)

7.4 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Copper(I) sulfide Cu

S2⫻ 10

⫺47

Copper(II) sulfide CuS 9 ⫻ 10

⫺36

Copper(I) thiocyanate CuSCN 4.8 ⫻ 10

⫺15

Iron(III) arsenate FeAsO

5.7 ⫻ 10

⫺21

Iron(II) carbonate FeCO

3.5 ⫻ 10

⫺11

Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)

8 ⫻ 10

⫺16

Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)

4 ⫻ 10

⫺38

Lead arsenate Pb

(AsO

)

4.1 ⫻ 10

⫺36

Lead bromide PbBr

3.9 ⫻ 10

⫺5

Lead carbonate PbCO

3.3 ⫻ 10

⫺14

Lead chloride PbCl

1.6 ⫻ 10

⫺5

Lead chromate PbCrO

1.8 ⫻ 10

⫺14

Lead fluoride PbF

3.7 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Lead iodate Pb(IO

)

2.6 ⫻ 10

⫺13

Lead iodide PbI

7.1 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Lead oxalate PbC

4.8 ⫻ 10

⫺10

Lead sulfate PbSO

1.6 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Lead sulfide PbS 8 ⫻ 10

⫺28

Magnesium ammonium phosphate MgNH

2.5 ⫻ 10

⫺13

Magnesium arsenate Mg

(AsO

)

2.1 ⫻ 10

⫺20

Magnesium carbonate MgCO

⭈ 3H

O1⫻ 10

⫺5

Magnesium fluoride MgF

6.5 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)

1.2 ⫻ 10

⫺11

Magnesium oxalate MgC

⭈ 2H

O1⫻ 10

⫺8

Manganese(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)

1.9 ⫻ 10

⫺13

Mercury(I) bromide Hg

5.8 ⫻ 10

⫺23

Mercury(I) chloride Hg

1.3 ⫻ 10

⫺18

Mercury(I) iodide Hg

4.5 ⫻ 10

⫺29

Mercury(I) sulfate Hg

7.4 ⫻ 10

⫺7

Mercury(II) sulfide HgS 4 ⫻ 10

⫺53

Mercury(I) thiocyanate Hg

(SCN)

3.0 ⫻ 10

⫺20

Nickel arsenate Ni

(AsO

)

3.1 ⫻ 10

⫺26

Nickel carbonate NiCO

6.6 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)

6.5 ⫻ 10

⫺18

Nickel sulfide NiS 3 ⫻ 1

⫺19

Silver arsenate Ag

AsO

1 ⫻ 10

⫺22

Silver bromate AgBrO

5.77 ⫻ 10

⫺5

Silver bromide AgBr 5.25 ⫻ 10

⫺13

Silver carbonate Ag

8.1 ⫻ 10

⫺12

Silver chloride AgCl 1.78 ⫻ 10

⫺10

Silver chromate Ag

CrO

2.45 ⫻ 10

⫺12

Silver cyanide Ag[Ag(CN)

] 5.0 ⫻ 10

⫺12

Silver iodate AgIO

3.02 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Silver iodide AgI 8.31 ⫻ 10

⫺17

Silver oxalate Ag

3.5 ⫻ 10

⫺11

Solubility Product Constants for Solution at or near Room Temperature 907

Substance Formula K

†

Silver oxide Ag

O 2.6 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Silver phosphate Ag

1.3 ⫻ 10

⫺20

Silver sulfate Ag

1.6 ⫻ 10

⫺5

Silver sulfide Ag

S2⫻ 10

⫺49

Silver thiocyanate AgSCN 1.00 ⫻ 10

⫺12

Strontium carbonate SrCO

1.1 ⫻ 10

⫺10

Strontium chromate SrCrO

3.6 ⫻ 10

⫺5

Strontium fluoride SrF

2.8 ⫻ 10

⫺9

Strontium iodate Sr(IO

)

3.3 ⫻ 10

⫺7

Strontium oxalate SrC

⭈ H

O 1.6 ⫻ 10

⫺7

Strontium sulfate SrSO

3.8 ⫻ 10

⫺7

Thallium(I) bromate TlBrO

8.5 ⫻ 10

⫺5

Thallium(I) bromide TlBr 3.4 ⫻ 10

⫺6

Thallium(I) chloride TlCl 1.7 ⫻ 10

⫺4

Thallium(I) chromate Tl

CrO

9.8 ⫻ 10

⫺13

Thallium(I) iodate TlIO

3.1 ⫻ 10

⫺6

Thallium(I) iodide TIl 6.5 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Thallium(I) sulfide Tl

S5⫻ 10

⫺21

Tin(II) sulfide SnS 1 ⫻ 10

⫺25

Titanium(III) hydroxide Ti(OH)

1 ⫻ 10

⫺40

Zinc arsenate Zn

(AsO

)

1.3 ⫻ 10

⫺28

Zinc carbonate ZnCO

1.4 ⫻ 10

⫺11

Zinc ferrocyanide Zn

Fe(CN)

4.1 ⫻ 10

⫺16

Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)

1.2 ⫻ 10

⫺17

Zinc oxalate ZnC

⭈ 2H

O 2.8 ⫻ 10

⫺8

Zinc phosphate Zn

(PO

)

9.1 ⫻ 10

⫺33

Zinc sulfide ZnS 1 ⫻ 10

⫺21

†

The solubility of many metals is altered by carbonate complexation. Solubility predictions

without consideration for complexation can be highly inaccurate.

SOURCE: Benefield, L. D. and Morgan J. S. 1990. Chemical precipitation. In: AWWA, Water

Quality and Treatment. New York: McGraw-Hill. Reprinted with permission of the McGraw-

Hill Co.

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Appendix

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

Constants for Toxic Organic

Compounds

Compound K(mg/g)(L/mg)

1/n

PCB 14,100 1.03

Bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) 11,300 1.5

Heptachlor 9,320 0.92

Heptachlor epoxide 2,120 0.75

Butylbenzyl phthalate 1,520 1.26

Toxaphene 950 0.74

Endosulfan sulfate 686 0.81

Endrin 666 0.80

Fluoranthene 664 0.61

Aldrin 651 0.92

PCB-1232 630 0.73

b-Endosulfan 615 0.83

Dieldrin 606 0.51

Alachlor 479 0.26

Hexachlorobenzene 450 0.60

Pentachlorophenol 436 0.34

Anthracene 376 0.70

4-Nitrobiphenyl 370 0.27

Fluorene 330 0.28

Styrene 327 0.48

DDT 322 0.50

2-Acetylaminofluorene 318 0.12

a-BHC 303 0.43

Anethole 300 0.42

3,3-Dichlorobenzidine 300 0.20

g-BHC (lindane) 285 0.43

2-Chloronaphthalene 280 0.46

Phenylmercuric acetate 270 0.44

909

910 Appendix D

Compound K(mg/g)(L/mg)

1/n

Carbofuran 266 0.41

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 263 0.38

Hexachlorobutadiene 258 0.45

p -Nonylphenol 250 0.37

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 249 0.24

PCB-1221 242 0.70

DDE 232 0.37

m,-Xylene 230 0.75

Acridine yellow 230 0.12

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) 224 0.51

Benzidine dihydrochloride 220 0.37

b-BHC 220 0.49

n-Butylphthalate 220 0.45

n-Nitrosodiphenylamine 220 0.37

Silvex 215 0.38

Phenanthrene 215 0.44

Dimethylphenylcarbinol 210 0.34

4-Aminobiphenyl 200 0.26

b-Naphthol 200 0.26

p-Xylene 200 0.42

a-Endosulfan 194 0.50

Chlordane 190 0.33

Acenaphthene 190 0.36

4,4⬘-Methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) 190 0.64

Benzo[k]fluoranthene 181 0.57

Acridine orange 180 0.29

a-Naphthol 180 0.32

Ethylbenzene 175 0.53

o-Xylene 174 0.47

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 169 0.27

a-Naphthylamine 160 0.34

2,4-Dichlorophenol 157 0.15

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 157 0.31

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 155 0.40

b-Naphthylamine 150 0.30

2,4-Dinitrotoluene 146 0.31

2,6-Dinitrotoluene 145 0.32

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 144 0.68

p-Nitroaniline 140 0.27

1,1-Diphenylhydrazine 135 0.16

Naphthalene 132 0.42

Aldicarb 132 0.40

l-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 130 0.46

p-Chlorometacresol 124 0.16

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 121 0.47

Benzothiazole 120 0.27

Diphenylamine 120 0.31

Guanine 120 0.40

1,3-Dichlorobenzene 118 0.45

Acenaphthylene 115 0.37

Methoxychlor 115 0.36

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 111 0.26

Diethyl phthalate 110 0.27

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Constants for Toxic Organic Compounds 911

Compound K(mg/g)(L/mg)

1/n

Chlorobenzene 100 0.35

Toluene 100 0.45

2-Nitrophenol 99 0.34

Dimethyl phthalate 97 0.41

Hexachloroethane 97 0.38

2,4-Dimethylphenol 78 0.44

4-Nitrophenol 76 0.25

Acetophenone 74 0.44

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 74 0.81

Adenine 71 0.38

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 69 0.75

Nitrobenzene 68 0.43

2,4-D 67 0.27

3,4-Benzofluoranthene 57 0.37

2-Chlorophenol 51 0.41

Tetrachloroethylene 51 0.56

o-Anisidine 50 0.34

5-Bromouracil 44 0.47

Benzo[a]pyrene 34 0.44

2,4-Dinitrophenol 33 0.61

Isophorone 32 0.39

Trichloroethylene 28 0.62

Thymine 27 0.51

5-Chlorouracil 25 0.58

N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 24 0.26

Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl) ether 24 0.57

1,2-Dibromoethene (EBD) 22 0.46

Phenol 21 0.54

Bromoform 20 0.52

1,2-Dichloropropane 19 0.59

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene 14 0.45

cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene 12 0.59

Carbon tetrachloride 11 0.83

Bis(2-Chloroethyoxy) methane 11 0.65

Uracil 11 0.63

Benzo[g,h,i]perylene 11 0.37

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 11 0.37

1,2-Dichloropropene 8.2 0.46

Dichlorobromomethane 7.9 0.61

Cyclohexanone 6.2 0.75

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 5.8 0.60

Trichlorofluoromethane 5.6 0.24

5-Fluorouracil 5.5 1.0

1,1-Dichloroethylene 4.9 0.54

Dibromochloromethane 4.8 0.34

2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 3.9 0.80

1,2-Dichloroethane 3.6 0.83

Chloroform 2.6 0.73

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2.5 0.34

1,1-Dichloroethane 1.8 0.53

Acrylonitrile 1.4 0.51

Methylene chloride 1.3 1.16

Acrolein 1.2 0.65

Compound K(mg/g)(L/mg)

1/n

Cytosine 1.1 1.6

Benzene 1.0 1.6

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 0.86 1.5

Benzoic acid 0.76 1.8

Chloroethane 0.59 0.95

N-Dimethylnitrosamine 6.8 ⫻ 10

⫺5

6.6

†

The isotherms are for the compounds in distilled water, with different activated carbons.

The values of K and 1/n should be used only as rough estimates of the values that will be

obtained using other types of water and other activated carbon.

SOURCE: Snoeyink, V. L. 1990. Adsorption of organic compounds. In: AWWA, Water Quality

and Treatment. New York: McGraw-Hill. Reprinted with permission of the McGraw-Hill Co.

912 Appendix D

Appendix

Factors for Conversion

U. S. Customary units Multiply by SI or US Customary units

Length

inches (in) 2.540 centimeters (cm)

0.0254 meters (m)

feet (ft) 0.3048 m

12 in

yard (yd) 0.9144 m

3ft

miles 1.609 kilometers (km)

1760 yd

5280 ft

Area

square inch (sq in, in

) 6.452 square centimeters (cm

)

square feet (sq ft, ft

) 0.0929 m

144 in

acre (a) 4047 square meters (m

)

0.4047 hectare (ha)

43,560 ft

0.001562 square miles

square miles (mi

) 2.590 km

640 acres

Volume

cubic feet (ft

) 28.32 liters (L)

0.02832 m

7.48 US gallons (gal)

6.23 Imperial gallons

1728 cubic inches (in

)

cubic yard (yd

) 0.7646 m

gallon (gal) 3.785 L

0.003785 m

4 quarts (qt)

8 pints (pt)

128 fluid ounces (fl oz)

0.1337 ft

913

914 Appendix E

U. S. Customary units Multiply by SI or US Customary units

million gallon (Mgal) 3785 m

quart (qt) 32 fl oz

946 milliliters (mL)

0.946 L

acre-feet (ac ft) 1.233 ⫻ 10

⫺3

cubic hectometers (hm

)

1233 m

1613.3 cubic yard

Weight

pound (lb, #) 453.6 grams (gm or g)

0.4536 kilograms (kg)

7000 grains (gr)

16 ounces (oz)

grain 0.0648 g

ton (short) 2000 lb

0.9072 tonnes (metric tons)

ton (long) 2240 lb

gallons of water (US) 8.34 lb

Imperial gallon 10 lb

Unit weight

of water 62.4 lb

7.48 gallon

pound per cubic foot (lb/ft

) 157.09 newton per cubic meter (N/m

)

16.02 kg force per square meter

(kgf/m

)

0.016 grams per cubic centimeter

(g/cm

)

pound per ton 0.5 kg/metric ton

0.5 mg/kg

Concentration

parts per million (ppm) 1 mg/L

8.34 lb/million gal (lb/Mgal)

grain per gallon (gr/gal) 17.4 mg/L

142.9 lb/mil gal

Time

day 24 hours (h)

1440 minutes (min)

86,400 seconds (s)

hour 60 min

minute 60 s

Slope

feet per mile 0.1894 meter per kilometer

Velocity

feet per second (ft/sec) 720 inches per minute

0.3048 meter per second (m/s)

30.48 cm/s

0.6818 miles per hour (mph)

inches per minute 0.043 cm/s

miles per hour (mi/h) 0.4470 m/s

26.82 m/min

1.609 km/h

knot 0.5144 m/s

1.852 km/h