Лекции - Теоретические основы ценности природных ресурсов

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

Ɋɢɫ

Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɞɨɯɨɞɨɜɦɟɠɞɭɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɟɣ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɫɩɪɨɫɚ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɞɨɯɨɞɚ

ɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɨ

ɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ Ɍɨɝɞɚ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɭ





ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸ

ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɇɟ ɜɞɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ

ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ

ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ

ɜɚɧɢɹɰɟɧɞɨɫɬɢɱɶɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣɬɨɱɤɢ







ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨ

ɞɪɭɝɢɦɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦɪɢɫ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ

ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ

ɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ

ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɵ ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɚɬ

ɪɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ

ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ  ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ

ɦɨɫɬɶɢɦɟɟɬɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɱɬɨ

Ɋ ²

ɷɬɨ ɰɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢ

ɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɣ ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɶɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɬɚɤ







Ɋɢɫ

Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɤɚɤ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɜɵɪɭɱɤɭ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ



 6



 6





² ɷɬɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɨ

ɫɹɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɬ

ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢ ɯɭɞɲɟɝɨ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ Ⱦɚɠɟ ɧɚɢɯɭɞ

ɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɪɟɧɬɭ Ɋɢɫ 

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɇɨ ɛɵ

ɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ

ɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ

ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɬɨ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɛɭɞɟɬɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶɪɟɧɬɭɪɢɫ

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɜɟɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ

ɪɚɧɶɲɟɛɵɜɚɟɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɨɧɨɩɫɨɧɢɹȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭ

ɱɚɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɢɤɬɭɟɬ ɰɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɶ

ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɜɫɜɨɸɩɨɥɶɡɭɱɚɫɬɶɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɜɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫ

ɧɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɛɵɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɈɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹɤɪɢɫ

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɰɟɧɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɟɟ ɭɪɨ

ɜɟɧɶ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ





Ɂɧɚɹ ɱɬɨ ɬɨɜɚɪ







Ɋɢɫ

ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɧɬɵɧɚɤɚɠɞɨɦ

ɢɡɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɦɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ

Ɋ²

ɰɟɧɚɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ,²ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬɞɥɹɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ

ɢɡɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ



²ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɩɟɪɜɨɝɨɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ



4



²

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ



4



²

ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ



4



²

ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ



Ɋɢɫ

Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɫɵɪɶɹɦɨɧɨɩɫɨɧɢɹ

²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɫɩɪɨɫɚ





ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ 3 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ

;

ɬɨɱɤɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟ

ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɰɟɧɟ 3 ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ

ɬɨɜɚɪ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɤ

ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɦɨɧɨɩɫɨɧɢɫɬɨɦ ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ



6





ɝɞɟ



²

ɟɝɨɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɧɬɚ

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɬɟɦɢ ɤɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟ

ɮɬɢ ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɨɛɵɬɨ

ɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɦɨ

ɠɟɬ ɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ

ɩɨɤɭɩɚɟɬ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ

Ɋ

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ

ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚ ɦɨɧɨɩɫɨɧɢɫɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ

ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɰɟɧɭ Ɋ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭ

ɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ

ɧɢɹ

ɪɢɫ



Ɋɢɫ

ȼɵɛɨɪɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɨɧɨɩɫɨɧɢɟɣ



²ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ

=[²

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤɩɪɢɦɨ

ɧɨɩɫɨɧɢɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ

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

ɯɞ

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ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ

05

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ȿɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ

3[=ɯɯ

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ɝɞɟ

Ɋ ɯ ²

ɩɟɪɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

05

ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ

ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣɢɧɵɦɢɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ





ɯɞ

ɯɞɪ

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Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

Ɋ ɯ

ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ

ɧɨɣɩɨɞɤɪɢɜɨɣ

05

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟɦɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ

ɞɯ

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[=[3



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Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ

=[ ²

ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ





ɞɯ

ɯɞ=

 ɢ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ

ɞɯ

[[ɞ=



 +

 ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ

=[

ɫɦ ɪɢɫ  Ɉɩɪɟ

ɞɟɥɢɜ ɏ



ɢ ɡɧɚɹ ɜɢɞ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ

ɦɨɠɟɬɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɬɚɤɭɸɰɟɧɭɊɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɧɟɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɨ

;

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ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨ

ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ

ɜ ɬɨɦ ɤɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɰɟɧ ² ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟ

ɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɰɟɧɵ ɬɨɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩ

ɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɞɨɯɨɞɜɫɜɨɸɩɨɥɶɡɭ

ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɤɨ

ɬɨɪɭɸ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ

ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɟɣ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨ

ɥɨɠɢɦ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ

ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ

ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ



 ȼ ɷɬɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɭɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵɧɚɪɢɫ

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟ

ɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ

ɫɬɜɭɟɬɬɨɱɤɟɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɤɪɢɜɵɯɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɣɨɬɞɚɱɢɁɞɟɫɶ

ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɇɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɚɧ

ɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ





ȿɫɥɢ ɫɤɚɠɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ

;





ɬɨ

ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ 6

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 ɇɚɪɚɫɬɢɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨ





ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ





 ɉɪɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɦɟɧɶɲɟɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɦɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

)Ȝ[  )[

ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦ

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ɩɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ









Ɋɢɫ

ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɫɪɟɞɧɢɯɢɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ

ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ²ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹɥɢɧɢɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ²ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪ

ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ ɇɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ

ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ

ɝɞɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɵ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɪɨɫ

ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚ

ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ

ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɭ





Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ" Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ

ɪɢɫ

ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ





ɝɞɟ

ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɰɟɧɟ





ɇɨ ɩɪɢ

ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ ɋ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ

ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ





ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ

ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɰɟɧɟ





Ʉɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ

;





ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɫ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ

ɫɩɪɨɫɚ Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɸ

ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵ

ɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɏ



 ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡ

ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹɟɝɨɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ

ɗɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɭɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ

ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ

ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɬɢɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ

ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɦ







Ɋɢɫ

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɪɵɧɤɟ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɫɩɪɨɫɚ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɫɪɟɞɧɢɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɞɨɯɨɞɚ



Ɋɢɫ

ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢɜɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ

ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɫɩɪɨɫɚ



²ɤɪɢɜɚɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ





ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ

ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢɪɢɫ

Ɂɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ





ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɟɦɭ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 6



 ȿɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ

ɬɚɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ







ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ



 ɝɞɟ

ɩ ²

ɱɢɫɥɨ

ɧɚɥɨɝɨɩɥɚɬɟɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȼɜɟ

ɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ

ɦɟɪɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɂ ɬɨɱɤɚ ;



ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹɧɚɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɦɟɫɬɟ

ɂɬɚɤ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨ

ɥɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɟɧ

ɬɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮ

ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ

ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɪɚɫ

ɩɨɪɹɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ

ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ

ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɭɱɚ

ɫɬɤɚɡɟɦɥɢɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɬɩ

Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɹɷɬɢɦɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɬɚɤɤɚɤɩɨ

ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɨ ɱɟɦ

ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɧ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧ

ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ȼɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɤɨ

ɧɟɱɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɨɝɞɚ

ɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ

ɨɧ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ Ʉɨɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ

ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚ ɇɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ

ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤɛɨɥɟɟɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ

Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɨɧɚ

ɧɟɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹɞɥɹɧɢɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵɌɟɦɫɚɦɵɦɮɢɪ

ɦɚɦɨɠɟɬɫɨɡɞɚɬɶɞɥɹɫɟɛɹɬɚɤɢɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɨɛɴɟɦɩɪɨɢɡ

ɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬɭɪɨɜɧɹɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬ

ɫɹ ɜɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ

ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɫɭ

ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɡɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɨ

ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɞɨɯɨɞɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ





ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧ

ɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ

ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɰɟɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢ

ɨɧɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ

Ⱦɜɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɵ ɚ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɧɬɨɧɨɫɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ

ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɫɥɭ

ɱɚɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɦɨ

ɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɗɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɞ

ɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɬɚɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ

ɫɚɦɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ

ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨ

ɥɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ

ɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫɬɚ

ɛɢɥɶɧɵ ɋɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɧ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ

Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɵ ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɡ

ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ

ɟɦɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɧɬɵ

ɜɵɜɨɞɵ

ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛ

ɪɚɡɧɵȼ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨɩɨɫɨɛɢɹɦɵɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɦɷɬɨɬɚɧɚ

ɥɢɡɧɨɭɠɟɜɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢɤɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɜɢɞɚɦɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ

Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɚ ɧɟ

ɫɭɦɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ

ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶɨɱɟɧɶɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɧɨɤɪɚɣɧɟɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɌɨɝɞɚ

ɨɞɢɧɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɛɭɞɟɬɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɜɥɚɞɟ

ɥɟɰɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɜɵɫɨɤɢɣɞɨɯɨɞ

Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶɱɬɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ,ɢ ,,²

ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɂɯ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɋɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɚɧɚɥɨ

ɝɢɱɧɨɬɨɦɭɤɚɤɟɫɥɢɛɵɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɧɟɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɧɵɣɜɮɢɡɢɤɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ

ɬɨɤɫɬɚɥɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɢɫɢɥɭɬɨɤɚɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɬɚɤɚɹɠɟɧɟ

ɥɟɩɨɫɬɶɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹɟɫɥɢɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɪɟɧɬɵ,ɢ,,

Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ,, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɞ

ɧɨɦɢɬɨɦɠɟɭɱɚɫɬɤɟɢɩɨɫɭɬɢɞɟɥɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣɷɬɨɝɨ

ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ Ɋɟɧɬɚ , ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɯɭɠɟ

ɢɥɢɥɭɱɲɟɞɪɭɝɨɝɨɢɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɟɧɬɵɧɚɭɪɨɜ

ɧɟɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ





 

Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ

ɪɢɟɣɢɧɟɦɨɠɟɬɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɜɨɬɪɵɜɟɨɬɞɪɭɝɢɯɈɧɚɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬɧɟ

ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɤɬɨɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ

ɪɵɧɨɤɚɜɫɢɥɭɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɩɪɢɪɨɞ

ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɗɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ

ɤɚɤɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɨɬɞɚɱɭɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɡɚɫɱɟɬɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɢɥɢɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ

ɞɨɯɨɞɧɟɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɪɚɜɧɵɦɢɰɟɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɉɪɟ

ɞɟɥɶɧɵɣɞɨɯɨɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɜɵɲɟɱɟɦɰɟɧɚɬɚɤɤɚɤɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɭɸɩɨɪ

ɰɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɡ

ɜɟɫɬɢɩɪɨɫɬɨɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɈɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɜɨɪɹɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɧɬɚɧɚɱɢ

ɧɚɟɬɫɹɬɚɦɝɞɟɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɧɬɚ,,

Ɉɱɟɧɶɜɚɠɧɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɪɚɡɧɢɰɭɦɟɠɞɭɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɧɬɨɣɢɩɪɢ

ɛɵɥɶɸ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɢɞɢɤɬɭɟɬɫɜɨɢɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɧɚɪɵɧɤɟɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɧɚɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɧɚɧɟɦ

ȼɥɚɞɟɥɟɰɠɟɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɭɸɪɟɧɬɭɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ

ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ Ɉɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ

ɧɟɩɨɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɢɡɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɢɛɵɥɢɚɩɨɬɨ

ɦɭɱɬɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɧɟɦɨɠɟɬɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɷɬɨɬɨɛɴɟɦ

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