Лекции - Теоретические основы ценности природных ресурсов

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

Ɋɢɫ

Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɰɟɧ



ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ²²ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ

'²

ɫɩɪɨɫ

05²

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣɞɨɯɨɞ

ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ

ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ



 Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚ ² ɟɞɢ

ɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ

ɰɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ Ɋɵɧɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɨ

ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ  ɰ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɵ  ɢɥɢ  ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ ȼɫɹ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɩɪɨɞɚɧɚɩɨɨɞɧɨɣɢɬɨɣɠɟɰɟɧɟ²ɬɵɫɪɭɛɡɚɰɗɬɨɬɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɞɨɯɨɞɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɪɟɧɬɨɣ

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɞɢɮ

ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɧɬɵ

5

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ





T=35

−=

 

ɝɞɟ





²

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɚɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ L

Ɋ ²

ɰɟɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɧɟɪɚ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɵ



 ² ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶ

ɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ L



²

ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɧɚɭɱɚɫɬɤɟL





 ɈɐȿɇɄȺȾɈɏɈȾɈȼɉɈɌɊȿȻɂɌȿɅə

ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɏɊȿɋɍɊɋɈȼ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɪɚɫ

ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɥɶ

ɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɇɚ ɪɢɫ  ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ

' ²

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ

ɜɨɞɭ

Ɇɋ ²

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ

ɧɢɹɜɨɞɵɜɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɨɛɴɟɦɟ

ɋɚɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ

2<ɚ

ɧɚɨɫɢ

Ɉɏ

ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵɨɛɴɟɦɵɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɜɨɞɵ

Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɭɜɟ

ɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ

Ɇɋ ²

ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ



 Ɉɛɴɟɦ

ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɚɥ ɫ



ɞɨ



 ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ

ɞɨɯɨɞɪɚɜɧɵɣ



ɫɦɪɢɫ

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɦɟ

ɫɬɧɨɝɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɍɱɚɫɬɨɤɡɟɦɥɢ



Ɋɢɫ

Ɋɟɧɬɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɢɪɟɧɬɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ

9²

ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣɨɛɴɟɦɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

Ɋ²

ɰɟɧɚɦ



ɜɨɞɵ



²ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢ

ɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɧɬɚɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɚɹɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦɜɨɞɵ





²ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɪɟɧɬɚ

ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɚɹɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦɦɵɫɱɢɬɚɟɦɱɬɨɜɫɟɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɩɨ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɡɟɦɥɢɭɠɟɭɱɬɟɧɵɧɚɦɢɩɪɢɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɩɪɟ

ɞɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɬɞɚɱɢɡɟɦɥɢ







Ɋɢɫ

ɉɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɞɨɯɨɞɨɜɩɪɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢɡɚɬɪɚɬ

ɩɨɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɧɨ ɢɡɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ

ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɯɭɞɲɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɣ

ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠ

ɧɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɝɨ

ɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɟ ɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ

ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸɪɟɧɬɭ

ɄȺɄɂɁɆȿɊəɌɖȾɂɎɎȿɊȿɇɐɂȺɅɖɇɍɘɊȿɇɌɍ

ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ

ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ Ɉɧ ɩɪɢ

ɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɞɪɭ

ɝɭɸ ² ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɋɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɬɨ ɞɢɮɮɟ





Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ

Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɞɨɯɨɞɵɩɨɤɚɠɞɨɦɭɢɡɧɢɯ

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ

ɰɢɢ

ɂɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ=

ɧɚɟɞɢɧɢɰɭɩɪɨɞɭɤ

ɰɢɢ

ɐɟɧɚ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ



Ɉɛɴɟɦ

ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ



ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ

ɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ

ɞɨɯɨɞɚ

,    

,,    

,,,    

,9    

ɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɇɚ ɫɚ

ɦɨɦ ɠɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨ

ɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɰɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨ

ɞɭɤɰɢɢɤɨɬɨɪɭɸɨɧɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ȼ ɬɚɛɥ  ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬ

ɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ = ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚ

ɬɚɰɢɢ ɐɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ

Ɋ

ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ

T

ɇɚ ɨɫ

ɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ

ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ

ɂɬɚɤ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ,9 ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ

ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ² ɫɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ

Ɉɧɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ

ɢɦɢɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸɢɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɨɛɴɟɦɨɦɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ

ɜɫɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨ

ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ² ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶ

ɧɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɵ ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ





T=35

−=

 

Ɋɚɫɤɪɨɟɦɫɤɨɛɤɢɢɩɨɥɭɱɢɦɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ



T=3T5

−=

 

ɝɞɟ

ɊT



² ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ D





ɤɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ

=

² ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ

ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɧɚɟɞɢɧɢɰɭɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ





ɇɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ





ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ





ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɧ

ɬɵɦɵɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɬɚɤɨɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɨɞɧɚɤɨɞɥɹɞɚɥɶ

ɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɚɧɚ

ɥɢɡɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ² ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤ

ɧɭɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ





ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ

ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɭɸ

ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶ

ɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ

ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɦɟɧɶ

ɲɟɣɨɬɞɚɱɟɣȼɜɟɞɟɦɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ









ɝɞɟ



²ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ

ɧɚ  ɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɜ

 ɝɚ ȿɝɨ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɬɚɤɨɜɚ

ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢɡɟɦɥɢ

      

Ɉɬɞɚɱɚɡɟɦɥɢ



O



       

Ɉɬɞɚɱɚɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ

ɧɨɣɩɨɪɰɢɢɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ

ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯɜɞɚɧɧɵɣ

ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ

      

Ⱦɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧ

ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ" Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ

ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɉɪɟɞ

ɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɨɞɧɚ ɟɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ  ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪ

ɜɨɣ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ȼɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ  ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ ɦɵ ɩɨ

ɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ  ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ

ɰɢɢɧɚɬɵɫɪɭɛɬɟɢɨɧɚɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɪɟɬɶɹ²ɧɚɬɵɫɪɭɛ

ɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ² ɧɚ  ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ

ɧɵɉɹɬɚɹɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɧɚɬɵɫɪɭɛɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɥɢɲɶ

ɨɧɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɚ ɲɟɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɞɶɦɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ  ɢ

ɬɵɫɪɭɛɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹɧɚɩɹɬɨɣɡɚɬɪɚɬɟɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ



ɛɭɞɟɬɬɵɫɪɭɛ

Ɉɬɞɚɱɚ T







   ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɚɹ ɭɱɚɫɬ

ɤɨɦɡɟɦɥɢ



O





²

T 

² ɬɵɫɪɭɛɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦɱɬɨ

ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ D

6

ɝɚ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɨɫ

ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ









6O6O3T5

−=







ȼɧɚɲɟɦɩɪɢɦɟɪɟɪɟɧɬɚɫɨɜɫɟɝɨɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɪɚɜɧɚ

6



 



ɜɵɜɨɞɵ

Ɋɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɗɬɨɬ

ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚ

ɸɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ

ɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ

ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɇɚ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ

ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ² ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɛɟɡɪɚɡ

ɥɢɱɧɨɤɬɨɝɞɟɢɤɚɤɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɷɬɭɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɢɥȿɫɥɢ

ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɰɟɧɟ

ȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵɥɭɱɲɢɯɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɛɨɥɶ

ɲɟɞɨɯɨɞɨɜɱɟɦɜɬɨɪɵɟ





Ƚɥɚɜɚ,,

ɎɈɊɆɕɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə

ȾɂɎɎȿɊȿɇɐɂȺɅɖɇɈɃɊȿɇɌɕ

ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ , ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ

ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢ

ɱɢɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɢ" ɇɚɦ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ

ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɩɨ

ɫɨɛɟɝɨɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ

ȾɂɎɎȿɊȿɇɐɂȺɅɖɇɕȿɁȺɌɊȺɌɕ

ȼɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ

ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ , ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɬɪɚ

ɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɬɨ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɱɬɨ

ɨɧɢɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɦ ɫ ɗɬɢɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɬɨɧɚɨɞɧɢɯ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɭ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ² ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɉɪɢ

ɰɟɧɟɬɵɫɪɭɛɡɚɰɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɛɭɞɭɬɩɹɬɶɩɟɪɜɵɯɭɱɚɫɬ

ɤɨɜ ȼɫɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɭ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ

ɰɟɧɟɧɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɪɚɡɧɵɟɞɨɯɨɞɵ

ȼɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ Ɍɨɬ ɤɬɨ

ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ

ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ȿɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣ

ɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɇɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢ ɢɦɢ" ɉɨɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶ

ɫɹɜɞɚɧɧɨɦɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ





Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ

ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚ

ɸɳɢɟ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɭ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ

ɪɵɧɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ

ɧɚɪɚɜɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɩɪɨɞɚɟɬɟɟ

ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɠɢɜɟɬ

ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɭ ɩɨɬɪɟ

ɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢ

ɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ

ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ² ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛ

ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɦɨ

ɝɭɬ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɇɚ

ɤɨɧɟɰ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨ

ɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɝɭɬɧɟɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɧɚɧɟɝɨɫɜɨɢɯɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ

ɋɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɇɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ

ɬɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɱɶɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ

ɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɂɬɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ² ɜɚɠ

ɧɨɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɪɟɧɬɵ

Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɤ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚ

ɞɟɥɟɰ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ

ɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ² ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ² ɤ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ

ɢ ɬɞ ɇɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢ

ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɟ

ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɟ

ɬɶɟɦ ɢ ɬɞ ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ

ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢ

ɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɜɵ

ɟɝɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ Ȼɥɚ

ɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢ

ɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɪɭɤɚɯ ȼ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɦ ɪɟɧɬɭ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɯɨ

ɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɍɚɤɨɜɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɪɟɧɬɵ

ɦɢɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɵ ɨɬɞɚɟɦ ɞɚɧɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦ Ɂɞɟɫɶ

ɥɢɲɶɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɟɫɬɶɬɨɥɶ

ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚªɤɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ





Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɪɟɧɬɚɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬɜɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɟɫɥɢɫɨɞɧɨɣ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨ

ɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ² ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫ

ɬɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɪɨ

ɦɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ

ɞɢɮ

ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ

ɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɧɬɨɣ



ɇɟ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨ

ɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɧɬɵ ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɤɚɤɭɸɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɬɨ

ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞ

ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶ

ɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ

ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣ

ɱɢɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɫɨ

ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ

ɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɇɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɨ

ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ

ɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɜɨɟɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬ

ɪɚɬɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɨɫ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɚ

ɫɬɤɚɯȺɩɨɬɨɦɭɢɞɨɯɨɞɵɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɉɪɟɞ

ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɱɬɨ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ɂɬɚɤ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ

ɞɨɯɨɞɚɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɝɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ , ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɫ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟ

ɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ

ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ȼ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ

ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɂɡɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟ

ɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ

ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɧ

ɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɧɨ ɨ ɧɟɣ ɦɵ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨɬ

ɞɟɥɶɧɨ

Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ

ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɵ , ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧ

ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɪɟɧɬɵ,,ɢɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɪɟɧɬɵ

Ⱦɚɥɟɟɦɵɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɩɨɞ

ɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɷɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɵ ɜɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɗɬɨ ² ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨ





ɦɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɪɟɧɬɵ Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɪɭ

ɝɭɸɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ²

Ɉɧɚɛɨɥɶɲɟɩɨɞɯɨ

ɞɢɬɞɥɹɧɚɲɢɯɰɟɥɟɣɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɦɵɯɨɬɢɦɩɨɧɹɬɶɜɱɟɦɡɚɤɥɸ

ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢ

ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ

T O

 ɝɞɟ

T ²

ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ  ɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ

ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ² ɜ ɰɟɧɬɧɟɪɚɯ ɤɭɤɭ

ɪɭɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ



²ɷɬɨɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ

ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɧɚɝɚȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɪɟɧɬɚɤɨɬɨɪɭɸɦɵɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɛɭɤ

ɜɨɣ

5

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

OOTS5

−=









ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ  ɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɟɧɬɭ ɞɥɹ

ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɭ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɰɟɧɭ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɵ  ɬɵɫɰ ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ

ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ  ɰ ɫ ɝɚ Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ² ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ² ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ

ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɞ

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ  ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ

 ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ ɫ ɝɚ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ  ɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ

Ɉɬɪɚɡɢɦɷɬɭɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸɧɚɪɢɫ



Ɋɢɫ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɪɟɧɬɵɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣɨɬɞɚɱɢ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɡɟɦɥɢ



