Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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4 COMMERCIAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 495

can view data stored in a single location, eliminating the requirement for local

database installations. Designers or engineers can directly search a central

knowledge collection, retrieve data, create graphs, export data to analysis codes,

or link to external web sites or public-domain databases. Units conversion, foot-

notes, metadata, and pedigree information is displayed alongside the data values

to which they pertain.

Additional features of the MSC.Enterprise Mvision Ma-

terials Information System include:

●

Controlled access to proprietary information.

●

Extensive customization and integration options supplement the standard

user interface using HTML and Java programming.

●

Integrated access from within MSC.Patran and other CAE environments.

●

Integrated client capability provides integration with other computer-aided

design (CAD) or computer-aided engineering (CAE) software, allowing

data search and retrieve capability from within the application.

●

An extensive collection of precompiled materials databases from author-

itative sources offer over a half million individual materials data records,

including a fully queryable version of Mil-Handbook 5.

●

Applications are available for use on UNIX, Windows PC, and Linux PC.

CenTOR Software, Inc. CenTOR Software provides business-to-business

(B2B) interaction management solutions. Using web-enabled XML-based tech-

nology, its software allows customers to optimize business interactions with part-

ners and suppliers. At the core of CenTOR’s application suite is the Interactive

Server TM, a secure, scalable, and open standards-based platform designed for

rapid development, innovation, and cost-effective reuse of ideas information and

processes. CenTOR’s Design Collaboration product includes the following ap-

plications:

●

Customer Driven Design enables collaborative modeling of product

features and customer requirements, assists in prioritizing engineering ac-

tivities, leverages the customer voice early in the development process,

minimizes value-add features, and measures speciﬁc feature impact.

●

Materials Identiﬁcation and Validation enhances materials analysis early

in the design process, helps designers leverage preferred suppliers and

approved vendor lists, and facilitates collaboration among engineering,

manufacturing, purchasing, and supplier organizations.

●

Regulatory Compliance Management allows companies to stay current

with interchange processes (compliance and conformance) through the

aggregation of forms and information for a diverse set of compliance

requirements such as Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) for the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Occupational Safety and Hazard

Administration (OSHA), and product development for the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA).

496 MANAGING MATERIALS DATA

IDES, Inc. IDES, Inc. provides content conversion and management for

materials suppliers, focused primarily on the plastics industry. Utilizing XML

technology to capture materials information for dissemination via web browsers,

IDES’ Content Team assists an organization in bringing product information into

one current and comprehensive source for use in e-business initiatives via the

Intranet and a Extranet. By incorporating the importance of global test standards

and utilizing a multitude of database formats, they provide an effective system

for managing technical information.

IDES also has options for manufacturers or original equipment manufacturers

(OEMs) who may be implementing ERP systems or other supply-chain solu-

tions. IDES offers customized solutions.

M-Base Engineering

ⴙ Software, GmbH. The MC-Base material database

software application is based on Java technology and is accessible by a web

browser. Providing the beneﬁts of centralized access to materials data mainte-

nance and distribution, it makes materials data available to the extended orga-

nization. The system offers search and sort capabilities, single-point and

multipoint data storage, graphics features, and complete data maintenance and

administration tools.

The components of this system include an Internet browser with Java 2 sup-

port, Oracle Application Server, and an Oracle Database System. M-Base pro-

vides programming expertise for modiﬁcation to their software to integrate

existing in-house software and CAE programs.

Cambridge Materials Selector (CES3), Granta Design Limited. CES3 is

designed to manage materials and manufacturing process information within an

organization, providing cost savings, superior design capability, preferred list

management, and fast information ﬂow. CES3 incorporates the ‘‘design-led’’

selection methods of Prof. Mike Ashby of Cambridge University, allowing en-

gineers to determine optimal choices of materials and processes. There are six

main parts to the CES3 system:

●

Selector, the latest implementation of the intuitive graphical method for

selection pioneered by Ashby and co-workers at Cambridge University

Engineering Department.

●

CES Data Modules, comprised of high-quality, validated data—materials,

manufacturing processes, structural sections, suppliers, references, uses,

and industrial sectors.

●

Constructor, the database development kit for CES3, making the system

customizable and extensible.

●

InDepth, providing background information about the CES system—the

selection methodology, the databases, reference information, and 50 fully

worked interactive case studies.

●

Viewer and Weblinks, providing access to high-quality information on

CD-ROM and the Internet, respectively.

CES3 is intended principally for four application areas:

5 MATERIALS DATA STANDARDS 497

●

Decision support for engineers with demanding design requirements

●

Management of in-house company information relating to materials, pro-

cesses, shapes, standard components, or other engineering knowledge

bases

●

Marketing by manufacturers and distributors of materials, process equip-

ment, structural sections, or standard components

●

Education of materials selection in engineering design, process selection

in manufacturing, and other related subjects

This product requires a PC with a Pentium processor, using Windows 95 or

Windows NT4 or above.

MAPP, by Matec Materials Technology Software and Data Services.

MAPP is a database management system with an adaptable, open structured

interface and search engine. It was designed speciﬁcally to enable materials

scientists and engineers to develop their own materials database under Windows

or for use on Apple Macintosh systems. It can be used to:

●

Construct a database containing materials by trade and common name,

composition, speciﬁcation, and property data.

●

Search for materials by any of the above entry criteria; list materials meet-

ing maximum and minimum values for one or more properties.

●

Export data to spreadsheet, word processing, or graphics programs.

5 MATERIALS DATA STANDARDS

Materials data compilations represent a considerable investment and, therefore,

usage must be maximized. When the development of a materials database system

for the dissemination of materials data, either within or outside of an organi-

zation, is considered in conjunction with the requirements for integration with

other systems, the need for standardized representation of materials data be-

comes obvious.

There are two distinct types of standards for materials data: standards for

materials test data reporting and standards for materials data exchange, including

those for transfer of data in electronic format to CAD/CAM/CAE systems.

Organizations active in writing standards and coordinating development for ma-

terials test data reporting are:

●

ISO International Organization for Standardization (TC 61 SC 13 WG

1-6)

●

NIST Ofﬁce of Standard Reference Data

●

DoD Technology Standards Area (Mil-Handbook 17, Mil-Handbook 5)

●

ASTM Standards for Composites Materials (D20, D30, C28)

Organizations active in materials data exchange standards are:

498 MANAGING MATERIALS DATA

●

NIST Center for Manufacturing Technology

●

ASTM Computerization of Material Property Data

●

NIST Institute for Computer Science and Technology

●

ACC Automotive Composites Consortium

The following summarizes the evolution of the standards most commonly used

by the materials community for the standardized reporting and exchange of

engineering materials data.

IGES/PDES. The IGES/PDES Organization was coordinated in the late

1970s from industry, government, and academia to develop standards and tech-

nology for the exchange of product information between different CAD sys-

tems.

This group focused its efforts on two projects, the Initial Graphics

Exchange Speciﬁcation (IGES) and Product Data Exchange Speciﬁcation

(PDES) using STEP. This effort resulted in the publication of IGES in 1980,

which was subsequently adopted as an ANSI standard. IGES Version 5.3 was

published in 1996.

A second-generation Product Data Exchange (PDE) technology, Product Data

Exchange Speciﬁcation (PDES), was initiated during the mid-1980s and was

submitted to ISO in 1988. The international community adopted it as the basis

for ISO 10303 (STEP).

Today, the ongoing PDE technology efforts include the primary Product Data

Exchange using STEP (PDES), an American National Standard (ANS). This

project is the primary U.S. project providing industry inputs to this ISO activity.

Fourteen international standards have been created as a result of this effort. More

than 20 countries worldwide have approved STEP, including all major U.S. trad-

ing partners.

The Initial Graphics Exchange Speciﬁcation (IGES) deﬁnes a neutral data

format that allows for the digital exchange of information among computer-aided

design (CAD) systems. CAD systems are in use today in all phases of the design,

analysis, manufacture, and testing of products. Since it is common practice for

a designer to use one supplier’s CAD system and for the contractor and sub-

contractors to use different systems, there is a need to exchange data among

CAD systems. Using IGES, a user can exchange data models in the form of

wire frame or solid geometry representations. Applications supported by IGES

include traditional engineering drawings as well as models for analysis and/or

various manufacturing functions. In addition to the general speciﬁcation, IGES

includes application protocols in which the standard is interpreted to meet

discipline-speciﬁc requirements.

Version 1.0 of the speciﬁcation was adopted as an American National Stan-

dard ANS Y14.26M-1981 in November of 1981. The current version, IGES 5.3,

was approved by ANSI under the new guidelines of the U.S. Product Data

Association (US PRO) during September 1996. Under the latest distribution

agreements with ANSI, US PRO has obtained permission to distribute IGES 5.3

in both paper and digital (e.g., CD-ROM) formats. The latest version of the

IGES standard is designated ANS US PRO/IPO-100-1996.

IGES version 6.0 is slated to be the next, and ﬁnal, release of the standard.

The IGES project has posted a list of the Edit Change Order extensions approved

5 MATERIALS DATA STANDARDS 499

for 6.0. Current plans call for the support of activities related to maintaining the

existing IGES capabilities with all new requirements being forwarded for con-

sideration in the appropriate parts of the STEP/PDES standards.

ASTM Committee E 49. The ASTM Committee E 49 is responsible for one

of the leading efforts in materials property data representation in computerized

systems. The various subcommittees specialized in areas such as materials des-

ignation, data recording formats, terminology, data exchange, and data and da-

tabase quality. The compiled set of standards is included in Volume 14.1 of the

Annual Book of ASTM Standards.

ISO/STEP. The most comprehensive effort toward standardization was the

development of STEP in 1995 (formally ISO 10303; Standard for Product Data

Representation and Exchange), which was designed to model all aspects of a

component throughout the life cycle of the product. STEP uses a data-modeling

language known as EXPRESS for its neutral format, which while originally

created to facilitate automatic generation and interpretation of computer soft-

ware, is also readable in ASCII format. Within this model are all the tools

required for efﬁcient data transfer, known as parts. Speciﬁcations called appli-

cation protocols (APs) are used to apply the general concepts outlined in the

parts to particular classes of products.

Through the implementation of APs,

STEP is extensible across a wide variety of applications and industries.

The Materials Model, Part 45, deﬁnes a material as a manufactured object

with associated properties in the context of its use environment.

Unlike tradi-

tional textbook views of materials with limit point properties abstracted from

microscopic representative volume elements, Part 45 represents the actual prop-

erty distributions in a ﬁnite volume material object as manufactured. This more

robust deﬁnition is required to design robust products. The textbook deﬁnition

is adequate for conceptual design (screening) and is a subset of the Part 45

deﬁnition.

The standards required to integrate the materials property data into the CAD/

CAE environment require math forms to represent linear or nonlinear materials

properties. Linear property models for ﬁnite element mechanical and thermal

analysis are included in Part 104 and are incorporated into AP 209 for modeling

metallic and composite structures. Other applicable parts and application pro-

tocols include:

●

Part 42—Geometric and Topological Representation

●

AP 203—Conﬁguration Controlled Design

●

AP 214—Core Data for Automotive Design Processes

The advantages of using such a comprehensive standard as STEP in a ma-

terials data management system include

●

Ready-made data structures that are rich in detail

●

The integration of dispersed data systems

●

Flexibility for different purposes

●

Automatic integration with different CAE systems

500 MANAGING MATERIALS DATA

●

More complete audit trails for the origins of data

●

Increased quality assurance

●

Reduced costs, liability, and risk

Finally, at the end of a product life cycle, ISO 14000 compliance is required

as regulatory agencies become increasingly strict about environmental regula-

tions.

In addition to the current international standards, work is underway on over

30 additional parts of STEP.

Materials Consortia. Various collaborative consortia have developed their

own standards for modeling materials data, which have become de facto stan-

dards for the respective industry. These consortia implemented a common tech-

nology, data structure, or modeling format for the data stored in their databases.

The resulting populated databases represent a competitive advantage and are

generally conﬁdential to members of the consortia. Some examples include elec-

tronic packaging materials, carbon–carbon materials for rocket engines, and

creep data on steels used in the power station industry. Noteworthy efforts in-

clude:

●

The Mil-Handbook 17 committee documents the standards for storage of

composites test data used by leading aerospace organizations.

The Mil-

Handbook 17 schema provides a structure for over 500 attributes of com-

posites test results and processing history of the materials to which the

data pertain, compliant with Mil-Handbook 17 terminology.

●

The Automotive Composites Consortium and ASTM Committee E-49 col-

laborated to develop standards for the computerization of composite ma-

terials and metadata.

This early work provided guidelines for composites

data storage, identifying the importance of metadata (also referred to as

pedigree) in deﬁning the material. Over 50 parameters are required to

adequately represent a composites material test specimen. These proper-

ties serve as the basis for an audit trail when the source or history of a

property is required.

●

The Computer-Aided Materials Preselection by Uniforms Standards

(CAMPUS R) consortium of plastics suppliers has developed a database

used worldwide for storing materials information on plastics. Provided for

use on a PC, it uses a uniform database structure and interface for all

participating suppliers, allowing screening of materials for new applica-

tions. All properties included in the CAMPUS database are tested to one

of two international standards, ISO 10350 (single-point data) and ISO

11403 (multipoint data), parts 1 and 2, for comparable data.

Materials Data Standardization and the Web—MATML/XML. When con-

sidering computerized access to materials data, one must start by recognizing

that hundreds of different engineering material designation schemas are used by

trade organizations, standards agencies, government agencies, and individual

companies. Virtually all were developed prior to the era of web-connected com-

puters. Therefore, a natural language capability is required to search the universe

5 MATERIALS DATA STANDARDS 501

of material databases. There are no absolute standard designations available for

engineering materials. Therefore, even when the same database software system

is used to build a set of databases, web searches are difﬁcult due to the different

designation systems required for different material types.

The dissemination and exchange of information on the web is typically per-

formed using HTML (hypertext markup language). HTML, designed to describe

a document’s form rather than content, does provide ﬂexibility for those in a

given industry to establish their own language for their own purposes, meaning

HTML is not extensible. Communities of web users rapidly reached the point

where they wanted to move beyond the dissemination of information into the

exchange of information.

Recognizing these shortcomings, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

embarked on an effort to bring an abridged implementation of the standard

generalized markup language (SGML), a language used to describe languages,

to the web. The result of the W3C’s effort was the February 1998 release of the

version 1.0 speciﬁcation of XML, the extensible markup language. XML pro-

vides:

●

Extensibility, so users can deﬁne their own tags and attributes used in

their documents.

●

Structure, so users can deﬁne their own document-type deﬁnition (DTD),

the information model for a document describing how the tags and attri-

butes are combined.

●

Validation, so users can test the conformance of their documents to the

structure deﬁned by the DTD.

Additionally, XML was designed to be easy to learn, easy to write, easy to

interpret, and easy to implement; characteristics perfectly suited for use on the

web. Many excellent sources of information are available on XML on the web,

such as the W3C’s XML pages.

There are now many applications of XML in use by different communities.

Two well-known examples in the sciences are MathML, developed by mathe-

maticians to represent mathematical notation and CML, the chemical markup

language, designed to manage chemical information. In October 1999, a new

effort called MatML was launched to develop an extensible markup language

for materials property data. MatML permits the storage, transmission, and proc-

essing of materials property data distributed via the world wide web. The MatML

Working Group, coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Tech-

nology, represents a cross section of the materials community with members

from private industry, government laboratories, universities, standards organi-

zations, and professional societies, whose strategy includes dissemination of

MatML through a variety of standards and professional organizations.

The Working Group has recently produced a working draft of the document

type deﬁnition (DTD) for the markup language. The MatML DTD contains

structures for transferring information concerning the material and its properties

and terms for its interpretation. The DTD is the XML semantic and syntactic

formalism that software will need to parse, interpret, and use the data contained

502 MANAGING MATERIALS DATA

in MatML documents. The MatML DTD is soon to be subjected to application

development and acceptance testing, which will be crucial in demonstrating that

MatML works, testing its robustness, and serving as a guide for others interested

in using MatML.

Data encoded in MatML can be utilized by web browser

components, import ﬁlters to spreadsheet and database programs, import ﬁlters

to CAE software, parsers, and editors.

6 SUMMARY

A materials data management system can signiﬁcantly improve the efﬁciency

and proﬁtability of an organization when strategically integrated into an orga-

nization. Its success depends upon the full commitment of management, an im-

plementation that supports the company’s business objectives, and careful

planning to provide access to the required data for each end use function

throughout the product life cycle. Optimized use of commercially available sys-

tems, customized to meet the functional and integration requirements of the

organization, can help to ensure a positive return on investment. Utilization of

recognized database management practices and the increased ease of data trans-

fer between software applications offered by the use of established industry

standards can help to create a system that is user friendly and easily adopted by

the entire organization.

Acknowledgments

IDES, the IDES logo, and all product names appearing on our websites are

among the trademarks and/or registration service marks owned by Integrated

Design Engineering Systems, or its subsidiaries or afﬁliates, and no trademark

or service registration mark of other license is granted in connection with the

materials contained on any IDES web site. Copyright

䉷; 2000 IDES

http://www.matec-softdat.com/home

Matec Materials Technology and Data Service, Inc.

䉷 2001 Granta Design Limited. Granta Design is a private com-

pany owned by its founders, employees, the University of Cambridge, and, since

May 2000, ASM International.

CAMPUS is the registered trademark of Chemie Wirtshaftesforederungs-

Gesellschaft Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

MSC.Mvision and Mvision are registered trademarks of MSC.Software Cor-

poration.

MSC.Patran and Patran are registered trademarks of MSC.Software Corporation.

MSC and MSC. are registered trademarks of MSC.Software Corporation.

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Boeing North America, Inc., Rocketdyne Division, Canoga Park, CA, 2000, p. 4.

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May (1996).

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505

CHAPTER 18

INFORMATION FOR MATERIALS

PROCUREMENT AND DISPOSAL

J. H. Westbrook

Brookline Technologies

Ballston Spa, New York

1 INTRODUCTION 505

2 PROCUREMENT INFORMATION 505

3 DIRECTORIES AND CROSS

REFERENCES TO MATERIALS

STANDARDS AND

SPECIFICATIONS 511

4 MATERIALS DISPOSAL 513

5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

FOR MATERIALS DISPOSAL

AND RECYCLING 514

6 CURRENT ISSUES 515

REFERENCES 515

1 INTRODUCTION

No article can be produced in today’s economy without access to substantial

procurement information on the constituent materials speciﬁed by engineering

for its manufacture. Furthermore, today’s demands for environmental protection

and conservation require materials information of other sorts, both for disposal

of the article itself and for the scrap generated during its manufacture. The needs

and sources for these types of information are summarized in Fig. 1, which

displays the role of materials information throughout the design–manufacture–

use cycle. In this chapter we will detail the kinds of information needed for

materials procurement and disposal and summarize the available sources for this

information. Finally we review some current issues affecting materials procure-

ment–globalization, e-commerce, and ‘‘just-in-time’’ logistics management—the

function of information in optimizing the business impact of each issue, and the

consequent new demands on information—currency, computer access, etc.

2 PROCUREMENT INFORMATION

Designation and Speciﬁcation. The task of materials procurement in an

industrial enterprise cannot be likened to that of a grocery shopper who makes

a simple list (apples, bread, eggs, etc.), drives off to the local supermarket, and

makes acquisitions by visual inspection and on-the-spot price comparison. In

contrast, the industrial purchasing agent must ﬁrst know how is this material

HandbookofMaterialsSelection.EditedbyMyerKutz