Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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108 ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Table 7 (Continued )

Alloy & Temper

Tension

Ultimate

Strength

(ksi)

Yield

Strength

(ksi)

Elongation

in2inor

4D (%)

Hardness

Brinell

Number

(500 kg / 10 mm)

Shear

Ultimate

Strength

(ksi)

Fatigue

Endurance

Limit

(ksi)

Modulus

Elasticity

(10

ksi)

319.0-F 34 19 3 85 24 — 10.7

319.0-T6 40 27 3 95 — — 10.7

324.0-F 30 16 4 70 — — —

324.0-T5 36 26 3 90 — — —

324.0-T62 45 39 3 105 — — —

332.0-T5 36 28 1 105 — — —

328.0-T6 34 21 1 65–95 — — —

333.0-F 34 19 2 90 27 15 —

333.0-T5 34 25 1 100 27 12 —

333.0-T6 42 30 2 105 33 15 —

333.0-T7 37 28 2 90 28 12 —

336.0-T551 36 28 1 105 28 14 —

336.0-T65 47 43 1 125 36 — —

354.0-T61 48 37 3 — — — —

354.0-T62 52 42 2 — — — —

355.0-F 27 15 4 — — — 10.2

355.0-T51 30 24 2 75 24 — 10.2

355.0-T6 42 27 4 90 34 10 10.2

355.0-T61 45 40 2 105 36 10 10.2

355.0-T7 40 30 2 85 30 10 10.2

355.0-T71 36 31 3 85 27 10 10.2

C355.0-T6 48 28 8 90 — — 10.2

C355.0-T61 46 34 6 100 — — 10.2

C355.0-T62 48 37 5 100 — — 10.2

356.0-F 26 18 5 — — — 10.5

356.0-T51 27 20 2 — — — 10.5

356.0-T6 38 27 5 80 30 13 10.5

356.0-T7 32 24 6 70 25 11 10.5

356.0-T71 25 — 3 60–90 — — 10.5

A356.0-F 27 13 8 — — — 10.5

A356.0-T51 29 20 5 — — — 10.5

A356.0-T6 41 30 12 80 — — 10.5

357.0-F 28 15 6 — — — —

357.0-T51 29 21 4 — — — —

357.0-T6 52 43 5 100 35 13 —

357.0-T7 38 30 5 70 — — —

A357.0-T6 52 42 5 100 35 15 —

359.0-T61 48 37 6 — — — —

359.0-T62 50 42 6 — — 16 —

A390.0-F 29 29

⬍1.0 110 — — —

A390.0-T5 29 29

⬍1.0 110 — — —

A390.0-T6 45 45

⬍1.0 145 — 17 —

A390.0-T7 38 38

⬍1.0 120 — 15 —

443.0-F 23 9 10 45 16 8 10.3

B443.0-F 21 6 6 30–60 — — —

A444.0-F 24 11 13 44 — — —

A444.0-T4 23 10 21 45 16 8 —

513.0-F 27 16 7 60 22 10 —

535.0-F 35 18 8 60–90 — — —

705.0-T5 37 17 10 55–75 — — —

707.0-T7 45 35 3 80–110 — — —

711.0-T1 28 18 7 55–85 — — —

713.0-T5 32 22 4 60–90

850.0-T5 23 11 12 45 15 9 10.3

851.0-T5 20 11 5 45 14 9 10.3

851.0-T6 18 — 8 — — — 10.3

852.0-T5 32 23 5 70 21 11 10.3

4 APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS 109

Table 7 (Continued )

Alloy & Temper

Tension

Ultimate

Strength

(ksi)

Yield

Strength

(ksi)

Elongation

in2inor

4D (%)

Hardness

Brinell

Number

(500 kg / 10 mm)

Shear

Ultimate

Strength

(ksi)

Fatigue

Endurance

Limit

(ksi)

Modulus

Elasticity

(10

ksi)

Die Cast

360.0-F 44 25 3 75 28 20 10.3

A360.0-F 46 24 4 75 26 18 10.3

380.0-F 46 23 3 80 28 20 10.3

A380.0-F 47 23 4 80 27 20 10.3

383.0-F 45 22 4 75 — 21 10.3

384.0-F 48 24 3 85 29 20 —

390.0-F 40.5 35

⬍1————

B390.0-F 46 36

⬍1 120 — 20 11.8

392.0-F 42 39

⬍1————

413.0-F 43 21 3 80 25 19 10.3

A413.0-F 42 19 4 80 25 19 —

C443.0-F 33 14 9 65 29 17 10.3

518.0-F 45 28 5 80 29 20 —

Based upon industry handbooks.

5–8

Consult those references for limits. Values are representative of

separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. For tensile yield strengths,

offset

⫽ 0.2%.

Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely reversed stress using R. R. Moore type of machines

and specimens.

Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally about 2% greater

than the tension modulus.

Table 8 Typical Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Castings—Metric

Alloy & Temper

Tension

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Yield

Strength

(MPa)

Elongation

in 5D

(%)

Hardness

Brinell

Number

(500 kg / 10 mm)

Shear

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Fatigue

Endurance

Limit

(MPa)

Modulus

Elasticity

(GPa)

Sand Cast

201.0-T6 450 380 8 130 — — —

201-0-T7 470 415 6 — — 95 —

201.0-T43 415 255 17 — — — —

204.0-T4 310 195 6 — — — —

A206.0-T4 350 250 7 — 275 — —

2008-0-F 145 655 3 — 115 75 —

213.0-F 165 105 2 70 140 60 —

222-0-O 185 140 1 80 145 65

222.0-T61 285 275

⬍0.5 115 220 60 74

224.0-T72 380 275 10 123 240 60 73

240.0-F 235 195 1 90 — — —

242.0-F 145 140 1 — — — 71

242.0-O 185 125 1 70 145 55 71

242.0-T571 220 205 1 85 180 75 71

242.0-T61 220 140 — 90–120 — — 71

242.0-T77 205 160 2 75 165 70 71

A242.0-T75 215 — 2 — — — —

295.0-T4 220 110 9 80 180 50 69

295.0-T6 250 165 5 75 205 50 69

295.0-T62 285 220 2 90 230 55 69

295.0-T7 200 110 3 55–85 — — 69

319-F 185 125 2 70 150 70 74

319.0-T5 205 180 2 80 165 75 74

319.0-T6 250 165 2 80 200 75 74

110 ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Table 8 (Continued )

Alloy & Temper

Tension

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Yield

Strength

(MPa)

Elongation

in 5D

(%)

Hardness

Brinell

Number

(500 kg / 10 mm)

Shear

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Fatigue

Endurance

Limit

(MPa)

Modulus

Elasticity

(GPa)

328.0-F 170 95 1 45–75 — — —

328.0-T6 235 145 1 65–95 — — —

355.0-F 160 85 3 — — — 70

355.0-T51 195 160 2 65 150 55 70

355.0-T6 240 170 3 80 195 60 70

355.0-T61 240 240 1 90 215 65 70

355.0-T7 260 180 1 85 195 70 70

355.0-T71 240 200 2 75 180 70 70

C355.0-T6 270 200 5 85 — — —

356.0-F 165 125 6 — — — 73

356.0-T51 170 140 2 60 140 55 73

356.0-T6 230 165 4 70 180 60 73

356.0-T7 235 205 2 75 165 60 73

356.0-T71 195 145 4 60 140 60 73

A356-0-F 160 85 6 — — — 73

A356.0-T51 180 125 3 — — — 73

A356.0-T6 275 205 6 75 — — 73

A356.0-T71 205 140 3 — — — 73

357.0-F 170 90 5 — — — —

357.0-T51 180 115 3 — — — —

357.0-T6 345 295 2 — — — —

357.0-T7 275 235 3 60 — — —

A357.0-T6 315 250 3 85 275 95 —

359.0-T62 345 290 6 16 — — —

A390.0-F 180 180

⬍1.0 100 — — —

A390.0-T5 180 180

⬍1.0 100 — — —

A390.0-T6 275 275

⬍1.0 140 — 90 —

A390.0-T7 250 250

⬍1.0 115 — — —

443.0-F 130 55 8 40 95 55 71

B443.0-F 115 40 3 25–55 — — —

A444.0-F 145 60 9 43,400 — — —

A444.0-T4 23 60 12

511.0-F 145 85 3 50 115 55

512.0-F 140 90 2 50 115 60

514.0-F 170 85 9 50 140 50 —

520.0-T4 330 180 16 75 235 55 —

535.0-F 240 125 9 60–90 — — —

535-0-T5 240 125 9 60–90 — — —

A535.0-F 250 125 9 65 — — —

707.0-T5 230 150 2 70–100 — — —

707.0-T7 255 205 1 65–95 — — —

710.0-F 220 140 2 60–90 — — —

710.0-T5 220 140 2 60–90 — — —

712.0-F 235 170 4 60–90 — — —

712.0-T5 235 170 4 60–90 — — —

713.0-F 220 150 3 60–90 — — —

713.0-T5 220 150 3 60–90

771.0-T5 220 185 3 70–100 — — —

771.0-T52 250 205 2 70–100 — — —

771.0-T53 250 185 2 — — — —

771.0-T6 290 240 5 75–105 — — —

771.0-T71 330 310 2 105–135 — — —

850.0-T5 140 75 8 45 95 — 71

851.0-T5 140 75 5 45 95 — 71

852.0-T5 185 150 2 n 65 125 60 71

4 APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS 111

Table 8 (Continued )

Alloy & Temper

Tension

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Yield

Strength

(MPa)

Elongation

in 5D

(%)

Hardness

Brinell

Number

(500 kg / 10 mm)

Shear

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Fatigue

Endurance

Limit

(MPa)

Modulus

Elasticity

(GPa)

Permanent Mold

201.0-T6 450 380 8 130 — — —

201-0-T7 470 415 6 — — 95 —

201.0-T43 415 255 17 — — — —

204.0-T4 330 200 8 — — — —

A206.0-T4 430 260 17 — 290 — —

A206.0-T7 435 345 12 — 255 — —

208.0-T6 240 150 2 75–105 — — —

208.0-T7 230 110 3 65–95 — — —

213.0-F 205 165 2 85 165 65 —

222.0-T551 255 240

⬍0.5 115 205 60 74

222.0-T52 240 215 1 100 170 — 74

238.0-F 205 165 2 100 165 — —

242.0-T571 275 235 1 105 205 70 74

242.0-T61 325 290 1 110 450 70 74

A249.0-T63 475 415 6 — — — —

296.0-T7 270 140 5 80 205 60 70

308.0-F 195 110 2 70 150 90 —

319.0-F 235 130 3 85 165 — 74

319.0-T6 275 185 3 95 — — 74

324.0-F 205 110 4 70 — — —

324.0-T5 250 180 3 90 — — —

324.0-T62 310 270 3 105 — — —

332.0-T5 250 195 1 105 — — —

328.0-T6 235 145 1 65–95 — — —

333.0-F 235 130 2 90 185 105 —

333.0-T5 235 170 1 100 185 85 —

333.0-T6 290 205 2 105 230 105 —

333.0-T7 255 195 2 90 195 85 —

336.0-T551 250 193 1 105 193 95 —

336.0-T65 325 295 1 125 250 — —

354.0-T61 330 255 3 — — — —

354.0-T62 360 290 2 — — — —

355.0-F 185 105 4 — — — 70

355.0-T51 205 165 2 75 165 — 70

355.0-T6 290 185 4 90 235 70 70

355.0-T61 310 275 2 105 250 70 70

355.0-T7 275 205 2 85 205 70 70

355.0-T71 250 215 3 85 185 70 70

C355.0-T6 330 195 8 90 — — 70

C355.0-T61 315 235 6 100 — — 70

C355.0-T62 330 255 5 100 — — 70

356.0-F 180 125 5 — — — 73

356.0-T51 185 140 2 — — — 73

356.0-T6 260 185 5 80 205 90 73

356.0-T7 220 165 6 70 170 75 73

356.0-T71 170 — 3 60–90 — — 73

A356.0-F 185 90 8 — — — 73

A356.0-T51 200 140 5 — — — 73

A356.0-T6 285 205 12 80 — — 73

357.0-F 195 105 6 — — — —

357.0-T51 200 145 4 — — — —

357.0-T6 360 295 5 100 240 90 —

357.0-T7 260 205 5 70 — — —

A357.0-T6 360 290 5 100 240 105 —

359.0-T61 330 255 6 — — — —

359.0-T62 345 290 6 — — 110 —

A390.0-F 200 200

⬍1.0 110 — — —

A390.0-75 200 200

⬍1.0 110 — — —

112 ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Table 8 (Continued )

Alloy & Temper

Tension

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Yield

Strength

(MPa)

Elongation

in 5D

(%)

Hardness

Brinell

Number

(500 kg / 10 mm)

Shear

Ultimate

Strength

(MPa)

Fatigue

Endurance

Limit

(MPa)

Modulus

Elasticity

(GPa)

A390.0-T6 310 310 ⬍1.0 145 — 115 —

A390.0-T7 260 260

⬍1.0 120 — 105 —

443.0-F 160 60 10 45 110 55 71

B443.0-F 145 40 6 30–60 — — —

A444.0-F 165 75 13 44 — — —

A444.0-T4 160 70 21 45 110 55 —

513.0-F 185 110 7 60 150 70 —

535.0-F 240 125 8 60–90 — — —

705.0-T5 255 115 10 55–75 — — —

707.0-T7 310 240 3 80–110 — — —

711.0-T1 195 125 7 55–85 — — —

713.0-T5 220 150 4 60–90

850.0-T5 160 75 12 45 105 60 71

851.0-T5 140 75 5 45 95 60 71

851.0-T6 125 — 8 — — — 71

852.0-T5 220 160 5 70 145 75 71

Die Cast

A360.0-F 315 165 4 75 180 124 71

380.0-F 315 160 3 80 195 140 71

A380.0-F 325 160 4 80 185 140 71

383.0-F 310 150 4 75 — 145 71

384.0-F 330 165 3 85 200 140 —

390.0-F 280 240

⬍1————

B390.0-F 315 250

⬍1 120 — 140 81

392.0-F 290 270

⬍1————

413.0-F 295 145 3 80 170 130 71

A413.0-F 290 130 4 80 170 130 —

C443.0-F 230 95 9 65 200 115 71

518.0-F 310 193 5 80 200 140 —

Based upon industry handbooks.

5–8

Consult those references for limits. Values are representative of

separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. For tensile yield strengths,

offset

⫽ 0.2%.

Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely reversed stress using R. R. Moore type of machines

and specimens.

Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally about 2% greater.

Al) and 1175 (99.75 % min. Al). The 1xxx series are strain hardenable but

would not be used where strength is a prime consideration.

The primary uses of the 1xxx series would be applications where the com-

bination of extremely high corrosion resistance and formability are required, e.g.,

foil and strip for packaging (Fig. 1), chemical equipment, tank car or truck

bodies, spun hollowware, and elaborate sheet metal work.

Electrical applications are one major use of the 1xxx series, primarily 1350,

which has relatively tight controls on those impurities that might lower electrical

conductivity. As a result, an electrical conductivity of 62% of the International

Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) is guaranteed for this material, which, com-

bined with the natural light weight of aluminum, means a signiﬁcant weight and

therefore cost advantage over copper in electrical applications (Fig. 2).

4 APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS 113

Fig. 1 Reynolds Heavy Duty Foil product, an example of aluminum food wrapping products

made of various grades of 1xxx commercially pure aluminum.

2xxx: Al–Cu Alloys. The major characteristics of the 2xxx series are:

●

Heat treatable

●

High strength, at room and elevated temperatures

●

Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 27–62 ksi

●

Usually joined mechanically but some alloys are weldable

The 2xxx series are heat treatable and possess in individual alloys good com-

binations of high strength (especially at elevated temperatures), toughness, and,

in speciﬁc cases, weldability. They are not as resistant to atmospheric corrosion

as several other series and so are usually painted or clad for added protection.

The higher strength 2xxx alloys are widely used for aircraft (2024) and truck

body (2014) applications, where they are generally used in bolted or riveted

wing (Fig. 3) or fuselage (Fig. 4) construction. Some speciﬁc alloys in the series

(e.g., 2219 and 2048) are readily joined by gas–metal arc (GMAW) or gas

tungsten arc (GTAW) welding, and so are used for aerospace applications where

that is the preferred joining method.

Alloy 2195 is a new Li-bearing aluminum alloy providing very high modulus

of elasticity along with higher strength and comparable weldability to 2219 for

space applications (Fig. 5).

For applications requiring very high strength plus high fracture toughness,

there are high-toughness versions of several of the alloys (e.g., 2124, 2324, 2419)

that have tighter control on the impurities that may diminish resistance to un-

stable fracture, all developed speciﬁcally for the aircraft industry.

114 ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Fig. 2 Aluminum electrical bus bar installation with 1350 bus bar.

Alloys 2011, 2017, and 2117 are widely used for fasteners and screw-machine

stock.

3xxx: Al–Mn Alloys. The major characteristics of the 3xxx series are:

●

High formability and corrosion resistance with medium strength

●

Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 16–41 ksi

●

Readily joined by all commercial procedures

The 3xxx series are strain hardenable, have excellent corrosion resistance,

and are readily welded, brazed, and soldered.

Alloy 3003 is widely used in cooking utensils and chemical equipment be-

cause of its superiority in handling many foods and chemicals, and in builders’

4 APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS 115

Fig. 3 Aircraft wing and fuselage structure includes extrusions and plate of 2xxx alloys like

2024, 2124, and 2618 and 7xxx alloys like 7050 and 7475. External sheet skin may be alclad

2024, 2524, 2618, or 7475; the higher purity cladding provides corrosion protection to the

Al–Cu and Al –Zn–Mg alloys that may darken with age otherwise.

116 ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Fig. 4 Heavy dump and tank trucks and trailer trucks employ high-strength 2xxx or 6xxx

extrusions for their structural members and tough 5xxx alloy sheet and plate for their

load-carrying components.

hardware because of its superior corrosion resistance. Alloy 3105 is a principal

for rooﬁng and siding.

Because of the ease and ﬂexibility of joining, 3003 and other members of the

3xxx series are widely used in sheet and tubular form for heat exchangers in

vehicles and power plants (Fig. 6).

Alloy 3004 and its modiﬁcation 3104 are the principals for the bodies of

drawn and ironed can bodies for beverage cans for beer and soft drinks (Fig.

7). As a result, they are among the most used individual alloys in the aluminum

system, in excess of 3.5 billion pounds per year.

4xxx: Al–Si Alloys. The major characteristics of the 4xxx series are:

●

Heat treatable

●

Good ﬂow characteristics, medium strength

4 APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS 117

Fig. 5 Fuel tanks and booster rockets such as those of the Space Shuttle are 2xxx alloys,

originally 2219 and 2419, now Al–Li ‘‘Weldalite’’ alloy 2195.

●

Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 25–55 ksi

●

Easily joined, especially by brazing and soldering

There are two major uses of the 4xxx series, both generated by their excellent

ﬂow characteristics provided by their relatively high silicon contents. The ﬁrst

is for forgings: the workhorse alloy is 4032, a medium high-strength, heat-

treatable alloy used principally in applications such as forged aircraft pistons.

The second major application is a weld ﬁller alloy; here the workhorse is 4043,

used for gas–metal arc (GMA) and gas–tungsten arc (GTA) welding 6xxx alloys

for structural and automotive applications.

As noted, the same characteristic leads to both types of application: good ﬂow

characteristic provided by the high-silicon content. In the case of forgings, this

ensures the complete and precise ﬁlling of complex dies; in the case of welding,

it ensures complete ﬁlling of grooves in the members to be joined. For the same

reason, other variations of the 4xxx alloys are used for the cladding on brazing

sheet, the component that ﬂows to complete the bond.

5xxx: Al–Mg Alloys. The major characteristics of the 5xxx series are:

●

Strain hardenable

●

Excellent corrosion resistance, toughness, weldability; moderate strength

●

Building and construction, automotive, cryogenic, marine applications

●

Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 18–51 ksi