Kortum P. (ed.) HCI Beyond the GUI. Design for Haptic, Speech, Olfactory, and Other Nontraditional Interfaces
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HCI Beyond the GUI
The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Interactive Technologies
Series Editors: Stuart Card, PARC; Jonathan Grudin, Microsoft; Jakob Nielsen, Nielsen Norman Group
Measuring the User Experience: Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting Usability Metrics
Tom Tullis and Bill Albert
Moderating Usability Tests: Principles and Practices for Interacting
Joseph Dumas and Beth Loring
Keeping Found Things Found: The Study and Practice of Personal Information Management
William Jones
GUI Bloopers 2.0: Common User Interface Design Don’ts and Dos
Jeff Johnson
Visual Thinking for Design
Colin Ware
User-Centered Design Stories: Real-World UCD Case Studies
Carol Righi and Janice James
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
Bill Buxton
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Scott MacKenzie and Kumiko Tanaka-ishi
Letting Go of the Words: Writing Web Content that Works
Janice “Ginny” Redish
Personas and User Archetypes: A Field Guide for Interaction Designers
Jonathan Pruitt and Tamara Adlin
Cost-Justifying Usability
Edited by Randolph Bias and Deborah Mayhew
User Interface Design and Evaluation
Debbie Stone, Caroline Jarrett, Mark Woodroffe, and Shailey Minocha
Rapid Contextual Design
Karen Holtzblatt, Jessamyn Burns Wendell, and Shelley Wood
Voice Interaction Design: Crafting the New Conversational Speech Systems
Randy Allen Harris
Understanding Users: A Practical Guide to User Requirements: Methods, Tools, and Techniques
Catherine Courage and Kathy Baxter
The Web Application Design Handbook: Best Practices for Web-Based Software
Susan Fowler and Victor Stanwick
The Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone’s Impact on Society
Richard Ling
Information Visualization: Perception for Design, 2nd Edition
Colin Ware
Interaction Design for Complex Problem Solving: Developing Useful and Usable Software
Barbara Mirel
The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections
Written and edited by Ben Bederson and Ben Shneiderman
HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Towards a Multidisciplinary Science
Edited by John M. Carroll
Web Bloopers: 60 Common Web Design Mistakes, and How to Avoid Them
Jeff Johnson
Observing the User Experience: A Practitioner’s Guide to User Research
Mike Kuniavsky
Paper Prototyping: The Fast and Easy Way to Design and Refi ne User Interfaces
Carolyn Snyder
HCI Beyond the GUI
Design for Haptic,
Speech, Olfactory, and
Other Nontraditional Interfaces
Edited by
Philip Kortum
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
HCI beyond the GUI: design for haptic, speech, olfactory and other nontraditional
interfaces/edited by Philip Kortum.
p. cm. — (The Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-374017-5 (alk. paper) 1. Human-computer interaction. 2. Graphical
user interfaces (Computer systems) I. Kortum, Philip.
QA76.9.H85H397 2008
005.4’37—dc22 2007051584
For information on all Morgan Kaufmann publications, visit our Web site at
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Printed in the United States
08 09 10 11 12 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
1 Introduction to the Human Factors
of Nontraditional Interfaces 1
Philip Kortum
1.1 Structure of the Book 1
1.2 Nontraditional Interfaces 3
1.3 Design Principles for Nontraditional Interfaces 12
1.4 The Future of Nontraditional Interface Design 18
References 23
2 Haptic Interfaces 25
Marcia K. O’Malley, Abhishek Gupta
2.1 Nature of the Interface 26
2.2 Technology of the Interface 35
2.3 Current Interface Implementations 36
2.4 Human Factors Design of Interface 51
2.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 58
2.6 Design Guidelines 60
2.7 Case Studies 64
2.8 Future Trends 64
References 65
3 Gesture Interfaces 75
Michael Nielsen, Thomas B. Moeslund, Moritz Sto
¨
rring, Erik Granum
3.1 Gestures 75
3.2 Technology and Applicability 77
3.3 Fundamental Nature of the Interface 80
3.4 Human Factors Involved in Interface Design 87
3.5 Design Guidelines 94
3.6 How to Build and Test a Gesture Vocabulary 98
3.7 Case Study 102
3.8 Summary 102
3.9 Future Trends 103
References 103
4 Locomotion Interfaces 107
Mary C. Whitton, Sharif Razzaque
4.1 Nature of the Interface 111
4.2 Technology of the Interface 117
4.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 124
4.4 Human Factors of the Interface 128
4.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 132
4.6 Design Guidelines 137
4.7 Case Study 139
4.8 Future Trends 141
References 143
5 Auditory Interfaces 147
S. Camille Peres, Virginia Best, Derek Brock, Barbara Shinn-Cunningham,
Christopher Frauenberger, Thomas Hermann, John G. Neuhoff,
Louise Valgerður Nickerson, Tony Stockman
5.1 Nature of the Interface 150
5.2 Technology of the Interface 156
5.3 Current Interface Implementations 161
5.4 Human Factors Design of an Auditory Interface 167
5.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 177
5.6 Design Guidelines 182
5.7 Case Studies 187
5.8 Future Trends 187
References 189
6 Voice User Interfaces 197
Susan L. Hura
6.1 Automated Conversation: Human versus Machine 198
6.2 Technology of the Interface 208
6.3 Current Implementations of the Interface:
On the Phone 213
6.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 214
6.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 217
Contents
vi
6.6 Design Guidelines 220
6.7 Case Study 224
6.8 Future Trends 224
References 226
7 Interactive Voice Response Interfaces 229
Jeff Brandt
7.1 Nature of the Interface 229
7.2 Technology of the Interface 231
7.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 232
7.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 233
7.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 242
7.6 Design Guidelines 247
7.7 Case Study 264
7.8 Future Trends 264
References 265
8 Olfactory Interfaces 267
Yasuyuki Yanagida
8.1 Nature of the Interface 267
8.2 Technology of the Interface 269
8.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 271
8.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 283
8.5 Interface-Testing Techniques 285
8.6 Design Guidelines 286
8.7 Case Studies 289
8.8 Future Trends 289
References 289
9 Taste Interfaces 291
Hiroo Iwata
9.1 Nature of the Interface 291
9.2 Technology of the Interface 292
9.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 293
9.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 297
9.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 302
9.6 Design Guidelines 304
9.7 Case Study 304
9.8 Future Trends 304
References 305
Contents
vii
10 Small-Screen Interfaces 307
Daniel W. Mauney, Christopher Masterton
10.1 Nature of the Interface 307
10.2 Technology of the Interface 311
10.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 318
10.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 322
10.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 339
10.6 Design Guidelines 343
10.7 Case Study 351
10.8 Future Trends 351
References 354
11 Multimode Interfaces: Two or More Interfaces
to Accomplish the Same Task 359
Aaron W. Bangor, James T. Miller
11.1 Nature of the Interface 359
11.2 Technology of the Interface 361
11.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 363
11.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 369
11.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 377
11.6 Design Guidelines 381
11.7 Case Study 386
11.8 Future Trends 386
References 388
12 Multimodal Interfaces: Combining Interfaces
to Accomplish a Single Task 391
Paulo Barthelmess, Sharon Oviatt
12.1 Nature of the Interface 391
12.2 Technology of the Interface 394
12.3 Current Implementations of the Interface 407
12.4 Human Factors Design of the Interface 415
12.5 Techniques for Testing the Interface 423
12.6 Design Guidelines 426
12.7 Case Studies 430
12.8 Future Trends 430
References 432
Index 445
Contents
viii
Preface
The computer revolution and the graphical user interfaces (GUIs) it ushered in
has helped define the work of a generation of human factors professionals. The
advent of the Internet established the standard GUI as one of the primary inter-
faces that both users and designers must deal with. Yet, despite the ubiquity of
the GUI, nontraditional interfaces abound, and are in fact significantly more com-
mon than we might first think. From the oft-reviled interactive voice response sys-
tem to the small-screen interfaces on our cell phones, these nontraditional
interfaces play a huge role in our everyday lives.
This book was born out of a desire to collect the fundamental wisdom that
might be needed to do the human factors work on a variety of non-GUI interfaces
into a single reference source for practicing human factors professionals and to
give students of psychology and engineering an opportunity to be exposed to
the human factors for the multitude of non-GUI interfaces that they will most
likely be working on in the real world.
It is my hope that this book serves both of these groups. First, the chapters are
structured so as to provide the seasoned human factors professional with a ready
reference source for those occasions when the project demands an interface that
is outside the common GUI. The inclusion of the design guidelines and the online
case studies was specifically intended to give the practicing human factors profes-
sional useful, practical advice on implementation. Second, the book has also been
designed to be used as a teaching text for upper-division undergraduates and grad-
uate students, serving as an introduction to the many fascinating interfaces that
exist beyond the realm of the well-covered GUI. The discussion of the underlying
technologies, the current implementations and the fundamental human factors of
the interface have been written to help the student understand the “nuts and
bolts” of each interface and gain an appreciation of the role of the human factors
engineer in its design.