Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)

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1004 document 71 (6 december 1742)

[28] dahi adamımız ba‘s ve irsal olunacaġı ma‘lum-i dostaneleriŋiz olduqda

bundan böyle dostluġa layıq ve hemcivarlıġa muvafıq halatı izhar ve

muris-i inşirah-i fu’ad olur peyam-i ‘ayetlerin tahrir ve iş‘ardan

[29] hali olmamaları me’mul-i dostanemiz dir işbu biŋ yüz elli beş senesi

şehr-i Şevval-i şeriŋ doquzuncı pencşe[n]be güni tahrir olundı baqi

hemvare sıhhat ‘ayet ‘aqıbet bad (sahh)

Selamet Gėrey Han bin el-Hacc Selamet Gėrey Han

Translation:

He!

[tuġra] Selamet Giray Khan, son of El-Hajj Selim Giray Khan: our word:

From our excellency, the brave, majestic, gracious, and valorous Selamet

Giray Khan, [being]—by the aid of the monotheistic grace and by the favor

of the eternal spiritual guidance of His Majesty [God] (may He be blessed and

exalted!)—the greatest khan of the exalted sphere between the sky and earth,

of the Crimea, Or [Perekop], Budjak, Kuban,

the mountain Circassians, and

all tribes of the Nogays, dwelling in the steppe:

Aer we have sent and directed—with the utmost delight of mind—propitious

salutations to his excellency, our venerable, esteemed, high-ranked, and respected

friend of perfect esteem, the majestic king Frederick Augustus, being the present

king of the Polish Commonwealth, the ruler of Lithuania,

Ruthenia,

Prussia,

Mazovia,

Samogitia,

Kiev,

Volhynia,

Podolia,

Podlachia [Podlasie],

Livonia,

Smolensk,

and many other domains, and the ancient [i.e., heredi-

Written in gold.

Text of the seal.

e territory on the right shore of the Kuban river, inhabited mainly by the Nogays,

bordering on the south with Circassia and on the north with Cossack settlements along

the Don; on its role in the Crimean-Russian relations in the years 1739–1774, see

Kočekaev, Nogajsko-russkie otnošenija, pp. 133–191; Feolaktova, “Kubanskij vopros

v russko-tureckix otnošenijax v 1768–1774 godax,” pp. 69–74. For a Russian map of

Kuban from the late 18th century, see Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, p. 219.

Pol. adjective litewski is rendered in the Turkish text as liteviski.

Pol. adjective ruski is thus rendered in the Turkish text.

Pol. adjective pruski is rendered in the Turkish text as puruski.

Pol. adjective mazowiecki is rendered in the Turkish text as mazeviski.

Pol. adjective żmudzki (or perhaps its alternative żmudziński) is rendered in the

Turkish text as zmodoniski.

Pol. adjective kijowski is rendered in the Turkish text as kiyoviski. ough Kiev

was ocially ceded to Russia in 1686 (in fact earlier), a part of its ancient palatinate

remained in Poland-Lithuania.

Pol. adjective wołyński is rendered in the Turkish text as voloniski.

Pol. adjective podolski is rendered in the Turkish text as podoloski.

Pol. adjective podlaski is thus rendered in the Turkish text.

Pol. adjective inancki is rendered in the Turkish text as inaniski.

Pol. adjective smoleński is rendered in the Turkish text as ismoloniski. ough

document 71 (6 december 1742) 1005

tary] prince [beg] of Saxony,

and aer we have performed and pronounced

ceremonial and friendly inquiries about his health, the auspicious monarchic

[hani, i.e., of the khan] announcement is that:

In the last few years, with the lapse of time, the reciprocal correspondence

and performance of amicable ceremonies requisite for [keeping] peace and

amity, which since the old days used to conform with the liaison between our

monarchic dynasty and your majestic predecessors, and the whole Polish Com-

monwealth, have been interrupted; while in these auspicious years we were

watching for the arrival of friendly news and correspondence, this time your

friendly letter [muhabbetname], including the congratulations of our loy

monarchic oce [i.e., accession] and sent with the purpose of renewing the old

laws and perpetuating the bonds of lasting amity, arrived in the rst decade

of the noble month of Ramadan of the present year 1155,

by the hands of

your deputed envoy, appointed to its transmitting and delivery, Józef Łopuski,

the scribe of Chełm;

when it was translated, according to the custom, it was

revealed to our friendly side that its summary purport was the congratulations

on our monarchic dignity [i.e., accession] with the purpose of renewing the

old peace and perpetuating the bonds of lasting reconciliation; [such] display

of friendliness and performance of mutual reliance have increased the relief of

our mind; [hence] it is indisputable that the respected ancient amity, existing

heretofore between [us], should be safe from any change or injury under any

circumstances, and should increase and augment from day to day; as in your

friendly letter [name-i meveddet-üslub] it was mentioned that the said envoy

was your plenipotentiary, and some matters had been conded to him so that

he could report them orally, while he was being questioned and interrogated,

seven articles were pronounced and declared:

[is is] the rst article from among the conrmed and phrased articles:

e peace and amity eected and concluded in Karlowitz

should be honored,

and the conditions of reconciliation along with the clauses of amity should be

observed by the friendly sides; while it has been made clear and explained that

hereaer one should guard them from both sides, as it had been before, there

should be no doubt that the ancient matters of reconciliation, bound and per-

petuated between [us], will be observed as it used to be, and the ceremonies lead-

ing to mutual condence will be preserved stronger than by our predecessors.

Smolensk was conquered by the Russian army in 1654 and ocially ceded to Russia in

1686, the city and its palatinate were still listed in the intitulatio of the Polish kings.

Pol. Saksonia is rendered in the Turkish text as Saqsonya.

I.e., the decade between 30 October and 8 November 1742.

Pol. pisarz [grodzki] chełmski, rendered in the Turkish text as pisar hilimski. In

the second French translation (b) his name is erroneously rendered as Laprowski. On

his mission, see Konopczyński, Polska a Turcja 1683–1792, pp. 149–152, and Historia

dyplomacji polskiej, vol. 2, pp. 382 and 412.

e Polish and Ottoman instruments of the Treaty of Karlowitz, signed and

exchanged on 26 January 1699, are published in Kołodziejczyk, Ottoman-Polish Dip-

lomatic Relations, pp. 581–598.

1006 document 71 (6 december 1742)

e second article:

ose merchants, who come to Budjak and [other] regions of the hither side,

should not be asked [to give] anything above the customary taxes [vėrgü]; in

particular those merchants, who come to these regions and go, having paid the

ancient taxes should be able to conduct their trade and buy their goods freely,

and no individual should be oppressed or tormented by demands from which-

ever direction [to give] anything above the ancient [taxes]; in particular, rm

and severe orders [yarlıks] have been now written and sent to the yalı agha,

appointed to command over Budjak, and to other places, wherever it is neces-

sary, so that there should be no doubt that hereaer the said [merchants] will

not be molested in these regions.

e third article:

It has been set forth and declared that no sort of oppression should happen to

the traveling [Christian] monks,

who would arrive and stay in these regions;

[therefore,] let it be notied to the friendly sides that while such monks arrive

in these regions and reside as long as it is necessary, in the towns and bor-

oughs under my rule, where my written mandates are obeyed, they will not be

annoyed or oppressed in any manner contrary to the Islamic law [şeri‘at], and

from whichever direction.

e fourth article:

In regard to the request and memorandum, directed to the prosperous thresh-

old [i.e., the Ottoman Porte] and demanding the restitution of 2,700 piasters

[gurush]

[as an equivalent] for the eects of a Polish merchant, who had

died in Amasya, which [eects]—loaded on a ship anchored in the port of

Akkerman with the purpose of being transported to Poland—had been seized

by his excellency, the enlightened and prosperous Veli Pasha, being formerly

the commander-in-chief [serasker] on the Bender front:

God—may He be

Yalı agha (“the agha of the seashore”) was the khan’s deputy in Budjak; he

commanded over the Budjak Tatars, collected tribute from the local Christians, and

resided in Hanqıshla/Hanqıshlası (lit. “the khan’s winter quarters;” today a Ukrai-

nian village named Udobne) near Ottoman Akkerman; cf. Senai, Historia chana Islam

Gereja III, p. 184, n. 447; Księga podróży Ewliji Czelebiego, p. 427, n. 103; Trepavlov,

Istorija Nogajskoj Ordy, p. 451.

e term ruhban also applies to friars, priests, and in this case especially mission-

aries; from Łopuski’s report, submitted aer his return to the king, we learn that this

article regarded both the “Latin and Greek Fathers missionaries” (OO. missionarzów

łacińskich i greckich); it seems that the latter term referred to Greek-Catholic rather

than Orthodox priests; see AGAD, AKW, Dz. tat., k. 64, t. 26, no. 560.

On the value and silver content of an Ottoman piaster, see Pamuk, Monetary

History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 163.

During the war of 1736–1739, the serasker of Bender commanded the main

Ottoman army on the Russian front. In 1738, Veli Pasha, assisted by the Crimean

troops headed by a Giray prince, Safa Giray, pushed back a Russian oensive from the

Dniester. Although the Ottomans were unable to reconquer Očakiv, lost in 1737, the

Russian commander-in-chief, Field Marshal Münnich, ordered its evacuation as his

soldiers were facing famine. In 1739, during the next Russian oensive, Veli Pasha

was unable to prevent the Russian invasion of Moldavia and his defeat at Stavučany

document 71 (6 december 1742) 1007

exalted!—willing, there should be no doubt that [also from this side] a friendly

writing will be directed to the eternal, high [Ottoman] state, describing the

aforementioned matter as it really happened.

e h article:

A number of plundering brigands from among the Zaporozhian Cossacks

[Potqalu]

have taken shelter on the Boh river;

also some Nogay mirzas,

along with others, have extended the hand of oppression and have been com-

mitting villainous acts against the [peaceful] subjects [re‘aya] under the pretext

of reconnoitering; [therefore,] trusted men have been appointed to the afore-

mentioned place in order to capture [the culprits] and distribute necessary

punishments without fail; from now on, these regions should not remain un-

patrolled and deserted, and there should be no doubt that the utmost attention

will be paid in order to expel such brigands.

e sixth article:

Dispatching and sending envoys from hither and other side, whenever neces-

sary, strengthens the celebration of peace and amity; [therefore,] it should not

be doubted that envoys will be sent from our friendly side with the aim to com-

municate the conditions regarding some state matters, while keeping with the

exigencies of time and situation.

e seventh article:

Formerly, when the Muscovian army had been storming the fortress of Hotin,

it had entered Poland; at that time also a number of men from the Ottoman

and Tatar troops had found themselves [in Poland,] according to the necessity;

[therefore,] your envoys were sent to the high [Ottoman] state and to Muscovy

gave way to the Russian conquest of Hotin. A further Russian march was prevented

by the Peace of Belgrade; see Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, vol. 7,

pp. 513–515 and 531–532.

According to Omeljan Pritsak, the Ottomans referred to the Cossacks dwelling

on the right (i.e., western) bank of the Dnieper as Sarı Qamış, to those dwelling on

the le bank as Barabaş, and to the Zaporozhian Cossacks as Potqal or Potqalı; this

typology is generally correct though the Ottoman sources are not always as precise as

a modern historian would like them to be; see Pritsak, “Das erste türkisch-ukrainische

Bündnis (1648),” pp. 292–296.

During the Ottoman-Russian demarcation, following the Peace of Belgrade, the

Porte refused the Russian subjects access to the lower Boh and Dnieper, fearing border

skirmishes; cf. Rumjana Mixneva, Rossija i Osmanskaja imperija, pp. 58–59. Yet, even

aer the border convention was signed on 12/23 October 1742 (the rst date accord-

ing to the Old Style), in a note dated 22 December 1742/2 January 1743, the Russian

resident in Constantinople, Aleksej Vešnjakov, was instructed to raise this issue again

and demand to grant the Cossacks the right to sh, hunt, and extract salt in the vicin-

ity of Qılburun; see Moscow, Arxiv vnešnej politiki Rossijskoj imperii, f. 89, op. 1,

1742 (year number), no. 6, pt. 2, fol. 481a–485b.

Hotin was conquered by the Russians on 30 August 1739, aer Münnich’s vic-

tory over Veli Pasha (cf. n. 22 above) at Stavučany on 28 August 1739; see Zinkeisen,

Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches in Europa, vol. 5, p. 797; Iorga, Geschichte des

Osmanischen Reiches, vol. 4, pp. 440–441; Solov’ev, Istorija Rossii s drevnejšix vremen,

vol. 20, p. 443.

1008 document 71 (6 december 1742)

with the intention to claim [indemnities] for the casualties that had been com-

mitted in that period to individuals from among the Polish people, both by

the Muscovians, and by the Ottoman and Tatar troops; also, at that time, the

aforementioned [Muscovian] army had conquered Hotin and deposited a few

pieces of guns along with munitions in your country, in order to transport them

to their own country; as they are still [in your country], several times men have

been sent from [our] friendly side [with the proposal] to buy the aforemen-

tioned munitions at their value; yet, a rumor has arrived from the Muscovians

that they are about to give them as present to your majesty;

in any case, no

consent has been given so that they might be kept in your country; likewise, if

a proposal is made that they may be given [to you] as an indemnity, we all

know that there will be no consent, even though it is evident that the fruit of

the amity, concluded between [us], brings and advances the conditions, requi-

site for reconciliation, in any possible manner; still, when [ultimate] answers

are given to the envoys sent [previously] in the said matter to the eternal, high

[Ottoman] state, and to Muscovy, either from the high state, or from Muscovy,

also from [our] friendly side one will obey and proceed accordingly with the

utmost attention;

in order to fulll the laws of friendship and execute the customs of neighbor-

liness according to the ancient observed rule and the lasting customary code,

it has been decided that within a few days our special man [i.e., envoy] will

be sent; in order to notify [of his coming] you, our majestic and highly ranked

friend, a friendly yarliq full of aection has been written, and your said man

[i.e., envoy] has been returned and sent [back] to the abode of [your] majesty.

God willing, when he arrives, your friendly side will be notied that in a short

time also our man [i.e., envoy] will be sent and dispatched from our friendly

side particularly in order to renew the reconciliation and perpetuate the amity;

it is our friendly hope that henceforth there will be no lack of letters and notices

letting known their [i.e., your and our] health, which would manifest the condi-

tions tting for friendship and suitable for neighborliness, and [which would]

bring the relief of mind.

Written on ursday, on the ninth day of the noble month of Shawwal,

of this year 1155.

I have nothing to add but: let [us] always be healthy and

sound. (“correct”)

[seal] Selamet Giray Khan, son of El-Hajj Selim Giray Khan

Lit. “to your majestic side.”

9 Shawwal 1155 A.H. coincides with Friday, 7 December 1742; however, as in

the Muslim calendar a day is counted from the preceding evening, this document was

apparently issued in the evening of 6 December.

Sahh, a typical bureaucratic formula of approval appended at the end of the text.

In the middle of the seal there is the trident-shaped emblem of the Girays (taraq

tamġa).

ABBREVIATIONS

AGAD Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych [Main Archives of

Early Acts, Warsaw]

A.H. the Hegira year, based on the Muslim calendar

AKW Archiwum Koronne Warszawskie [Warsaw Crown

Archives in AGAD]

AO ASH Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae

Ar. Arabic

Banionis, LDK

pasiuntinybių

tarnyba

Egidijus Banionis, Lietuvos Didžiosios Kuni-

gaikštystės pasiuntinybių tarnyba XV–XVI amžiais

(Vilnius, 1998)

Bibl. Czart. Biblioteka Czartoryskich [Czartoryski Library,

Cracow]

Bibl. Jagiell. Biblioteka Jagiellońska [Jagiellonian Library,

Cracow]

Bibl. Kórn. Biblioteka PAN w Kórniku [Polish Academy of Sci-

ences Library in Kórnik]

Bibl. Ossol. Biblioteka Zakładu Narodowego im. Osso lińskich

[Ossolineum Library, Wrocław]

Dz. tat. Dział tatarski [Tatar division in AKW]; k. = karton

[box], t. = teczka [folder], no. = numer [number]

e Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition (Leiden-

London, 1960–2002)

f. fond [Russian and Ukrainian term for a division in

the archives; i.e., Pol. dział]

fol. folio

Germ. German

Jankowski, Historical-

Etymological

Dictionary

Henryk Jankowski, A Historical-Etymological Dic-

tionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the

Crimea (Leiden-Boston, 2006)

Kniga posol’skaja,

vol. 1

Kniga posol’skaja Metriki Velikago Knjažestva Lito-

vskago, soderžaščaja v sebe diplomatičeskija snošenija

Litvy v gosudarstvovanie korolja Sigizmunda-Avgu-

sta (s 1545 po 1572 god). Edited by M. Obolen’skij

and I. Danilovič (Moscow, 1843)

Kniga posol’skaja,

vol. 2

Kniga posol’skaja Metriki Velikago Knjažestva

Litovskago, soderžaščaja v sebe diplomatičeskija

snošenija Litvy v gosudarstvovanie korolja Stefana

Batorija (s 1573 po 1580 god). Edited by M. Pogodin

and D. Dubenskij (Moscow, 1843)

Lat. Latin

1010 abbreviations

Le khanat de Crimée Le khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée du

Palais de Topkapı, présenté par A. Bennigsen, P.

N. Boratav, D. Desaive, Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay

(Paris-e Hague, 1978)

lit. literally

Lith. Lithuanian

Malinovskij,

“Istoričeskoe

sobranie”

“Istoričeskoe i diplomatičeskoe sobranie del pro-

isxodivšix meždu rossijskimi velikimi knjaz’jami i

byvšimi v Kryme tatarskimi carjami s 1462 po 1533

god.” Collected by A. Malinovskij, in: Zapiski Ode-

sskago Obščestva istorii i drevnostej, vol. 5 (Odessa,

1863): 178–419

Materialy dlja istorii

Krymskago xanstva

Materialy dlja istorii Krymskago xanstva izvlečennyja,

po rasporjaženiju Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk, iz

Moskovskago Glavnago Arxiva Ministerstva Inos-

trannyx Del. Edited by V. Vel’jaminov-Zernov and

X. Faizxanov [Fejzxanov] (St. Petersburg, 1864)

Mong. Mongolian

ms. manuscript

op. opis’ (Rus.) or opys (Ukr.), a subdivision in the

archives; lit. “register”

Pamjatniki

diplomatičeskix

snošenij, vol. 1

Pamjatniki diplomatičeskix snošenij Moskov skago

gosudarstva s Krymskoju i Nogajskoju ordami i s Tur-

ciej, vol. 1: c 1474 po 1505 god. Edited by G. Karpov,

in: Sbornik Imperatorskago Russkago Istoričeskago

Obščestva, vol. 41 (St. Petersburg, 1884)

Pamjatniki

diplomatičeskix

snošenij, vol. 2

Pamjatniki diplomatičeskix snošenij Moskov skago

gosudarstva s Krymskoju i Nogajskoju ordami i s

Turciej, vol. 2: 1508–1521 gg. Edited by G. Karpov

and G. Štendman, in: Sbornik Imperatorskago Rus-

skago Istoričeskago Obščestva, vol. 95 (St. Petersburg,

1895)

Pol. Polish

PSB Polski Słownik Biograczny [Polish Biographical Dic-

tionary] (Cracow [then Wrocław etc.], 1935–)

Pułaski, Stosunki

Polski z

Tatar szczyzną

Kazimierz Pułaski (ed.), Stosunki Polski z

Tatarszczyzną od połowy XV wieku, vol. 1: Stosunki

z Mendli-Girejem, chanem Tatarów perekopskich

(1469–1515). Akta i listy (Cracow-Warsaw, 1881)

RGADA Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj arxiv drevnix aktov

[Russian State Archives of Early Acts, Moscow]

Rom. Romanian

Rus. Russian

Ruth. Ruthenian

Senai, Historia chana

Islam Gereja III

Hadży Mehmed Senai, Historia chana Islam Gereja

III. Edited by Z. Abrahamowicz (Warsaw, 1971)

sing. singular

abbreviations 1011

Slovnyk

staroukrajins’koji

movy

Slovnyk staroukrajins’koji movy XIV–XV st.

Edited by L. Humec’ka and I. Kernyc’kyj,

2 vols. (Kiev, 1977)

Słownik geograczny Słownik geograczny Królestwa Polskiego i innych

krajów słowiańskich. Edited by F. Sulimierski, B.

Chlebowski, and W. Walewski [then also J. Krzy-

wicki], 15 vols. (Warsaw, 1880–1902)

Syroečkovskij,

“Muxammed-Geraj

i ego vassaly”

V. Syroečkovskij, “Muxammed-Geraj i ego vassaly”

Učenye zapiski Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Uni-

versiteta im. M. V. Lomonosova, vyp. 61 (1940): Isto-

rija (vol. 2): 3–71

Tat. Tatar

Tur. Turkish

Ukr. Ukrainian

Urzędnicy centralni i

dostojnicy WKL

Urzędnicy centralni i dostojnicy Wielkiego Księstwa

Litewskiego XIV–XVIII wieku. Spisy. Edited by H.

Lulewicz and A. Rachuba (Kórnik, 1994)

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Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

– ms. 1080 = H. O. 86 “Tarih-i Mehmed Gėrey”

Vienna, Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv / Finanz- und

Hoammerachiv

– Reichsakten, Fasc. 187a, 189a