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neo-Ottomanism 371

literary 496–9, 501

New Group 442

New Order (Nizam-ı Cedid) 12, 18

New Turkey Party (NTP), formation 242,

261

Nicholas II, Tsar 60

Nightingale, Florence 16

Nizam-ı Cedid 12, 18

nizamname (communal regulations) 19,

29

non-alignment, calls for 245

North Africa

and CUP 153

and Great War 93, 94

and Italy 85, 86–8, 112

novels 7, 472–503

Anatolian socialist realism 473, 489–93,

501

early 472

European 475–6

existentialist and feminist 493–5, 501

historical 488, 492, 499

Islamic 481, 495

literary periods 472–7

March 12 494

of migration 200

and national socialism 485–9, 501

neo-Ottomanism 496–9, 501

and Nobel prize 473, 502–3

orientalism and nationalism 475, 480

Ottoman modernism 473, 477–81,

501

Ottoman Turkism 481–5, 501

periodisation 472–7

and politics and aesthetics 474–5,

501–3

transnationalism and transgression 475,

499–501

verse 490–1

village 492–3

Nurcu Movement 377–8, 381, 384–5,

386

Nuri, Cel

ˆ

al 105

Nuri,

˙

Ihsan 340, 344

Nursi, Said 377, 385

Nusret, Halide 394

¨

Ocalan, Abdullah 259, 322, 328, 349, 350–2,

374

¨

Ocalan, Osman 355

Odian, Krikor 29

oil price increases 192, 285, 363

Okan, Tunc¸ 200

¨

Okte, Faik 182

Onat, Emin 438, 440

Onat, Hikmet 423

opposition, political 30

to Atat

¨

urk 164, 165, 167, 230, 391

to CUP 68–73, 74, 81, 83, 110, 117

CUP as 59–60, 73, 84

and elites 31

in GNA 131–3, 137, 141, 144, 161, 227–30,

231

and intellectuals 32, 37

Islamist 103

and media 99–100

and RPP 228, 230–33, 234, 235, 361

and Young Turks 52, 57, 58–9, 103

see also Committee of Union and Progress

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) 283

Orhon, Mubin 451

orientalism

and art 422, 423, 468

and literature 475, 479, 480, 487

Ottoman Bank 55

Ottoman Council on Trade and Agriculture

24

Ottoman Empire

and aftermath of Great War 112–14, 483

art and architecture 419, 421–6

and diplomacy 12, 13

and Europe 16–17, 505

and Istanbul 504–6

and Kurdish nationalism 336–8

legacy 3–4

and literary modernism 477–81

and literary Turkism 481–5

and military inﬂuence 4

post-war partition 95–6, 125, 130, 226

reforms see Tanzimat period

war with Russia 11, 17, 44–7

and women’s rights 388–91

see also centralisation

Ottoman Freedom Society 64

Ottoman National Honour Bank 97

Ottoman Republic, and CUP 109

Ottoman Second Army

and Atat

¨

urk 155

and CUP 65, 70

Ottoman Seventh Army 155

Ottoman Third Army, and CUP 65, 70

Ottomanism

and Balkan Wars 90

and CUP 73, 78, 83, 100–2, 110

564

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egalitarian 28, 30, 36–7

and Turkism 481

and Young Turk Revolution 64, 68

¨

Ozakman, Turgut, S¸u C¸ılgın T

¨

urkler 488

¨

Ozal, Turgut

and 1980 junta 255, 286, 363–4

and economy 286–91, 363–4, 455

and Islamist movement 369

and Kurdish question 354

and the military 329

and modernising reforms 1, 317

as president 255, 256

and suﬁsm 382

¨

Ozel, Soli 1

¨

Ozilhan, Tuncay 262

¨

Ozkan, H

¨

usamettin 261

¨

Ozk

¨

ok, Hilmi 324

¨

Ozo

˘

g, Hakan 336

¨

Ozsoy,

˙

Ihsan 427

Palestine 34, 95, 125

Pamir, Doruk 463–4

Pamuk, Orhan 7, 456, 496, 499

The Black Book 502

Jevdet Bey and Sons 502

Museum of Innocence 502

My Name is Red 497, 502

The New Life 502

and Nobel prize 473, 502–3

Silent House 502

The White Castle 496, 502

Pan-Islamism 48, 101

Pan-Turkism 101, 374

Paris, post-war peace talks 118, 120, 121, 158

Paris Treaty (1856) 16, 44

parliament

1877–8 27, 49, 63, 151

1908 66, 67–8, 70

1912 72, 73, 116, 117

1920 126, 128

bicameral 241

and CUP 76, 80–1, 82, 110

and Islam 103

women in 373, 379, 396, 408

see also Chamber of Deputies; Grand

National Assembly

Party of Decentralisation 69

paternalism, Kemalist 165, 231

patriarchy 6, 397–402, 412

and Civil Code 402, 403

and Islamist feminism 412

and Kemalist reforms 228, 391

Kurdish 414

Ottoman 482, 483

and Turkism 487

and the veil 379

patriotism 28, 29–30, 90, 151

and architecture 424

and women 106

and Young Ottomans 32, 36

patronage 32

and art and architecture 433–6, 445, 454, 467

and literature 31

and the military 313

peasantry

and agricultural output 279, 281

and bureaucracy 160

and Kemalist reforms 164, 170, 511

Kurdish 341

and land reforms 232, 281

Peker, Orhan 452

Peker, Recep 166, 230

Pekin, S¸evki 465

Penal Code

and secularism 361

and violence against women 397, 398,

406–8

Penal Code (1840), revision 20

people trafﬁcking 178, 196, 197

People’s Chambers (Halkodaları) 342

People’s Democracy Party (HADEP) 257, 260,

353

People’s Houses (Halkevleri) 342, 432, 433,

440, 492

People’s Labour Party (PLP) 257, 353

People’s Party see Republican People’s Party

personality cult

of Abd

¨

ulhamid II 74

of Atat

¨

urk 165, 172, 393–5

of Menderes 238, 255

pluralism

and democracy 371, 372, 380, 452

and the military 305

poetry 31

Garip school 488

mesnevi 473

and Socialist Realism 490–1

Yedi Mes¸aleler school 488

and Young Ottomans 36

Polatkan, Hasan 242

political parties

and 1960 coup 242

and 1980 junta 254, 316, 363

and 1997 coup 313, 316

and democracy 2, 5, 232–3

and Islam 6, 232, 238, 361–5

565

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political parties (cont.)

Islamist 191, 247, 253, 256, 291, 357

see also Justice and Development Party;

National Order Party; Virtue Party;

Welfare Party

and Kemalism 227–31

Kurdish 257, 346, 348–9, 353–4

and the military 329

post-Great War 117–18

and women 257–8, 371, 408–10

and Young Turk Revolution 66, 70,

108

see also under individual parties

politics 226

and aesthetics 501–3

and army 110, 166, 228, 305–25, 328–31

and CUP 74–83, 108

and economy 299

of identity 327

and Islamist movement 250, 252, 358,

365–6

left wing 244, 248–54

and 1980 coup 363, 495

and art and architecture 452–3, 455

and Kurds 345–7, 349

see also Democratic Left Party; Social

Democrats

and military coups 307–10

participatory 30–3, 66

right wing

and anti-communism 235, 244, 246,

253

and the army 314–20

fragmentation 248, 251, 256, 317

and Islam 246

and nationalism 248

and Nationalist Front 252–4

single-party rule

of CUP 70, 71, 74, 82

and DP 235, 308

of RPP 166, 230–5, 281, 361, 421

see also Islam, and politics; opposition

polygamy 104, 106, 165, 390, 392

population

Armenian 54–6, 184

demographic composition 177, 275

effects of Great War 159, 269, 275

European 196

of Istanbul 35, 191, 505–7, 510, 511, 521

Jewish 183

of Ottoman Empire 34, 113

of Republic 170, 189–90, 248, 267 , 279, 292,

364

population exchange, Turkish–Greek 143, 159,

176, 275, 507

populism 254, 288, 310, 358, 380

and DP 233, 243, 282, 361

and RPP 431, 508

and VP 372, 373

Populist Party 255

portrait painting 423, 426

post-Kemalism 499

postmodernism

in architecture 455–69

in literature 498

poverty

international comparisons 272

Kurdish-inhabited provinces 335

rural 276, 281, 294

urban 366, 460, 508, 518

power, political, distribution 274

presidents, election 241; see also Atat

¨

urk,

Mustafa Kemal; Demirel, S

¨

uleyman;

˙

In

¨

on

¨

u,

˙

Ismet Pasha; Korut

¨

urk, Fahri;

Menderes, Adnan;

¨

Ozal, Turgut;

Sezer, Ahmet Necdet; Sunay,

Cevdet

press 32

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 40, 99–101

Alevi 376

in Ankara 509

art and architecture 463

and censorship 32, 71

and close of Great War 117

and CUP 82–3, 99–101, 341

and DP 236, 238, 240

feminist 389, 397, 400, 415

Kurdish 345, 414, 415

liberal 253, 263

nationalist 107–8

Nur community 385

opposition 99–100, 229

and RPP 233

in Tanzimat period 14, 31, 35–6,

37

and WP 368

see also freedom of the press

Press Law 71, 99

print culture 31, 35–6, 37

private sector

expansion 231

and import liberalisation 286

Second World War expansion 231

and SPO 283

privatisation 289, 291, 364

Prodi, Romano 324

566

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productivity

agricultural 279, 280, 281–2, 288, 292–3, 294,

299

and institutional change 273–4

and Second World War 280

Progressive Republican Party (PRP) 166,

228–9, 341, 360

protectionism 97, 277, 278, 283, 287, 298,

510

provinces, administration 25–7, 79, 231

Public Debt Administration (PDA) 48–9, 59,

96, 140

Public Education Regulation (1869) 51

public sector

deﬁcits 289–91

investment in 277–8, 299

and structural adjustment 287, 288

publishing 516

Purple Roof Women’s Shelter Foundation

402, 404

el-Qaddaﬁ, Muammar 367

quotas, for women politicians 409–10

Qur’an

and suﬁsm 381

and S

¨

uleymanlı community 384

racism, against labour migrants 193,

194

radicalism

student 244, 245, 248, 309

worker 246–7, 248

radio stations 516

Rahman, Fazlur 369

Rauf, Mehmet 480

Rauf Orbay, H

¨

useyin 115, 124

Rawlinson, Col. Alfred 163

realism

feminist 493–5, 501

individual 494–5

magical 501

Social 453

socialist 489–93, 501

Refah see Welfare Party

referendum 1987 255

Reform Decree (1856) 18–19, 28

refugees 35, 150, 159, 186–8, 506,

522–3

from Nazi Germany 186

and Russo-Turkish war 35, 46, 47

Reliance Party 248, 251, 252, 253

representation, proportional 241

Representative Committee 125, 128

repression, and 1971 junta 251–2, 495

Republic

continuity and change 226

declaration 143–4, 159, 228, 487

and Islam 359–60

see also boundaries; Atat

¨

urk, Mustafa

Kemal; Kemalism; secularism

Republican People’s Nation Party 237, 248

Republican People’s Party (RPP) 166

and anti-communism 235

and art and architecture 431, 432, 433, 437,

440, 441

and civilisation 431, 432

and class 233, 358

coalition with JP 242–3

coalition with NSP 252, 363

Congress 1927 114

and consensus building 231

divisions within 248

and DP 189, 233–5, 236–9, 308

and economy 283

electoral support 257, 260, 262, 263, 489

and extreme left 309

formation 142, 227

and Islam 361

Kurdish support 346, 349

and liberalisation 233, 234

and military junta 1971 250, 251

and NUC 240

and opposition 228, 230–3, 234, 235

as opposition 235–9, 242, 262, 263, 264, 361,

375, 492

and parliament 146

and radicalism 246

reforms 164, 233, 238

and religious practice 359

and secularism 145, 146, 165–6, 167, 197, 233,

234

and single-party rule 166, 230–5, 281, 361, 421

six principles 167, 230, 233

and social democracy 251, 252, 261, 263, 363

and squatter neighbourhoods 191

and state 166, 189

and women 165, 391–6

see also Ecevit, B

¨

ulent;

˙

In

¨

on

¨

u,

˙

Ismet Pas¸a

Republican Reliance Party see Reliance

Party

Res¸id Bey 131

Res¸id, Mustafa Pas¸a 13, 30

resistance to occupation see War o f

Independence

Revolutionary Eastern Cultural Associations

(RECA) 348, 349

567

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Revolutionary Eastern Cultural Hearths

(RECH) 347

Rida, Muhammad Rashid 103

Rıfat Efendi B

¨

orekc¸io

˘

glu 129

Rıfat Pas¸a, Sadık 17

riots, anti-Greek (1955) 183

Rıza, Ali (father of Atat

¨

urk) 148, 149

Rıza Bey, Ahmed, and CUP 59, 60

Rıza Pas¸a, Ali 128

Robins, Philip 351

Romania

constitution 19

and Great War 92

and Orthodoxy 28

and Second Balkan War 89

uniﬁcation and independence 15, 46,

150

Rouleau, Eric 329

RPP see Republican People’s Party

Rumelia

and Hunter Battalions 70

and Muslim minority 54, 152

Rumi, Mevlana Celaleddin 383

Russia

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 56

and Anatolia 46, 132, 134

and Balkans 46, 88

Bolshevik Revolution 94, 95, 116, 157,

168

and Britain 56, 60, 64, 152

and Crimean War 16

friendship treaty with (1921) 135, 136

and Great War 92, 94, 116

and modernisation 151

see also Soviet Union

Russian Orthodoxy 16

Russo-Ottoman War (1768–74) 11

Russo-Turkish War (1877–8) 17, 44–7

causes 44, 46

outbreak 46

results 47–8, 53, 95, 102

Saadabad Pact 169

Sabahaddin Bey 59, 69, 100–2

Safa, Peyami 441, 486

Fatih-Harbiye 485

Said Pas¸a, K

¨

uc¸

¨

uk 50

Said, S¸eyh 339, 342, 360

Saime, M

¨

unevver 391

St Jean de Maurienne Treaty (1917)

120

Sakarya, battle (1921) 138–9, 158, 227,

484

Salaﬁyya movement 99, 103

Salonica

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 61

as birthplace of Atat

¨

urk 149, 153

and cultural centre 99

and CUP 60, 77

and Ottoman Freedom Society 64, 75

Salvation of the Homeland (Felah-ı Vatan)

group 127

Sami, S¸emsettin 479

Sami Kunduh, Bekir 135, 136

San Remo meeting (1920) 130

San Stefano Treaty 46

sancak (district) 26, 27

Sanders, Liman von 92, 160

Sayar, Zeki 437

Sayın, Nevzat 465, 466

Schiffauer, Werner 201

schools

military 22, 149, 316

military engineering 22

mission 51

religious 22, 164, 248, 384, 385

state 22–3, 51

scientism

Kemalist 162, 170

Ottoman 99, 104–5, 110

Scutari 62, 89

Sea Forces 313

Second Constitutional Period (1908–18) 4,

62–111

aftermath of revolution 65–74

and assessment of Abd

¨

ulhamid II 38

cultural and social life 98–108

diplomacy and war 84–92

economic policies 96–8

and Great War 92–6

and Kurds 337

legacy 111

legacy of First Constitutional Period

63

and literature 479, 481

politics under CUP rule 74–83, 110

and status of women 6

and Young Turk Revolution 63–5

Second World War

economic effects 231, 280

and Kurds 343

and political parties 231–2

and refugees 187

sectarianism, in Lebanon 15

secularism

and army 303, 304, 306, 308, 310, 311, 361

568

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and art and architecture 426, 448, 458–9,

462, 465

and CUP 68, 103–4

and Islam 6, 110, 171, 179, 234, 259, 265,

312–13, 410–14, 484

and JDP 323, 375

and Kemalism 38, 145, 303, 357–8, 359–60,

367, 487

and language 474

and RPP 145, 146, 165–6, 167, 197, 233,

361

and Tanzimat reforms 21

and VP 373

and women 409, 412–13

and WP 368

and Young Turks 38, 103, 390

security, national 330–1

and army 302–5, 306, 311, 321, 326–8,

329

external threats 331

internal threats 301, 309–10, 331

and Kurdish question 333

and refugees 188

and Thrace incidents 182

see also National Security Council

self-determination, national 95, 483

and Wilson 118, 121, 124, 125

Selim III, Sultan

and centralisation of state 12

and cultural change 31

military reforms 12

senate, and army 72

separatism

Kurdish 184, 251, 289, 304, 311, 314, 333

Turkish 101

September 11 terrorist attacks, impact 320,

323, 375

Serbia

autonomy 15

and Balkan Wars 89

European interest in 84

revolt (1876) 44, 46, 150

Servet-i F

¨

unun (Wealth of Sciences) school

480

Settlement Law (1934) 180–2, 186, 187, 188, 198,

342

S

`

evres Treaty (1920) 131, 134, 135, 140, 142, 158,

226

and Kurdistan 130, 134, 136, 338

sexuality

and feminism 397–8

sex crimes 398, 406, 408

Seyfettin,

¨

Omer 108, 484

Seyit Bey (minister of justice) 144

Seyyid, S

¨

uleyman 423

Sezai, Samipas¸azade 479

Sezer, Ahmet Necdet, as president 260

Shiite Islam 376, 383

and Alevis 386

Siesbye, Alev Ebuzziya 462

Sincan 258–9

Sirel, Nijad 427

Sirhindi, Ahmad 382

Sısa, Sami 464

Sivas Congress (1919) 125, 126, 127, 133,

156–7

siyaset (politics) 18

Skalieri-Aziz Bey committee 43

slave trade, prohibition 20

slavery, ofﬁcial 30

social democracy

and Ecevit 260

and left-wing terrorism 250–4

and RPP 251, 252, 262, 263, 363

Social Democrats (SHP) 256

coalition with TTP 256–7, 258

and Kurds 353

socialism

in Balkans 99

and CUP 68, 74

and Islamism 132

and the novel 485–9, 501

and resistance to occupation 132

Socialist Realism, literary 489–93, 501

Socialist Workers’ and Peasants’ Party 235

society

1960s 246, 311

1990s 185–6

and army 81, 109, 303, 311, 312, 316–17,

325–8

and CUP 76, 77

and government 4, 5, 7, 53, 365,

388

and migrant workers 193, 197

and modernisation 2–3, 166–7, 170

social change 34–6, 37, 58, 248

and TAF 109, 325–8

and Tanzimat reforms 24

Society for the Advancement of Kurdistan

Society for the National Improvement of the

Laz 118

Society for the Protection of the Near

Eastern Circassians’ Rights 118

S

¨

onmez, Mustafa 334

Souchon, Adm. Wilhelm

South-East Anatolian Project 297, 335, 367

569

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sovereignty

national 118, 143, 144, 157–9, 163,

227

and PDA 49

popular 32, 82, 133, 135, 137, 141, 232,

311

and RPP 229

Soviet Union

and economic migrants 178, 196

and refugees 187

trade with 169

Soysal, Sevgi 495

Special Organisation 82, 122

sports 196–7

squatter housing 294, 444, 497

and architecture 455, 460

in Istanbul 444, 511–13, 520

and political parties 190

standards of living 171, 266

comparison 271–3, 27 2

state

and art and architecture 429–42, 445

and early struggle for women’s rights

388–91

and society 4, 5, 7, 53, 315, 316–17, 365,

388

and Young Turk Revolution 67

see also government

State Planning Organisation (SPO) 283,

286

stock market, collapse 260

Straits see Dardanelles

strikes

and CUP 71

and JP 250

and junta 1971 251

and NSC 242

and Young Turk Revolution 67

Struma incident (1942) 187

Suavi, Ali 43

Sublime Porte 13, 23

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 49–50, 63, 79

and CUP 68, 74–5, 79–80, 100

and taxation 25

Translation Ofﬁce 22

see also bureaucracy

Suez Canal 14, 44, 94

suffrage, female 165, 168, 392–4, 408

suﬁsm 381–7

and Islamic communities 381,

383–7

and middle class 382

orders 164, 229, 377, 381, 382–3, 485

S

¨

uleymancı community see S

¨

uleymanlı

community

S

¨

uleymanlı community 377, 381, 383–4

sultanate

abolition 144, 163, 227, 360, 487

and caliphate 53, 116, 118, 137, 141

and GNA 133, 136, 137, 163

and Islamism 39

and participatory politics 30–1, 66

and poetry 31

prerogatives 19

Sunalp, Turgut, and Nationalist Democracy

Party 255

Sunay, Cevdet 250, 251

Sunni Muslims

Kurdish 334, 338, 339, 349, 360

as majority population 359

see also brotherhoods, Sunni; Naks¸ibendi

surnames, imposition 165, 168

surrealism 452

Susurluk scandal 328

Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) 116, 130

Syria

Atat

¨

urk posted to 153, 156

and Ba‘thist regime 110

and community relations 28

French mandate 130, 139, 158, 169

and Kurds 350, 351, 355

and Mehmed Ali 14

Ottoman rule 15, 53

and Salaﬁyya movement 99, 103

S¸afak, Elif 499

S¸ahin, Leyla 413

S¸ahinbas¸, Erkut 465

S¸akir, Bahaeddin 75

S¸enler, S¸ule Y

¨

ukel 495

S¸ensoy, Hamdi 447

S¸eref Khan 336

S¸erefhano

˘

glu, Ziya 343, 344

s¸eriat

and CUP 104

and JDP 263

Ministry 305

and non-Muslims 19, 28

and state law 18, 21, 22, 146, 229, 311,

362

and sultan 20

S¸erif Pas¸a 338, 343

S¸evket Pas¸a, Mahmud, Grand Vizier 74

S¸eyh Said revolt (1925) 137, 164, 171, 180, 228,

339–40, 360

s¸eyh

¨

ulisl

ˆ

am (chief jurisconsult) 23, 43, 145, 160

S¸inasi,

˙

Ibrahim 480

570

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T

ˆ

ahir, Kemal, Mother State 491, 492

Tal

ˆ

at Pas¸a

and CUP leadership 153–4

as minister of the interior 74, 75, 113,

115

Talu, Naim, as prime minister 251

Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi

Mind at Peace 486–7

Sahnenin Dıs¸ındakiler 487

Tanrı

¨

over, Hamdullah Suphi

Tanzimat, meaning 11, 13–14

Tanzimat period

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 39–40

background 11–13

crisis and contraction 14–17

cultural changes 31–2, 36–7

literature 11, 480

and Ottoman identity 28, 30, 36–7, 101

socio-economic change 33–4

Tanzimat reforms 13, 17–33, 476

administration 25–7, 39, 151

and army 21

elite formation and education 21–3, 50,

150

expansion of government 23–4

and French inﬂuence 26, 27

intercommunal relations 27–30

legislation 17–21

political transformation 30–3

and secularisation 21

Tarus,

˙

Ilhan 492

Taut, Bruno 435, 438

tax-farming 18, 25, 276

taxation

collection 25, 44, 45

and non-Muslims 19, 25, 150,

182–3

and Tanzimat reforms 18, 24

see also tithe

Tayla, H

¨

usrev 458

Te k, M

¨

uﬁde Ferit 484

Tekeli, Do

˘

gan 464

Tekin, Latife 462, 496, 497

Berji Kristin 497, 515

Dear Shameless Death 497

television 516

Tenger, Hale 462

Tengirs¸enk, Yusuf Kemal 140

terrorism

fear of 218, 221

left wing 250–4

of 11 September 320, 323, 375

responses to 185, 309, 321, 326–8

tesett

¨

ur see headscarf

Te s¸kilat-ı Mahsusa 82, 122

Tevﬁk, Baha 105

Tevﬁ k P as¸a 135

textile industry 169

theatre 36–7

Thorak, Josef 438

Thrace

Greek claims 120, 130, 135, 140, 158

Western 127, 141

Thrace incidents 182

Ticani group 365

tithe 25

abolition 164, 276

To k ay, E nve r 446

Tollu, Cemal 437, 441

Tolon, Canan 462

Tolon, Hurs¸it 324

Toprak, Burhan 437

tourism 293, 297, 383, 470, 517

and Istanbul 465, 469, 517, 521

TPP see True Path Party

trade

with Britain 13, 33

expansion 33, 255, 505

with Germany 169

internal 33

liberalisation 286

and protectionism 97, 277, 278, 283

with Soviet Union 169

trade unions

and 1961 constitution 284

and 1980 junta 363

and CUP 71

radical 246–7, 248, 249

reduction in power 299

Transjordan, Ottoman rule 53

Translation Ofﬁce 22

transnationalism

literary 475, 499–501

and migrant labour 205–6

tribes, Kurdish 335, 341, 343, 346, 349,

353

Tripoli of Barbary

and CUP 153

and Italy 73, 85, 86–8, 94, 112, 483

True Path Party (TPP) 256–7, 261

and army 310–11, 317, 318–19

coalition with WP 258, 310–11, 367

electoral support 367

fragmentation 257

and social democrats 256–7, 258,

264

571

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T

¨

umertekin, Han 460, 465

Tunahan, S

¨

uleyman Hilmi 383, 384

Tunisia

constitution 19

and France 48, 86

Turan 102

Turan, Selim 442, 451

Turani, Adnan 451

T

¨

ureg

¨

un,

˙

Ilhan 447

T

¨

urk, Ahmet 354

T

¨

urk-

˙

Is¸ 246, 249

T

¨

urkes¸, Alpaslan 240, 248, 255

T

¨

urkes¸, Tu

˘

grul 264

Turkey

constitution see Fundamental Law

ethnic diversity 371, 504, 507

as European 302

as nation-state 112, 127, 141–6, 159–69, 170,

226, 483

see also Ottoman Empire

Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) see army;

security, national

Turkish Communist Party 133

Turkish Economic and Social Studies

Foundation 186

Turkish Hearths 230, 484

Turkish Historical Society 488

Turkish Labour Party 309

Turkish language

and citizenship 146, 179, 180–1, 196

and dialect 491, 492

and Kurds 415

and linguistic engineering 474–5

modernisation 167, 168, 359, 474,

488

and nationalism 107, 338

and politics 474–5

vocabulary 474

Turkish Language Society (TLS) 474,

488

Turkish–Islamic synthesis 314, 363, 369, 377,

384, 499

Turkishness 179, 181, 187, 342, 350, 475

Turkism

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 99

and Balkan Wars 90, 483

in CUP 75, 78, 83, 100–2, 104, 105, 110

and economy 97

and Islam 107

and National Constitutional Party 73

and National Socialist literature 485–9

Ottoman 481–5, 501

T

¨

urkmen, Muhlis 447

Uc¸ar, Bedri 438

ulema

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 51, 52

and CUP 74, 103, 110

and Great War 95

political role 81

and struggle for independence 129

and Tanzimat reforms 22

Uluc¸,

¨

Omer 452

Uluengin, Fatin 458

Ulusu, B

¨

ulent 254

Umum Alem-i

˙

Islam

˙

Ihtilal Tes¸kilatı 122

unemployment

and economic crisis 248, 291, 363, 364,

370

and migrant workers 192, 207, 211, 212

Uniﬁcation of Education Law 145

Union of Chambers of Commerce and

Industry 248

Union of Mohammedans 103

Union of Teachers 250

Union of the World of Islam 246

Unionists see Committee of Union and

Progress

United Nations, and Kurds 343

United Nations High Commission for

Refugees 187

United States

and Anatolian mandate 125–6

and anti-Americanism 245, 246

and Cuban Missile Crisis 244

emigration to 176, 192

inﬂuence on art and architecture 445, 450,

453

military aid 315

Turkish relations with 244–5, 246, 281, 325,

355, 443

and war on terror 261

see also Cold War

universities

and DP 235, 236, 237, 239, 240

and NSC 242

and radicalism 244, 250

and RPP 233

and teaching of theology 167, 361, 375

and wearing of headscarves 368, 371, 378,

411–14

and women’s studies 400

Urabi uprising 48

urbanisation 2, 35, 170, 266, 268

and internal migration 178, 189–91, 332, 335,

444

and squatter housing 190, 444, 460, 511–13

572

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Us¸aklıgil, Halit Ziya 480

As¸k-ı Memnu 479

¨

Usk

¨

udar Society, and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 43

Uyurkulak, Murat, To l 499

Uzan, Cem 262

¨

Ulken, Himi Ziya 442

¨

Unsla, Behc¸et 437

¨

Urg

¨

upl

¨

u, Suat Hayri 243

Vahdeddin (Mehmed VI), Sultan 79, 114,

117

and Atat

¨

urk 155

ﬂight from Istanbul 141, 227

and suspension of parliament 116

Valeri, Salvatore 427

Va mb

´

ery, Arminius 41

Vanlı, S¸evki 453, 465

Varlık, Utku 462

vatan (fatherland) 29, 124

Vedat Bey, Mehmet 424, 425, 427, 428

veiling see headscarf

Venizelos, Eleftherios (Greek prime minister)

168

verg

¨

u (consolidated tax) 18, 25, 26

vezirs, grand 23

and Abd

¨

ulhamid II 49, 50

and CUP 72, 74, 82

foreign minister as 13

vilayet nizamnamesi (provincial administrative

regulations) 25

vilayet (provinces) 27

Village Guards 353

Village Institutes 488

violence, against women 397, 398, 404–6, 414,

416, 417

and honour killings 220, 405, 406, 408

and Penal Code 397, 406–8

violence, political 250–4, 309, 363

and Kurds 333, 347–9, 350

Virtue Party (VP) 260, 302, 359

banning 259, 302, 374

and democracy 372, 374

formation 259, 372

and Islamism 369, 372–4, 386

Kurdish support 371

Renewers and Traditionalists 373

and women 372

VP see Virtue Party

wages

and income distribution 295

increase in 284, 288

reduction in 286, 288

Wallachia 15

Wallraff, G

¨

unter 202

War of Independence 4, 112–46

Anatolian movement 119–20, 121–9, 131,

133–41

and Atat

¨

urk 120, 123–5, 128–9, 131–3, 137–41,

156–9, 226–7

casualties 159, 275

economic effects 159, 275

foundations of nation-state 141–6

impact of Great War 114–25

and Islam 143

and Kurds 337, 339

and Lausanne Treaty 141–3, 158

military consolidation 129–34

and minorities 179–84

Mobile Forces 132, 134

as national movement 133–41

political consolidation 125–9, 133

reassessments 492

religious solidarity 129, 160

role of women 390–1

and suﬁ orders 382

and Unionists 121, 126, 128

war paintings 423

war on terror 261

warlordism 12, 33, 34

Wealth Tax Law 182–3, 280, 508

Welfare Party (WP) 191

banning 368, 372

coalition with TTP 258, 310–11, 328,

367

and coup of 1997 258, 301, 310–11,

368

and economic justice 370–1

electoral support 257, 367, 368, 369–71,

372

and Erdo

˘

gan 262

and Islamism 366–72, 386, 456,

459

and women 371, 412

see also National Salvation Party; Virtue

Party

Westernisation 276, 315

and CUP 104–6

Kemalist 162–3, 303, 357

and national culture 422, 480, 507

opposition to 362

and women 412, 416

Wharton, Annabel 445

Wilhelm II of Germany 85, 91

Wilson, Woodrow 117, 121, 124, 125,

156

573

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