Kasaba R. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 4, Turkey in the Modern World
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architecture (cont.)
and mosque design 448
national 441–2, 470
and pluralism 453–5, 463–5
postmodern trends 456–9
and regional style 453–4, 465
and relativism 468
residential developments 460, 465
and state patronage 433–6, 445
and urban housing 449–50, 461
vernacular 455, 457, 465
Arda, Orhan 438, 440
Ardahan
and Armenia 127
Turkish control 136, 142
Arkan, Seyfettin 437
Armed Forces Union 242
Armenia
amira class 83, 109
and Eastern Anatolia 119, 130, 133, 134,
158
and GNA 131, 133, 135
independence from Russia 131
Protestants in 28
reforms 91–2
see also Kars
Armenian uprisings 54, 96
Armenians
deportation from Anatolia 96, 113, 115,
119–20, 159, 275
emigration 176–7
and feminism 389
in Istanbul 506, 509
and Kurds 337–8
and League of Nations 140
and six provinces 54, 91, 119, 124
see also nationalism, Armenian
army 301–32
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 60
accountability 302, 325, 327, 328
as anti-political 305–25, 327, 332
and Atat
¨
urk 131, 138, 166
defeat of Greek army 140–1
and elite formation 21
and Great War 92, 114–15, 119
as guardian of the state 311, 313, 321, 326
and 1960 coup 241–2
and internal threats 301, 309–10, 331
and Kemalism 303–5, 306–7
and the right 314–20
High Command 241–2, 309, 312, 319, 320, 329
historical role 305–25
Hunter Battalions 70
and Islamism 368
and modernisation 2, 5–6, 303, 315, 316
National Battalions 64
Ottoman reforms 12
and political class 328–30
and politics 166, 228, 305–25
and CUP 70, 72, 73, 74–5, 81–2
and DP 236, 237, 239, 315
and JDP 2, 320–5, 332
and JP 250, 251, 315, 317
right-wing 314–20
and TPP 310–11, 317
post-Cold War democratisation 330–1
recruitment 29
schools 22, 149, 316
and secularism 303, 304, 306, 311, 361
size 130, 136
and society 81, 109, 303, 311, 312, 316–17, 325–8
training 85
and War of Independence 122–4, 129–34,
136, 138
and Young Turk Revolution 63–5
see also coups; military service; security,
national
Arolat, Emre 465
Arseven, Celal Esat 429, 432, 439
Arslan, Y
¨
uksel 452
art 7, 419–71
abstract 451–2
and diversification 443–55
figurative 451
and first moderns 421–9
and folk culture 422, 428, 431, 440–2,
448
German influence 437–8
Islamic and Ottoman themes 456–9
and the Kemalist state 426, 429–42, 470
and kitsch 461–2
landscape painting 423
museums and galleries 463, 466–8
and nationalisation of the modern 432
New Tendencies Exhibitions 462
Ottoman 419, 421–3
portrait painting 423, 426
postmodern trends 455–69
and relativism 468
and Social Realism 453
surrealist 452
war paintings 423
Art Definition Collective 462
art galleries, private 463, 468
Asquith, Herbert Henry (later 1st Earl of
Oxford) 95
544
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assimilation, and migration policy 180; see also
labour migration, and integration
Association to Combat Communism 246
Association of Quranic Seminaries 384
Association of Women Jurists 402
asylum policies 186–9, 197
Atılgan, Yusuf 495
Atat
¨
urk, Mustafa Kemal 3, 114, 147–72
appearance 149
and army
political role 305
reorganisation 131
army career
as brigadier 155
as commander-in-chief 138, 140–1, 158,
161, 226–7
as diplomat in Sofia 154
and Gallipoli campaign 155
and Great War 154–6
as inspector of troops 156
as marshal 158
military training 150, 153
and politics
posting to Syria 153
character
authoritarianism 161, 165, 171, 391
narcissism 391
and Islam 160, 163, 164, 229, 359–60, 381
and Kurds 337
landing in Samsun 123, 156
legacy 147, 148, 169–72
mausoleum (Anıt-Kabır) 438–9, 440, 458
policies
civilisation 4, 139, 160, 163, 168, 170,
430
foreign policies 168–9
modernisation 4, 105
reforms 163–6, 169, 229, 429
and politics
creation of nation-state 159–69
and CUP 138, 153–4, 156, 483
defence of rights groups 156–7
and diplomacy 158–9, 162
and Erzurum Congress 124–5, 156–7
GNA 129, 132, 135, 137–9, 141, 142, 144,
157–9, 226–7
and Istanbul 508
opposition to 161, 164, 165, 167, 227–9,
391
powers 138–9, 161
as president of Republic 159, 169, 228
Sivas Congress 156–7
Speech of 1927 114, 161, 344
Turkish Communist Party 133
see also Republican People’s Party
portraits 423, 426, 438
posting to North Africa 154
private life
early years and influences on 4,
148–53
death 169, 231
status
as gazi 138, 158, 164, 227, 426
personality cult 165, 172, 393–5
as symbol of republic 147, 259
as world figure 147
and War of Independence 4, 120, 123–5,
128–9, 131–3, 156–9, 226–7
and Young Turks 153–6
Atay, O
˘
guz 495
Dispossessed 493–4
Austria-Hungary
and Balkans 84, 85, 91
and modernisation 151
and proposed Ottoman alliance 90, 162
authoritarianism
and the army 315, 316
and Atat
¨
urk 131, 138, 161, 165, 166, 171, 391,
489
and CUP 68, 69, 82
and DP 308
and migration policies 182, 184, 189
Avni Pas¸a, H
¨
useyin 42
Aybar, Mehmet Ali 244, 453
Aydın, Mehmet 375
Aydemir, Talat 241, 316
Aysan, S¸
¨
ukr
¨
u 462
Aziz, S¸
¨
ukran 462
Azizo
˘
glu, Yusuf 344
Aznavur, Ahmed 132
Baghdad Pact 245
Bahc¸eli, Devlet 261, 262
Balaban,
˙
Ibrahim 453
balance of payments 285, 286
Balkan Pact 169
Balkan Wars 73, 87–9, 96, 101, 130
economic effects 275–7
First 74, 89, 154
and forced migration
and Great War 89
paintings 423
Second 89
and Turkism 90, 483
Balkans
and Britain 60
545
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Balkans (cont.)
CUP policies 60, 84–6, 88–90
migration from 35, 187, 195, 275
revolts 44, 45, 57, 154
Russian influence in 45, 46, 60, 64, 88
in Second World War 187
see also Bosnia; Bulgaria; Greece;
Herzegovina; Macedonia;
Montenegro; Romania; Serbia
Balmumcu, S¸evki 436
bankruptcy, state 33, 42, 44, 93
banks and banking 33
crisis of 2001 290
Islamic 259, 372
Ottoman National Honour Bank 97
public sector 289–90
Barlas, Mehmet 311
Barzani, Mustafa 348
Barzani rebellion (1943) 343
Barzani rebellion (1961–75) 346–7, 348,
352
Bas¸aran, Mehmet 488
Bas¸bu
˘
g,
˙
Ilker 323–4
Bas¸gil, Ali Fuad 243
Ba‘thist regimes 110
Batum
British occupation 116, 119
ceded to Georgia 135, 142
Ottoman recovery 127
Bayar, Celal 167, 231, 232–3,
240
Baykal, Deniz 262, 263
Baykam, Bedri 462
Baykurt, Fakir 488, 492
Bayrak, Mehmet 342
Bebler, Anton 302
Bedirxan, Miqdad Midhad 337
Beirut 35, 87
as intellectual centre 99, 104
Bektas¸, Cengiz 454
Bektas¸ Veli, Hacı 383, 386
Bektas¸i order 359, 377, 381, 382, 383, 485
and Alevis 386
Bele, Refet 227, 231
Belge, Murat 248
Belling, Rudolph 438
Berger, John 202
Berk, Nurullah 432, 437, 441
Berlin, and migrant youth 214–16
Berlin Treaty (1878) 47, 48, 88, 91, 116,
130
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald 91
Bilgic¸, Said 243
Bilgin, Pınar 331
birth control 415
Bolshevik Revolution 94, 95, 116, 157,
168
Bonatz, Paul 438
border controls, and labour migration 203
Bosnia
and Austria 84, 85, 88
refugees from 188
revolt (1876) 16, 44, 45
Bosporus, demilitarisation 143
boundaries, Republican 112, 115, 127, 133, 135,
141–2, 146, 226
bourgeoisie see middle class
Boyar, Ali Sami 441
Braudel, Fernard 491
Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918) 95, 116, 127, 131
Britain
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 47, 50, 56
and Anatolian mandate 118
and CUP 85–6, 90, 91
and Cyprus 47
and Egypt 48, 85
and Great War
and Kemalist Turkey 168
and Kurds 136
and Mesopotamia 94, 95, 115, 116, 125, 146,
159
occupation of Egypt 14
and Palestine 95, 125
and post-Great War settlement of Turkey
115–17, 118, 119, 120–1, 123, 128, 130, 135,
140, 158, 226
post-war occupation of Istanbul 116, 120,
121, 128, 157, 163, 507
and Russia 56, 60, 64, 152
trade with Ottoman Empire 13, 33
brotherhoods, Sunni 357, 361, 377–8, 381
abolition 360
Kurdish 339, 346
see also communities, religious
Brussels International Expo, Turkish Pavilion
447
Bucak, Faik 344
Bucak, Remzi Mustafa 343, 344, 345
B
¨
uchner, Ludwig, Kraft und Stoff 104,
108
Bu
˘
gra, Tarık 492–3
Bulgaria
and Balkan Wars 89, 154
and Great War 92
independence 46, 84, 150
and industry 34
546
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and Orthodoxy 28
Ottoman rule 15
refugees from 187
as regional power 86, 88
revolt (1876) 16, 44, 45
taxation 26
Buluc¸, Ragıp 464
Burak, Cihat 452
bureaucracy
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 49–50, 52, 63
and CUP 68, 74–5
and DP 234, 235, 237, 308
European influence on 151
and JDP 2
and middle class 315
military 311, 314, 326, 327
and modernisation 2, 276
opened to non-Muslims 30, 150
provincial 25–7, 231
Republican 160–1, 231
and RPP 234
and Tanzimat reforms 13, 21–3, 50
see also Sublime Porte
Burkay, Kemal 348
Business Bank 230, 425
Businessmen’s Association of Turkey
(T
¨
US
˙
IAD) 262
Bakal, Canan 462
cabinet
1971 junta 250–1, 252–4
and Atat
¨
urk 131, 137, 138, 161, 165, 166, 171,
391, 489
CUP 79, 80, 92, 113
DP 237
and NUC 241, 254
Cadre/Kadro movement 488
Cairo, as intellectual centre 99, 104
calendar, reform 164
caliphate
abolition 144–5, 164, 338, 360,
487
and GNA 133, 136, 137, 141, 160
and sultanate 53, 116, 118, 137, 145
support for 144, 228, 229, 337
Calp, Necdet 255
Calthorpe, Adm. Arthur 115
Canib, Ali 484
Cansever, Turgut 446, 454, 457–8
Capital Tax (1942) 231
capitalism
expansion 2, 177–8, 247, 314–15,
443
and JP 246, 247
print 31, 35–6
and RPP 253
capitulations 56, 96, 97, 130, 276
carpets, export 33
casualties
Great War 94, 113, 275
Kurdish guerrilla campaign 352,
353
War of Independence 159, 275
Caucasus
and Bolshevik Russia 135
and Great War 95
Cavid Bey, Mehmed, as Minister of Finance
74, 75, 96
CEDAW see Convention for the Elimination
of All Types of Discrimination Against
Women
Cem,
˙
Ismail
and DLP 261
and NTP 261
Cemal Pas¸a, Ahmet 74, 75, 115,
153–4
Cemil, Nimet 389
censorship
under Abd
¨
ulhamid II 32, 98–9
under CUP 71, 83, 99, 104, 117
censuses
1927 176, 178, 183
2000 178
Ottoman 54
centralisation 11–12, 18
under Abd
¨
ulhamid II 48, 53, 63
under CUP 83, 152
Ottoman 11–12, 18, 48
Republican 146, 167, 189
Cevdet, Abdullah 105, 106
Cevdet Pas¸a, Ahmed 20
Cevizo
˘
glu, Hulki 313
Chamber of Deputies
in Ankara 129, 133, 157
and CUP 68, 80–1, 115, 157
elections to see elections
interwar period 127
and minority representation 68
Chanaa, Jane 331, 332
Chanak crisis 140
change, social
in 1960sand1970s 248
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 58
and the army 327, 328
and Tanzimat reforms 34–6, 37
CHP see Republican People’s Party
547
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Christianity
missions and missionaries 51, 149, 153
Orthodox see Greek Orthodoxy; Russian
Orthodoxy
Protestant Armenian 28
Republican attitudes to 162
see also holy places
Christians
in Anatolia 131
and forced migrations 175, 176, 178
in Istanbul 506, 507, 508, 509
as minority communities 128, 143, 179, 335,
358
and nationalism 150, 152
Cilicia, French occupation 116, 119, 128,
139
cinema 516
citizenship 146, 171, 179–84, 186
and Kurds 354
and labour migrants 203, 208–10
Civil Code (1926), and women 392, 397,
402–4
Civil Code (2002) 407
civil service see bureaucracy
civil society see society
civilisation
and Atat
¨
urk 4, 131, 137, 138, 139, 160,
161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 391,
430, 489
and culture 422, 423–6, 430–2
and Kemalism 230
and Kurds 171, 339, 341
and the novel 474, 476
and science 4
and Westernisation 106, 139, 149, 218, 325,
392
and women’s rights 392
class
in Ottoman society 491
political 328–30, 332
and RPP policies 233, 358
and women 396, 414
see also elites; middle class; working class
clothing see dress; headscarf
Cohen, Stanley 205
coinage, reform (1844) 33
Cold War
effects 187
and foreign policy 235, 244
and US policies 244
colonialism see imperialism
Coming Dawn school 484
Committee of Progress and Union (CPU) 64
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)
and abdication of Abd
¨
ulhamid II 61, 79
aftermath of revolution 65–74, 99
and army 70, 72, 73, 74–5, 81–2
and Atat
¨
urk 153–4, 156
and Balkans 60, 84–6, 88–90
and bureaucracy 68, 74–5, 79
Central Committee 69, 74–7, 78, 79,
162
collapse 115, 117
concept of the people 82, 109, 110
and counter-revolution (1909) 70, 79,
154
coup of 1913 82, 100, 154
cultural and social life 98–108
diplomacy and war 84–92
economic policies 68, 96–8
foreign policies 73, 84–92
General Assembly 76
General Congress 76–7
and Great War 92–6, 114–15, 119, 122,
337
ideology 71, 75, 78, 81, 84, 96
and institutional cult 74, 75
and Islam 103–4
leadership 63, 65, 66, 68, 70–1, 74–5, 78, 108,
115
mass membership 77–8, 81
as opposition movement 59–60, 73, 84
opposition to 68–73, 74, 81, 83, 110, 117
and Ottoman women’s movement
106–7
political life under 74–83, 108
and preservation of empire 64, 66, 67, 68,
74, 78, 101
and Republic 109, 421
and resistance to occupation 119, 121, 126,
128
and secrecy 74, 75
single-party rule 70, 71, 74, 82
structure 76–7, 78, 115, 119
and sultanate 66, 74, 78–9
trials and deportations 117, 128, 138, 157
and Westernisation movement 104–6
and Young Turk Revolution 63
see also army; Great War; Ottomanism;
Turkism
communications, expansion 364
communism see anti-communism
communities, religious 381, 383–7
community relations 27–30, 83
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers’
Unions (D
˙
ISK) 246, 249, 250
548
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Constantinople Agreement (1915) 116
Constantinople conference (1976) 45–6
constitution (1876) 19–20, 21, 45–6, 145
and Fundamental Law 134
and non-Muslims 150
and power of sultan 63
reinstatement 66, 153
suspension 49, 50, 151
and Young Turk Revolution 60, 151
constitution (1924) 145–6, 179, 239
constitution (1937) 168
and Kemalist principles 167, 230, 233
constitution (1961)
and art and architecture 452
and bicameral parliament 241–2
and Demirel 250
and individual liberties 244, 284, 309, 310,
492
constitution (1982) 189, 317, 363
constitutional court 241
and elections 2007 264
and Islamist women 411, 413
and NOP
and VP 259, 374
and WP 259, 302, 311, 368, 372
Constitutional Revolution (1908) see You n g
Turk Revolution
constitutionalism
and CUP 110
and Islam 103–4
and Young Ottomans 32, 151–2
control, social 327, 331
Convention for the Elimination of All Types
of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) 397, 398, 401, 403, 406
corruption 233, 288, 298, 305, 328
and ANAP 259–60, 261
and CUP 72
and DP 240
and
¨
Ozal 288, 364
provincial 28
and RPP 260
and security forces 281–2
and TPP 258, 260, 367
and WP 370
cotton, exports 14
Council of Judicial Ordinances 24
councils, provincial 24, 25
coups 303, 307–10
1909 70, 79
1913 82, 100, 154
1960 192, 239, 301, 307–9
and army as guardian of state 241–2
and DP 1, 2, 362
and economy 283
and intelligentsia 240
and political parties 242
and socialism 493
see also National Unity Committee
1971 250, 301, 307
and authoritarian rule 251–2, 309, 495
and Kurds 347
in literature 494
and media 304
and NOP 362
and political left 250–1, 304
1980 301, 307, 316–17, 363, 444
and economy 286
and Kurds 349
and the left 252, 495
and martial law 254, 309–10, 363
and political parties 254, 316, 363
and S
¨
uleymanlı 384
and trade unions 363
and Turkish nationalism 310
and women 396, 397
see also National Security Council
1997 258, 301, 308, 310, 319, 368
against Abd
¨
ulhamid II 43
by officials 42
courts
commercial 20
communal 19
nizami 20, 27, 30
s¸eriat 21, 22, 104
State Security Courts 322
Crete
and Greek nationalists 56–7
and Mehmed Ali 14
Ottoman rule 14, 19, 152
Crimean War (1853–6) 16, 33
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 244
Cubism 428, 437, 441
Cuda, Mahmut 428
culture
and civilisation 422, 423–6, 430–2
cultural dualism 40, 480, 487
cultural nationalism 32, 439, 474, 487,
507
folk culture 422, 428, 431, 440–2, 448
and identity 419–20, 422, 433, 480
and Tanzimat reforms 31–2, 36–7
customs
and Allies 143
and EU agreement 268, 292, 366
and protectionism 97
549
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Cyprus
ceded to Britain 47, 48
crisis (1963/4) 244–5, 246
Greek Cypriot coup 252
Turkish Cypriots 183
Cyrenaica
and CUP 154
and Italy 73, 85, 86–8, 94, 112, 154
C¸ akmak, Fevzi 166, 423
C¸ allı
˙
Ibrahim 423
C¸ atlı, Abdullah 328
C¸ATOMssee Multi-Purpose Community
Centres
C¸ avdar, Tuncay 465
C¸ elebi, Sultan Veled 383
C¸ elikel, Aysel 407
C¸ iller, Tansu 257–8, 259, 260, 262, 367
and the army 310–11, 318–19, 328
C¸ inici, Altu
˘
g 453
C¸ inici, Behruz 453, 459, 465
C¸ inici, Can 459
C¸ oker, Adnan 451
C¸ubukc¸u, Nimet 410
Dalan, Bedrettin 516
Dalokay, Vedat 448
Dardanelles
demilitarisation 130, 140, 143
in Great War 94
and international shipping 118
Turkish control 169
death penalty, abolition 321
death squads 353
debt, Ottoman 47, 48, 141
and Republic 143, 255, 285, 288, 291
and state bankruptcy 33, 44
decentralisation 152
and opposition to CUP 69, 100
defence of rights groups 125
and 1919 elections 127
in Arab provinces 127
in Eastern Anatolia 119, 124
and GNA 124–5, 137
and Greek invasion 121, 122
newspaper 129
Second Group 137, 139, 142
and Wilson Principles 121, 156–7
Demirel, S
¨
uleyman 243–4, 246, 247, 255
and the army 250, 251, 252, 254, 310,
317–18
coalition with social democrats 257,
286
economic policy
and Great Turkey 253
and Nationalist Front 252–4
as president 257, 259, 260
see also Justice Party; True Path Party
democracy
and the army 302–3, 305–7, 308–9, 313, 319,
320, 325, 330, 332
and DP 237, 308–9
and Islamism 365–6, 371, 456, 500
and JDP 7, 321–3
and Kurdish rights 6
majoritarian 241
and modernisation 2, 5, 7, 229
and one-party rule 70
and representative government 24, 241
and RPP 229, 232–3
and VP 372, 374
Democracy Party (DEP) 353
Democrat Party (DP)
and architecture 448
and economy 281–2, 361, 443
formation 232–3
and Islam 238, 361
and Kurds 343
legacy 242
and military coup (1960) 2, 239, 240, 308–9,
313, 362, 444
and national will 236, 237
and opposition 236–9
and popular unrest 237, 239
and populism 233, 243, 282, 361
in power 239, 315, 361, 443, 492
and RPP 189, 233–5, 236–9, 308
and society 2
Democrat Turkey Party 257, 259–60
Democratic Left Party (DLP) 256, 264
in coalition government 259–60, 261
electoral support 260, 374
Democratic Party
formation 248
and Nationalist Front 252, 253
Democratic Party of Kurdistan-Turkey
(DPK-T) 346
Demolins, Edmond 69
Denizilg
¨
un, Ahmet 384
Der Goltz, Colam von 81
Dersim revolt (1936–8) 340, 343
Dersimi, Nur
ˆ
ı 340, 344
Dervis¸, Kemal 261–2, 290–1
Dervis¸, Suat 489
dervish orders 164, 229, 360, 377–8
abolition 164, 485
whirling see Mevlevi order
550
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Dervis¸o
˘
glu, Salim 313
destan (oral epics) 473
Dev-Genc¸ youth movement 250
devaluation of the lira 237, 282, 284, 286,
290
development, regional 293–4
Devrim, Nejad 451
Dicle, Hatip 354
Dino, Abidin 437, 442, 450
diplomacy
and GNA 135–6, 162
Ottoman 12, 13, 17, 226
Directorate of Religious Affairs (Dinayet) 193,
381, 384, 387
Directorate of Women’s Status and Problems
398, 401, 403, 406
D
˙
ISK (Confederation of Revolutionary
Workers’ Unions) 246, 249, 250
divorce 104, 390, 392
Diyanet see Directorate of Religious Affairs
Do
˘
gan, Orhan 354
Do
˘
ganc¸ay, Burhan 450
Dodecanese islands 87, 142, 187
d
¨
oner kebap 216–18
DP see Democrat Party
dress
European 164, 366, 477
religious 357, 360
dualism, cultural 40
Dumont, Paul 312
Duran, Feyhaman 423
D
¨
urrizade, Seyh
¨
ulislam Abdullah 129
earthquake (1999) 257–60
Eastern Question 44, 45, 84–6
Ecevit, B
¨
ulent
in coalition governments 252, 259–60, 261
and Democratic Left Party 256, 262, 374
ill-health 261
influence 255
leadership of RPP 251
economy 5, 266–300
agriculture and structural change 292
Anatolian tigers 258, 291–2, 298
and CUP 68, 96–8
Development Plans 192, 277
effects of wars on 93, 159, 275, 292
export-oriented 284–5, 286, 287, 291–2, 298,
364
financial crisis 2001 266, 290, 299
and Great Depression 167–8, 277, 295, 508
growth
and agriculture 278–80, 281–2, 292
causes 278–80
development of Istanbul 510–15
effects of Second World War 231, 280
and human development 163, 267,
268–73, 297
and institutional change 273–5, 297
impact of globalisation 257, 258, 286–92, 514
import substitution 246, 278, 283–6
and internal migration 189–91, 282
international comparisons 267 , 269–71, 272
and Kurds 346, 350
liberalisation 189, 192, 232, 234, 288, 361, 370,
443, 455
National Economy 97–8, 162
post-Second World War 275
reforms 251, 260–1, 309
rural 335, 361
in Second World War 197, 268, 274, 280
skills shortage 159, 167, 177, 192
state control 96, 97–8, 167, 177–8, 189, 192,
231, 277–8
and structural adjustment 287–9, 511,
514
and Tanzimat reforms 33–4
see also income; income distribution;
inflation; privatisation; trade
Edebiyat-ı Cedide (New Literature) 480
Edip Adıvar, Halide 118, 121, 390, 391, 441,
484
and national allegories 486, 487
and National Literature school 484
The Shirt of Flame 487
Vurun Kahpeye 487
Yeni Turan 481–2
Edirne 89, 141, 154
education
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 40, 48
extension 259
female 35–6, 106, 215, 379, 390, 395–6
higher 248
international comparisons 272–3
Kemalist reforms 145, 170
and Kurdish language 321, 337, 346, 415
and migrant youths 214–15, 219
and non-Muslim minorities 149
religious 51–2, 167, 234, 361
of religious functionaries 259, 357, 361
rural 294
and social mobility 149, 161, 170
and Tanzimat reforms 22–3, 24, 50, 150
and teaching of religion 219
Edward VII of Britain 60
Egli, Ernst 428, 435, 438
551
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Egypt
and Britain 48, 85
and Mehmed Ali 12, 13, 14
tribute payments 33
Ehmed-
ˆ
e Khan
ˆ
ı 336
Ekrem, Recaizade Mahmut 480
Araba Sevdası 478
Elc¸i, S¸erafettin 349
Eldem, Sedad Hakki 442, 443 , 445, 446, 449,
454, 458
elections 110, 305
1908 67–8
1912 (Elections with the Stick) 72
1919 127, 157
1923 142
1939 231
1948 234
1950 235, 361, 443, 489
1954 236, 361
1957 237, 361
1965 243, 246, 249
1969 248–50
1973 251, 363
1975 252–3
1977 253
1983 254, 255, 363
1987 366
1991 256, 353, 364, 369
1995 257, 310, 367, 371
1999 259, 374, 409
2002 261, 262, 375, 407, 408
2007 264
national remainder system 249
and proportional representation 241
elites
bureaucratic 13
and forced migrations
formation 21–3, 48
industrial 291, 299
Islamist 378
military 325–8
and national identity 179–80, 197
nationalist 109
political 108–9, 306, 395
political and economic power 275, 294,
298
and political opposition 31, 164, 165
professional 14
provincial 189
in Republic 160–1, 164, 226, 276
and taste 463
Emin, Mehmed 107
Emin [Yalman], Ahmed 118
employment
in agriculture 167, 268, 288, 292, 299, 396
in culture industries 516
female 373, 378, 390, 395–6, 417, 517
in industry 267, 268, 517
informal 515
in service sector 364, 373, 517
in state sector 278
in tourism 293, 297, 383, 465, 517
Encouragement of Industry Temporary Law
97
Enlightenment, European
influence of 4, 12, 151, 153
questioning 369
entrepreneurs, and Islamist parties 291–2,
369
Enver Pas¸a
and Atat
¨
urk 155
and coup of 1913 82, 154
and CUP 60, 75, 80, 153–4
and defence of Tripoli 87
and Great War 75, 93, 115
as minister of war 74, 93
environmentalism 372, 519
Epikman, Refik 428
equality
and gender 221, 273, 386, 392, 401, 412
and non-Muslims 13, 18, 28, 30, 150
Erbakan, Necmettin 255, 262, 291
and National Vision 385
and NOP 247, 386
and NSP 252, 363, 386
and sufism 383
and VP 372, 373, 374
and WP 258–9, 302, 328, 366–8, 370
Erbil, Devrim 452
Erbil, Leyla 495
Erdo
˘
gan, Recep Tayyip
and JDP 261, 263, 312, 374–5, 386
as mayor of Istanbul 259, 263, 370
and Penal Code 407
and sufism 383
and VP 373–4
and WP 262
Erim, Nihat 250–1
Erkmen, Ays¸e 462
Erol, Nevzat 446
Erol, S¸eyh Muhammed Ras¸id 382
Ertem, Sadri 489
Erzurum Congress (1919) 124–5, 133, 156–7
Esat, Mahmut 392
Esp
`
erey, Gen. Frachet d’ 116
´
etatisme 298, 308
552
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of JP 315
and Kemalism 69, 111, 358
of RPP 189, 230–1, 232, 277–8, 280, 283
Ethem, C¸ erkes 132, 134
Europe
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 39, 43
cultural influence 450, 475, 476, 505
and Eastern Question 44, 45, 84–6
economic downturn 192
and Egypt 14
foreign population 201
labour migration to 5, 191–5, 284
loss of Ottoman territory in 88–90, 150, 154
and modernity 149, 153, 477–81
and Ottoman state 12, 13, 44, 90–2
and Tanzimat reforms 16–17, 39, 476
see also European Union; Westernisation,
and under individual countries
European Court of Human Rights 185, 321,
322, 413
European Union
customs union agreement 268, 292, 366
and Greek–Turkish relations 183
Turkish membership 206, 268, 300
accession talks 263, 292, 321, 325
and the army 329, 332
Copenhagen criteria 185, 194–5, 261, 263,
302, 320, 401
and immigration policies 197
impact on Istanbul 520, 522
and JDP 2, 324
and Kurdish question 356
opposition to 1
roadmap 320
and status of women 401–2, 403,
416–17
Evren, Kenan 254, 256, 309–10
exchange controls 277, 278, 282, 283, 284
exchange rate 278, 287
floating 290
pegged 289, 290
existentialism, and the novel 493–5
exports
agricultural 14, 167
carpets 33
industrial 283, 284–5, 287, 291–2, 364, 511
eyalet (province) 26
Ey
¨
ubo
˘
glu, Bedri Rahmi 437, 441
Faik, M
¨
umtaz 393
Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich von 155
Family Law (1917) 81, 104, 390, 416
Family Protection Law (1998) 406
Fanon, Frantz 352
Fatherland Front 238
Fazıl Pasa 32
Fecr-i Ati (The Coming Dawn) 484
Federation of the Revolutionary Youth of
Turkey 250
Felicity (Saadet) Party 191, 259, 263, 302, 374,
386
feminism 397–402
and Civil Code 402–4
and CUP 106–7
in early Republic 391–6
of immigrants 221
and Islamism 410–14
Kemalist 397
Kurdish 414–16
and literature 473, 494, 501
radical 397–8, 399
second wave (1980–2005) 397–402, 416,
494
and violence against women 404–8, 414,
416, 417
and women in politics 408–10
and Young Turk Revolution 67, 389
Ferid Pasha, Damad 117, 124, 128, 129, 131
Fethi Okyar, Ali 154
and Free Republican Party 167
as prime minister 228
Feyzio
˘
glu, Turhan 248
films 200
Fırat, Abd
¨
ulmelik 343, 349, 354
First Constitutional Period (1876–7) 17
legacy 4, 63
and literature 479
First World War see Great War
folk culture, Anatolian 422, 428, 431, 440–2,
448
foreign policy
and Cold War 235, 244
CUP 73, 84–92
Kemalist 168–9
and United States 246
foulard see headscarf
FP see Freedom Party
France
and Abd
¨
ulhamid II 56
and Great War 92, 94, 116
influence on Ottoman reforms 20, 26, 27,
51
and post-Great War settlement in Turkey
128, 130, 135, 139–40, 158
and Tunisia 48, 86
see also Alexandretta
553
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978-0-521-62096-3 - The Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern
World
Edited by Resat Kasaba
Index
More information