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541

Index

Note: Page references in italics refer to illustrations and tables.

Abd al-Nasser, Gamal, and Free Ofﬁcers

‘Abduh, Muhammad 103, 369

Abd

ulaziz, Sultan 42–3

Abd

ulhamid II, Sultan 38–61

and Armenian uprisings 54

background and early inﬂuences on 40–2

and Balkans 88, 151

and Britain 47, 50, 56

and bureaucracy 49–50, 52, 63, 79

consolidation of rule 47–9

constitution of 1876 20, 43, 45–6, 49, 50, 60,

63, 151

reinstatement

suspension 49, 50, 151

death 61, 108

deposition and internal exile 41, 60–1,

dissent and revolution 58–60

early reign 42–7

education 41

educational reforms 50–4

and France 48

and Germany 57

and Islam 39, 41, 48, 53

and Kurds 55, 336

legacy 38–9, 85, 111

legislative and administrative changes 47,

49–50, 79, 151

and Ottoman materialism 104–5

personality cult 74

and Tanzimat period 16–17, 21, 39–40

and Turkism 99

war with Greece 47, 56–7

war with Russia 44–8, 102

and the West 4, 17, 39

and Young Turk Revolution 63–5

Abd

ulmecid, sultan 141, 227

Abidin, Salim 500

Academy of Fine Arts 422, 427, 428, 436,

437, 440, 453

Acar, Feride 401

Action Plan on Asylum and Migration 197

Acuner, Selma 401

administration see bureaucracy

Aegean islands, and Greece 130, 141,

187

aesthetics, and politics 501–3

gao

glu, Adalet 495

Olmeye Yatmak 494

gao

glu, Ahmet 484

gar, Mehmet 328

Agha Khan 144, 228

agriculture

and economic growth 278–80, 281–2

and employment 267 , 268, 288, 292, 299,

396

expansion 33–4

exports 14, 167

and GDP 267 , 277, 278–80, 292

in Great Depression 277, 279–80, 295

and income distribution 295

and irrigation

and land law 20, 34

and land reforms 232, 281

mechanisation 190

and structural change 266, 288, 292,

443

support for 289

urban 511