Каплан Г.И. Клиническая психиатрия

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lZg]_gpbZevghklb[u\Z_lljm^gh^Z`_^eyhiulgh]hdebgbpbklZ

JZkkljhckl\hijhp_kkZfure_gbydZkZ_lkylh]h  dZdihkljh_gufukebb njZau

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qlh bdZd [hevghc ]h\hjbl ibr_l beb jbkm_l <hafh`gh lZd`_ hij_^_eblv kl_i_gv

ihjZ`_gby ijhp_kkZ fure_gby [hevgh]h gZ[ex^Zy aZ _]h ih\_^_gb_f hkh[_ggh aZ

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ljm^hl_jZibb JZkkljhckl\Z fure_gby \dexqZxl kdZqdm fuke_c hklZgh\dm beb

©[ehdbjh\Zgb_ª ijhp_kkZ fure_gby gZjmr_gb_ \gbfZgby h[_^g_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby

fure_gby bj_qb kgb`_gb_ iZfylb gZjmr_gb_ kihkh[ghklb d Z[kljZ]bjh\Zgbx

i_jk_\_jZpbb g_Z^_d\Zlgu_ ZkkhpbZpbb gZijbf_j lh`^_kl\_ggu_ ml\_j`^_gby

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;he__ gh\hc b ihe_aghc kbkl_fhc ^ey hibkZgby debgbq_kdbo gZjmr_gbc

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>_nbpblZjgu_ kbfilhfu \dexqZxl Znn_dlb\gh_ miehs_gb_ beb ijblmie_gb_

h[_^g_gghklv j_qb beb kh^_j`Zgby j_q_\hc ijh^mdpbb [ehdbjh\Zgb_ g_[j_`ghklv

g_^hklZlhqghklv fhlb\Zpbb Zg]_^hgbx khpbZevgmx baheypbx dh]gblb\gu_

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j_q_\mxijh^mdpbx

DhgljhevgZ^ bfimevkb\ghklvx kmbpb^u b ]hfbpb^u

;hevgu_kljZ^Zxsb_

rbahnj_gb_cfh]mlgZoh^blvky\ khklhygbbZ`blZpbbb\hkljhcklZ^bb aZ[he_\Zgby

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ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ ^jm]hfm [hevghfm \^jm] i_j_dexqblv l_e_\babhggmx ijh]jZffm

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]hfbpb^Zkh\_jrZ_lky\ hl\_lgZbfi_jZlb\gu_]ZeexpbgZpbbaZklZ\eyxsb_[hevgh]h

^_ckl\h\Zlvkhhl\_lkl\_gghbf

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ba gbo hdZau\Zxlky aZ\_jr_ggufb Kdehgghklv d Kh\_jr_gbx kmbpb^h\ mkbeb\Z_lky

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g_\ughkbfuo ^mr_\guo i_j_`b\Zgbc beb kemoh\uo ]ZeexpbgZpbc ijbdZau\Zxsbo

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baf_g_gb_ l_q_gby aZ[he_\Zgby memqr_gb_ ihke_ j_pb^b\Z ^_ij_kkbb b ^ebl_evgh]h

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kmbpb^ZevguoihiulhdgZjZggboklZ^byoaZ[he_\Zgbyb ijh`b\Zgb_\ h^bghq_kl\_

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kj_^b [hevguo \klj_qZ_lky g_ qZs_ q_f kj_^b \k_]h gZk_e_gby \ p_ehf < hkgh\_

klj_fe_gbyd m[bckl\mm [hevgh]h

rbahnj_gb_c qZklh e_`Zl ijbqm^eb\u_ b g_ij_^kdZam_fu_ fhlb\u h[mkeh\e_ggu_

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gZebqb_f \ ZgZfg_a_ ihiulhd d ijbf_g_gbx gZkbeby b g_ijZ\bevguf e_q_gb_f beb

gbadhcdhgp_gljZpb_cZglbikbohlbq_kdbokj_^kl\\ ku\hjhld_djh\b

Hjb_glbjh\dZ

;hevgu_ rbahnj_gb_c h[uqgh hjb_glbjh\Zgu \ kh[kl\_gghc

ebqghklb\j_f_gbb f_kl_IjbgZjmr_gbblZdhchjb_glbjh\dbg_h[oh^bfhlsZl_evgh

h[ke_^h\Zlv [hevgh]h ^ey bkdexq_gby hj]Zgbq_kdh]h aZ[he_\Zgby fha]Z H^gZdh

g_dhlhju_ [hevgu_ rbahnj_gb_c ^Zxl g_ijZ\bevgu_ beb ijbqm^eb\u_ hl\_lu gZ

ih^h[gu_\hijhku ² gZijbf_j©Y ² Ojbklhk\hdjm] ²g_[_kZ qbkeh²_gZr_c

wjuª

IZfylv

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klZlmkZh[uqghg_gZjmr_gZH^gZdhbgh ]^Z[hevghcijhklhg_fh`_lkhkj_^hlhqblvky

gZl_klZolZdqlhg_m^Z_lkyihemqblvlhqguok\_^_gbch oZjZdl_j_iZfylb

IhgbfZgb_ k\h_]h khklhygby b djblbdZ

H[uqgh [hevghc rbahnj_gb_c g_

hkhagZ_l k\h_]h aZ[he_\Zgby ih f_gvr_c f_j_ h[ wlhf kdeZ^u\Z_lky fg_gb_ gZ

hkgh\Zgbb lh]h qlh hg ]h\hjbl hk\h_f aZ[he_\Zgbb b dZdh\Z _]h wfhpbhgZevgZy

j_Zdpby gZ g_]h Kl_i_gv djblbqghklb hlghr_gby dk\h_fm aZ[he_\Zgbx m [hevguo

rbahnj_gb_c[u\Z_ljZaghcbhg_cfh`ghkm^blvih_]hih\_^_gbx\h\j_fy[_k_^uk

\jZqhfb bkihevamy\g_rgb_bklhqgbdbbgnhjfZpbb

GZ^_`ghklv

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aZ[he_\Zgby ijbjh^Z [he_agb lZdh\Z qlh g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_jylv ihemq_ggu_ hl

[hevgh]hk\_^_gbybkihevamy^hihegbl_evgu_bklhqgbdb

G?<JHEH=BQ?KDB?HLDEHG?GBY

G_\jheh]bq_kdb_ hldehg_gby ijb rbahnj_gbb g_agZqbl_evgu < g_dhlhjuo

bkke_^h\Zgbyo ihdZaZgh qlh gZebqb_ g_\jheh]bq_kdbo gZjmr_gbc b kbfilhfh\

dhjj_ebjm_l k [hevr_c ly`_klvx aZ[he_\Zgby Znn_dlb\guf miehs_gb_f b iehobf

ijh]ghahf G_[hevrb_ g_\jheh]bq_kdb_ gZjmr_gby gZau\Z_fu_ lZd`_ ©fy]dbfb

kbfilhfZfbª g_ k\yaZgu k hij_^_e_gghc ehdZebaZpb_c b \dexqZxl Z]jZn_kl_abx

]eZ[_eeyjgucj_ne_dko\ZlZl_evgucj_ne_dkb ^bk^bZ^hohdbg_abxWlbhldehg_gby\

]jmiiZo [hevguo rbahnj_gb_c \klj_qZxlky qZs_ q_f \ ]jmiiZo a^hjh\uo ebp beb \

]jmiiZo [hevguo kljZ^Zxsbo ^jm]bfb ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb M [hevguo

rbahnj_gb_c bf_xl f_klh lZd`_ ^\b]Zl_evgu_ gZjmr_gby gZijbf_j lbdb

kl_j_hlbibb ]jbfZkgbqZgv_ gZjmr_gb_ lhgdbo ^\b`_gbc b baf_g_gb_ lhgmkZ

^\b]Zl_evguofurp

M [hevguorbahnj_gb_chlf_qZxlky^\Z\b^ZgZjmr_gbc^_yl_evghklb]eZa<h

i_j\uoij brbahnj_gbbih\urZ_lkykdhjhklvfhj]ZgbcdhlhjZydZdij_^iheZ]Z_lky

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kdhjhklv ]eZaguo ^\b`_gbc lZd gZau\Z_fuo kZddZ^ Ijb[ebabl_evgh hl  ^h 

[hevguo g_ \ khklhygbb ke_^blv aZ ^\b`msbfky h[t_dlhf \ ijhkljZgkl\_ ieZ\gufb

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hlf_qZxlky m  jh^kl\_ggbdh\ [hevguo rbahnj_gb_c i_j\hc kl_i_gb jh^kl\Z b

fh]mlkem`blvg_cjhnbabheh]bq_kdbffZjd_jhfij_^jZkiheh`_gghklbd rbahnj_gbb

G_dhlhju_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb kqblZxl jZkkljhckl\h nhjfu fure_gby IRUPH IUXVWH

beb \b^hf ZnZabb k\hckl\_gguf rbahnj_gbb dhlhjuc \hafh`gh k\yaZg k

gZjmr_gb_f^hfbgZglghklbiZjb_lZevghc^hebG_kihkh[ghklv[hevguorbahnj_gb_c

\hkijbgbfZlv ijhkh^bx j_qb beb kdehgylv k\hx kh[kl\_ggmx j_qv fh`_l

jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd g_\jheh]bq_kdh_ gZjmr_gb_ k\yaZggh_ k g_^hfbgZglghc

iZjb_lZevghc ^he_c >jm]b_ kbfilhfu gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky ijb rbahnj_gbb koh^gu_ k

hibkZggufb gZjmr_gbyfb iZjb_lZevghc ^heb h[mkeh\eb\Zxl g_\hafh`ghklv

\uihegylvaZ^ZgbyZijZdkbbdhlhju_fh]ml[ulvk\yaZgulZd`_k ihjZ`_gb_feh[guo

h[eZkl_c ^_ahjb_glbjh\Zgghklv \ hlghr_gbb ijZ\hc be_\hc klhjhg hlkmlkl\b_

hkhagZgbyk\h_c[he_agb

IKBOHEH=BQ?KDB?L?KLU

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mdZau\Z_l gZ ijbqm^eb\hklv fure_gby Ebqghklgu_ hijhkgbdb gZijbf_j FFJ

lZd`_qZklhh[gZjm`b\ZxliZlheh]bxijbrbahnj_gbbghbo\deZ^\ ^bZ]ghklbdmbeb

ieZgbjh\Zgb_ e_q_gby djZcg_ g_agZqbl_e_g H[t_dlb\gu_ ihdZaZl_eb \uiheg_gby

g_cjhnbabheh]bq_kdbol_klh\gZijbf_jgZ[hjl_klh\ +DOVWHDG² 5HLWDQ beb /XULD ²

1HEUDVND lZd`_ dZd ijZ\beh k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h gZebqbb gZjmr_gbc gh hgb fh]ml

\uy\eylv lZd`_ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ gZjmr_gby dh]gblb\ghc nmgdpbb dhlhju_ fh]ml

mdZau\Zlv imlb ^ey ijZdlbq_kdbo j_dhf_g^Zpbc hij_^_e_gguo e_q_[guo ijh]jZff

J_amevlZlu ihemq_ggu_ ih wlbf l_klZf khhl\_lkl\mxl ^Zgguf h [beZl_jZevghf

gZjmr_gbb nmgdpbb njhglZevghc b \bkhqghc ^heb \dexqZy gZjmr_gb_ \gbfZgby

baf_g_gb_\j_f_gbm^_j`b\ZgbybgnhjfZpbb\ iZfylbkihkh[ghklbd j_r_gbxaZ^Zqb

gZjmr_gb_ bgl_ee_dlZ Iehob_ bgl_ee_dlmZevgu_ kihkh[ghklb qZklh gZ[ex^Zxlky \

gZqZe_ aZ[he_\Zgby \ ^Zevg_cr_f hgb ijh^he`Zxl mom^rZlvky ih f_j_

ijh]j_kkbjh\Zgby aZ[he_\Zgby <p_ehf wlb ^Zggu_ koh^gu k l_fb dhlhju_

h[gZjm`b\Zxlkyijbhj]Zgbq_kdhfaZ[he_\Zgbb]heh\gh]hfha]Z

L?Q?GB?B IJH=GHAL?Q?GB?

Rbahnj_gby h[uqgh gZqbgZ_lky k ijh^jhfZevguo kbfilhfh\ hibkZgguo \

ij_^u^ms_f jZa^_e_ Ihy\e_gb_ [he__ ly`_euo kbfilhfh\ fh`_l [ulv hkljuf \

l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo ^g_c beb ihkl_i_gguf \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo f_kyp_\ GZqZeh

h[uqgh [u\Z_l \ ih^jhkldh\hf \hajZkl_ b_fm fh]ml ij_^r_kl\h\Zlv hlq_leb\h

\uy\ey_fu_kihkh[kl\mxsb_h[klhyl_evkl\ZgZijbf_jihlj_[e_gb_]Zeexpbgh]_gh\

kf_jlv[ebadh]hjh^kl\_ggbdZIjh^jhfZevgu_



kbfilhfu fh]ml gZ[ex^Zlvky \ l_q_gb_ ]h^Z ij_^r_kl\mxs_]h fhf_glm ihklZgh\db

^bZ]ghaZ

DeZkkbq_kdh_ l_q_gb_ rbahnj_gbb khklhbl ba h[hklj_gbc b hlghkbl_evguo

memqr_gbc j_fbkkbc Hkgh\gh_ jZaebqb_ f_`^m jZkkljhckl\Zfb gZkljh_gby

rbahnj_gbq_kdh]h b g_rbahnj_gbq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ khklhbl \lhf qlh [hevgu_

rbahnj_gb_cg_fh]mlihke_i_j_g_k_ggh]hijbklmiZ`blvb jZ[hlZlvlZddZdwlh[ueh

^h aZ[he_\Zgby m gbo ihke_ dZ`^h]h ijbklmiZ gZ[ex^Z_lky baf_g_gb_ `bagb b

ij_^r_kl\mxs_]h ijbklmiZ Bgh]^Z \ke_^ aZ hkljuf wibah^hf rbahnj_gbb bf__l

f_klh ihklikbohlbq_kdZy ^_ij_kkby b qZklh \ l_q_gb_ \k_c `bagb hlf_qZ_lky

g_mklhcqb\hklv \ hlghr_gbb klj_kkh\ GZjmr_gby h[uqgh ijh]j_kkbjmxl \ l_q_gb_

iylb e_l ihke_ q_]h m [hevrbgkl\Z [hevguo ijhp_kk g_kdhevdh aZlboZ_l Ly`_klv

ihablb\guo kbfilhfh\ mf_gvrZ_lky k l_q_gb_f \j_f_gb h^gZdh fh]ml mkbeb\Zlvky

g_]Zlb\gu_kbfilhfuijb\h^ysb_d mom^r_gbxijbkihkh[ey_fhklb[hevgh]hd `bagb

\ h[s_kl\_ @bagv [hevgh]h i_j_klZ_l [ulv p_e_gZijZ\e_gghc hg klZgh\blky

iZkkb\guf ih^\_j]Z_lky qZkluf ]hkiblZebaZpbyf qZklh [hevgu_ rbahnj_gb_c k

l_q_gb_f \j_f_gb klZgh\ylky [_a^hfgufb [_^gydZfb b hdjm`_gu lZdhc `_

IJH=GHA

Rbahnj_gby g_ \k_]^Z ijb\h^bl d jZajmr_gbx ebqghklb Gb`_ ijb\h^ylky

nZdlhju k\yaZggu_ k ohjhrbf beb gZh[hjhl iehobf ijh]ghahf wlh]h aZ[he_\Zgby

NZdlhju dhjj_ebjmxsb_ k ohjhrbf ijh]ghahf ih a^g__ gZqZeh gZebqb_ ijbqbg

kihkh[kl\mxsbo\uy\e_gbx aZ[he_\Zgby hkljh_ gZqZeh [eZ]hihemqgucij_fhj[b^ \

hlghr_gbb khpbZevghc k_dkmZevghc b ijhn_kkbhgZevghc Zdlb\ghklb gZebqb_

Znn_dlb\guo gZjmr_gbc hkh[_ggh ^_ij_kkb\gh]h oZjZdl_jZ iZjZghb^gu_ beb

dZlZlhgbq_kdb_ ijh y\e_gby`bagv \ [jZd_gZebqb_\ k_f_cghf ZgZfg_a_jZkkljhckl\

gZkljh_gby ohjhr__ khklhygb_ jZaebqguo hj]Zgh\ b kbkl_f hj]ZgbafZ gZebqb_

i_jbh^bqghklb \ ^bgZfbd_ aZ[he_\Zgby ihablb\gu_ kbfilhfu NZdlhju

dhjj_ebjmxsb_ k iehobf ijh]ghahf gZqZeh \ [he__ xghf \hajZkl_ hlkmlkl\b_

nZdlhjh\ kihkh[kl\mxsbo \uy\e_gbx aZ[he_\Zgby ihkl_i_ggh_ gZqZeh

g_[eZ]hihemqguc ij_fhj[b^ \ hlghr_gbb khpbZevghc k_dkmZevghc b

ijhn_kkbhgZevghc Zdlb\ghklb aZfdgmlhklv Zmlbklbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ ijhy\e_gby

hlkmlkl\by^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgghklb\ ih\_^_gbbb_]h^_ahj]Zgbah\Zgghklv ijh`b\Zgb_

\ h^bghq_kl\_ \ jZa\h^_ beb \^h\kl\h gZebqb_ rbahnj_gbb \ k_f_cghf ZgZfg_a_

iehoh_ khklhygb_ hj]Zgh\ b kbkl_f hj]ZgbafZ ojhgbq_kdh_ l_q_gb_ g_]Zlb\gZy

kbfilhfZlbdZijbagZdbg_\jheh]bq_kdbogZjmr_gbcgZebqb_ljZ\fu\ i_jbgZlZevghf

i_jbh^_hlkmlkl\b_j_fbkkbcaZihke_^gb_  ]h^Zfgh`_kl\hj_pb^b\h\aZ[he_\Zgby

<ua^hjh\e_gb_gZklmiZ_lijbf_jghm ² [hevguoZhl ^h  [hevguo

ijbagZgukihkh[gufb\_klbhlghkbl_evghghjfZevgmx`bagvIjb[ebabl_evghm ²

 [hevguoijh^he`Zxl\uy\eylvkymf_j_ggu_kbfilhfuZhl ^h  kljZ^Zxl

ly`_euf jZkkljhckl\hf ijb\h^ysbf d djZom \k_c `bagb Kh\_jr_ggh hq_\b^gh qlh

gZjmr_gby^_yl_evghklbm [hevguorbahnj_gb_c\ujZ`_guagZqbl_evghkbevg__q_fm

[hevguo k Znn_dlb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb h^gZdh m ihke_^gbo \ kemqZ_ ly`_eh]h

l_q_gbybf__lf_klhihl_jyljm^hkihkh[ghklbm ² [hevguodZd\uykgbehkvijb

^ebl_evghfdZlZfg_klbq_kdhfgZ[ex^_gbb

>B:=GHAB IH>LBIU

'60,,,5 ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc hnbpbZevgh_ jmdh\h^kl\h :f_jbdZgkdhc

IkbobZljbq_kdhc:kkhpbZpbbkh^_j`Zs__^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_djbl_jbbrbahnj_gbbWlb

djbl_jbbke_^mxsb_

:

GZebqb_oZjZdl_jguoikbohlbq_kdbokbfilhfh\\ Zdlb\ghcnZa_ eb[h  eb[h

 eb[h  \ l_q_gb_ihf_gvr_cf_j_ g_^_keblhevdhwlbkbfilhfumki_rghg_

bae_qb\Zxlky

 gZebqb_^\mobake_^mxsbokbfilhfh\

Z[j_^

[ \ujZ`_ggu_ ]ZeexpbgZlhjgu_ jZkkljhckl\Z \ l_q_gb_ p_eh]h ^gy beb

g_kdhevdbo ^g_c beb g_kdhevdbo jZa \g_^_ex \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo g_^_ev

ijbq_f dZ`^Zy \kiurdZ ]ZeexpbgZlhjguo i_j_`b\Zgbc g_ y\ey_lky

djZldh\j_f_gghc fhf_glZevghc \ g_ihgylgu_ beb agZqbl_evgh baf_g_ggu_

ZkkhpbZpbb

] dZlZlhgbq_kdb_ kbfilhfu ^ miehs_gb_ beb \ujZ`_ggZy g_Z^_d\Zlghklv

Znn_dlZ

 ijbqm^eb\uc [j_^ \dexqZxsbc lZdb_ ijhy\e_gby dhlhju_ kh]eZkgh

dmevlmjguf ghjfZf ijbgyluf \ h[s_kl\_ [hevgh]h y\eyxlky g_^himklbfufb

gZijbf_j_]hfukebi_j_^ZxlihjZ^bh_]hih\_^_gb_dhgljhebjm_lkymf_jrbf

q_eh\_dhf

 \ujZ`_ggu_]ZeexpbgZpbbdZdhij_^_e_gh\ imgdl_ ijb\_^_gghf\ur_

ijhbaghkbfu_ ]hehkhf kh^_j`Zgb_ dhlhjuo g_ k\yaZgh k ^_ij_kkb_c beb

gZh[hjhl ih\ur_gguf gZkljh_gb_f beb ]hehkhf dhff_glbjmxsbf ihklmidb

bebfukeb[hevgh]hbeb^\mfy]hehkZfbijhlb\hj_qZsbfb^jm]^jm]m

;

<h \j_fy [he_agb mki_ob [hevgh]h \h \k_o h[eZklyo lZdbo dZd jZ[hlZ

h[s_kl\_ggu_ hlghr_gby kihkh[ghklv aZ[hlblvky h k_[_ agZqbl_evgh kgb`_gu

ih kjZ\g_gbx k mki_oZfb wlh]h `_ ebpZ ^h aZ[he_\Zgby beb _keb aZ[he_\Zgb_

gZqbgZ_lky\ ^_lkdhf

bebih^jhkldh\hf\hajZkl_km[t_dlg_fh`_l^hklb]gmlvhij_^_e_ggh]hmjh\gy\

khpbZevghfjZa\blbb

<RbahZnn_dlb\gu_jZkkljhckl\Zb jZkkljhckl\ZgZkljh_gbyk ikbohlbq_kdbfb

ijhy\e_gbyfb bkdexq_gu ke_^h\Zl_evgh d djbl_jbyf rbahnj_gbb hlghkblky

khklhygb_ijbdhlhjhf\h\j_fyZdlb\ghcnZauaZ[he_\ZgbygZ[ex^Zekyly`_euc

^_ij_kkb\guc kbg^jhf beb `_ \ujZ`_gguc fZgbZdZevguc kbg^jhf gh

ijh^he`bl_evghklv \k_o wibah^h\ k jZkkljhckl\Zfb gZkljh_gby h lghkbl_evgh

g_\_ebdZihkjZ\g_gbxk h[s_cijh^he`bl_evghklvxZdlb\ghcbebj_ab^mZevghc

nZaaZ[he_\Zgby

=Mklhcqb\hklvkbfilhfh\aZ[he_\Zgby\ l_q_gb_ihf_gvr_cf_j_  f_kI_jbh^

\j_f_gb  f_k^he`_g\dexqZlvZdlb\gmxnZam^ebl_evghklvdhlhjhcg_f_g__ 

g_^beb`_f_gvr__kebkbfilhfuohjhrhih^^Zxlkyl_jZibb\h \j_fydhlhjhc

gZ[ex^Zebkvikbohlbq_kdb_kbfilhfuoZjZdl_jgu_^eyrbahnj_gbbkbfilhfu

i_j_qbke_ggu_\:k gZebqb_fijh^jhfZevghcbebj_ab^mZevghcnZabeb`_[_a

gbodZd[m^_lhlf_q_ghgb`_

Ijh^jhfZevgZynZaZ

hlq_leb\u_ijbagZdbkgb`_gbymki_rghklb^_yl_evghklb

g_ k\yaZggu_ k jZkkljhckl\hf gZkljh_gby beb jZkkljhckl\hf \ua\Zgguf ijb_fhf

ikbohljhiguo kj_^kl\ dhlhju_ \dexqZxl g_ f_g__ ^\mo kbfilhfh\ i_j_qbke_gguo

gb`_

Ijh^jhfZevgu_bebj_ab^mZevgu_kbfilhfu

 agZqbl_evgZykhpbZevgZybaheypbybebZmlbaf

 agZqbl_evgh_ gZjmr_gb_ \uiheg_gby nmgdpbb dhjfbevpZ klm^_glZ ohaybgZ

^hfZ

 agZqbl_evgu_kljZgghklb \ ih\_^_gbb gZijbf_j kh[bjZgb_fmkhjZ[_k_^Zk

kZfbfkh[hc\ ijbkmlkl\bb^jm]boex^_cgZdhie_gb_aZiZkh\ibsb

 \ujZ`_ggu_gZjmr_gbyebqghc]b]b_gub ijZ\bemoh^ZaZkh[hc

 miehs_ggucbebg_Z^_d\ZlgucZnn_dl

 hl\e_dZxsZyky hl l_fu aZfukeh\ZlZy beb h[klhyl_evgZy j_qv eb[h

h[_^g_gghklvj_qbbeb__ kh^_j`Zgby

 kljZggu_ m[_`^_gby beb fbklbq_kdb_ fukeb hdZau\Zxsb_ \ebygb_ gZ

ih\_^_gb_bebg_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ dmevlmjgufghjfZfgZijbf_jkm_\_jby\_jZ

fhbqm\kl\Zªk\_jop_ggu_b^_bb^_bhlghr_gby

 g_h[uqgu_i_jp_ilb\gu_hsms_gbygZijbf_ji_jbh^bq_kdbih\lhjyxsb_ky

beexabb hsms_gb_ \ha^_ckl\by beb ijbkmlkl\by ebpZ gZ kZfhf ^_e_

hlkmlkl\mxs_]h

 \ujZ`_ggu_gZjmr_gbybgbpbZlb\ubgl_j_kh\bebwg_j]bb

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