Johnston R.A. All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

780

Index

London, 134; Paris, 135–36.

See also Bricks and tiles; Castles;

Furniture; Gardens

Hulks, 647– 48

Hungary Water, 187

Hunting, 377–86; falconry, 383–85;

forests, 261–62; Hood, Robin,

351–52; horses, 356; shoes, 656;

venery, 380–83; weapons, 718.

See also Animals; Weapons

Hygiene, 386–90; cosmetics, 184;

feasts, 239; kitchen utensils, 423;

monasteries, 508

Ice skating, 283

Ides, 89, 90

Illuminated manuscripts, 74, 75, 76,

635

Incantations, 464

Indoor plants, 292

Indulgences, 121, 233, 251, 586

Infection, 481–82, 484 –85

Infrastructure, 131, 133

Ink. See Pens and ink

Inkwells, 559

Innocent III, Pope, 192–93

Inns. See Taverns and inns

Insects, 293

Insular majuscule script, 9

Interdiction, 120

Interludes, 206

Iron, 393–96; armor, 31–32; forests,

264; locks and keys, 453; wagons

and carts, 707. See also Armor;

Coal; Tools

Iron gall ink, 559

Irrigation, 6–8

Islam. See Muslims

Italy: banks, 48, 49; beekeeping,

54 –55; cathedrals, 112–13; cities,

125, 126, 127; cloth, 146– 47,

150; coins, 174; dance, 202;

food, 258–59; hair, 321, 323;

hats, 327; houses, 376–77;

hygiene, 386; irrigation, 7;

knights, 428; latrines and

garbage, 442; music, 519; plague,

569–70; pottery, 580–81; records,

599–600; roads, 610, 612; sculp-

ture, 632–33; servants and slaves,

639, 640; universities, 701, 703;

water, 712–13, 714, 715, 716;

weddings, 732–33; zoos, 750. See

also speciﬁ c cities

Itinerary from Bordeaux to Jerusalem,

473

Jennets, 360

Jesters, 496, 497

Jesus, relics of, 607

Jewelry, 399– 407; crowns, brooches,

necklaces, and rings, 403–6; early

medieval, 401–3; ecclesiastical,

406–7; gemstones and beads,

399– 401; magic, 465. See also

Clothing; Gold and silver;

Relics

Jewish Quarter, 408

Jews, 408–19; banks, 46, 48; bever-

ages, 66; calendar, 90; communi-

ties, 410–12; hats, 328; houses,

409–10; persecution, 415–19;

plague, 571; schools, 413–14,

629; women, 412–13; work,

414 –15. See also Crusades;

Medicine

Jingle bells, 170–71

Joan of Arc, 744

Jongleurs. See Minstrels and trouba-

dours

Jousting, 692, 695, 697

Julian calendar, 87, 90

Keeper of the Fair, 227, 229

Kempe, Margery, 561, 602

Kennels, royal, 381

Keyboard instruments, 521–22

Keys. See Locks and keys

Khayyam, Omar, 538

Khwarizmi, Al-, 537–38

Kilns, 78, 579

King of heralds, 334 –35

781

Index

Kings: castles, 91–92, 100–101;

cathedrals, 102, 103; fairs, 227;

feasts, 234; funerals, 269; knights,

426–27; medicine, 480, 481–82;

minstrels and troubadours,

497–98; poison, 576, 577–78;

records, 598; roads, 610–11;

seals, 636, 638; zoos, 749–50

Kitchens, 374

Kitchen utensils, 50, 253, 254,

423–26. See also Barrels and

Buckets; Food

Knarrs, 646

Knights, 426–36; Arthur, King, 36;

becoming a knight, 430–33; cas-

tles, 91; courtly manners, 433–34;

fairs, 227, 229; games, 282;

heraldry, 332; horses, 356–58,

362; monastic knights, 434 –36;

pilgrims, 564; sieges, 660; tour-

naments, 692, 693, 694, 695,

696–97; weapons, 718. See also

Armor; Crusades; Tournaments;

Weapons

Knights errant, 429, 430, 434, 692

Knights of the Hospital, 364, 434,

435

Knights of the Temple, 46, 194,

357–58, 434

Knitting, 155

Krak des Chevaliers, 98–99

Ladders, 661, 664, 677

Lamellar armor, 30

Lammas Day, 350

Lamps. See Lights

Lances, 696–97, 718–19

Lanterns, 375

Lapidaries, 465

Lateen sails, 649, 652

Latin alphabet, 9–13

Latin language, 625, 626–27,

629

Latrines and garbage, 439– 43;

funerals, 272; garbage, 441– 43;

latrines, 439– 41; monasteries,

508; schools, 626; Venice, 133.

See also Water

Latten, 443

Laundry, 158–59, 390

Law, in universities, 701, 703, 704

Lawsuits, 598–99

Lead and copper, 443– 45; bells, 61;

locks and keys, 453; painting,

550, 551; pottery, 578; seals, 638;

water, 712–13. See also Iron

Leather: fairs, 231; shoes, 654, 655,

656, 657, 658–59

“Leechbook of Bald” (Bald), 486–87

Leg armor, 31

Legumes, 249

Lent: fasts, 232–33; food, 251, 252,

257; holidays, 346

Leonardo of Pisa, 539– 40

Lepers: beggars, 57; holidays, 346;

hospitals, 364, 368–70; medicine,

482

Letters of credit, 47

Lettuce, 249

Lever-based machines, 668

Libraries, 445– 48. See also Books;

Parchment and Paper; Printing

Lighthouses, 181, 183

Lights, 133, 448–52. See also Houses

Linen, 148. See also Cloth

Lions, in heraldry, 338

Liripipes, 328, 330, 331

Literacy, 622, 741

Little Ice Age, 136–37, 139

Little Optimum Period. See Medieval

Warm Period

Liturgical calendar, 88

Livery, 308

Locks and keys, 394, 453–55

London: bridges, 82–83, 83–84;

cities, 127–28, 133–35; latrines

and garbage, 441; shoes, 655,

656, 657; water, 716–17; weights

and measures, 735, 737; zoos,

749–50

London Bridge, 83–84

Longbows, 723–24

782

Index

Longships, 644 – 46

Looms, 151–53, 682–33

Lost-wax technique, 59, 60–61, 444

Louis VII, King, 727

Louis IX, King, 606, 607

Louvers, 374 –75

Lower tables, 237–38, 239

Lumber, 262, 264

Luster painting, 579

Lutes, 525

Luttrell Psalter, 75–76

Lymers, 380

Lyres, 522

Maces, 723

Machicolations, 96

Machines, 459–62. See also Clocks;

Mills; Tools

Magic, 462–70; astrology and

alchemy, 466–67; jewelry, 399;

natural, 462, 463–66, 468;

occult, 462–63, 467–70

Magna Carta, 261, 351, 598

Magnets, 461, 468

Mail armor, 28–30

Maimonides, Moses, 416–17, 488

Maiolica pottery, 581

Majuscule writing, 9

Mallory, Thomas, 35–36

Mankind, 211

Manners, 237– 40, 433–34

Manor houses, 372, 374, 375

Mantles, 161, 166

Manure, 5, 19, 292, 441

Manuscript books, 72–77

Manuscripts, illuminated, 74, 75, 76,

635

Maps, 470–76; classical tradition,

470–71; late medieval sea and

land maps, 475–76; mappae

mundi, 471–73; pilgrims, 564;

road maps, 473–75. See also

Compass and navigation; Roads

Marbles, 283

Marian, Maid, 348, 353

Marks, guild, 306

Marriage, 726–28, 739– 40. See also

Weddings

Marshaling the arms, 333

Marshals, 361

Martyrs, 608, 617

Mary (mother of Jesus), 607–8, 618,

619, 632–33

Masons. See Stone and masons

Mass: church, 119–20; holidays, 343,

347, 348; music, 517

Master masons: castles, 100; cathe-

drals, 106, 107; stone and

masons, 675, 676, 677

Mastiffs, 380

Mathematics, 627. See also Numbers

Maundy Thursday, 346

May Day, 206, 348, 353

Mead, 62

Measurement. See Weights and mea-

sures

Meat, 257, 672–73

Mechanical clocks, 142– 46

Medicine, 476–89; animals, 16;

diet, balanced, 479–80; diseases,

480–82; faith in, 477–78; food,

257; gardens, 286, 291; hospi-

tals, 365; Jews, 414 –15; magic,

463, 464; monasteries, 508, 510;

Muslims, 533; plague, 570–71;

remedies, 482–85; saints, 619;

schools, 486–89; spices and sugar,

673–74; surgery, 485–86, 488;

theory, 478–79; training, 486–89;

universities, 701, 703; women,

744. See also Hospitals; Plague

Medieval Warm Period, 3, 139;

climate, 136

Mediterranean region: cathedrals,

112–13; coins, 176–77; forests,

260; ships and boats, 642– 43,

648–52

Melees, 692, 695

Memorial chapels, 269–70

Memorial plaques, 596

Men: clothing, 160–61, 162, 163–64,

165, 166; hair, 321–23; hats,

783

Index

327–32; jewelry, 399, 405; Jews,

414. See also Women

Menageries. See Zoos

Menagier de Paris, Le, 604

Mercury, 304, 461–62

Merino sheep, 18

Merrills, 280

Milking buckets, 50

Milleﬂ eurs tapestry, 682

Mills, 489–94; food, 247; machines,

459, 460; parchment and paper,

556, 557; water, 490–92; wind-

mills, 492–94. See also Machines

Mining, 665–66

Minstrels and troubadours, 494 –503;

Arthur, King, 34 –35; dance, 200;

drama, 212; fairs, 229; hats, 331;

minstrels and jongleurs, 494,

495–98; music, 520, 521, 522;

troubadours, 495, 499–503. See

also Feasts; Music

Mints, 173, 174 –75

Minuscule script, 9

Miracle plays, 207, 629

Miracles, 617

Mirrors, 390

Missionaries, 114 –16

Miters, 406

Mittens, 168

Mohammed, 258, 528–29

Moldboard plows, 3– 4

Molds, gold and silver, 304

Monasteries, 503–11; animals, 18;

bells, 59, 61; beverages, 64,

66, 67, 68–69; books, 72, 73;

bricks and tiles, 77, 79; bridges,

82; church, 119; clocks, 140,

141– 42; cloth, 147; fasts,

232–33; ﬁ sh

and ﬁ shing, 242; funerals, 266;

gardens, 284, 285, 286, 290;

hospitals, 364; hygiene, 386; iron,

394; knights, 434 –36; latrines

and garbage, 440; lead and cop-

per, 445; libraries, 446– 47; life

in the cloister, 507–11; medicine,

477; monastic orders, 504 –7; pil-

grims, 563, 565; records, 601–2;

relics, 607, 609; saints, 617,

618; seals, 636; water, 712–13;

women, 742– 44. See also Church

Monkeys, 20

Monks: church, 114; funerals, 266,

268; gold and silver, 302; hair,

322; hats, 328; holidays, 347,

348; Hood, Robin, 353; hospi-

tals, 365; hygiene, 386; saints,

617. See also Church; Monasteries

Monsters, 15–16, 338–39, 512–16.

See also Animals

Morality plays, 210–11

Morris (game), 280

Morris dancing, 203

Morte d’Arthur, Le (Mallory), 35–36

Mottoes, 333, 406

Mounts, 170

Mumming, 203, 205, 343, 346

Music, 516–28; instruments, 520–27;

keyboard instruments, 521–22;

minstrels and troubadours,

496–97, 499–500, 502–3; nota-

tion, 519; percussion instruments,

526–27; plainchant, 517; polyph-

ony, 518, 527; secular, 518–19;

string instruments, 522–23; wind

instruments, 525–26. See also

Dance; Minstrels and troubadours

Muslims, 528–34; beverages, 66;

calendar, 90–91; Europe, 529–32;

food, 258; horses, 355; inﬂ uence

on Europe, 532–34; medicine,

488; numbers, 537–38; origins of,

528–29; pilgrims, 561; pottery,

579–80; relics, 606; weapons,

722–23. See also Jews

Mystery plays, 207, 629

Names, 43– 44

Navigation. See Compass and naviga-

tion

Necklaces, 405

Necromancy, 469–70

784

Index

Needles, embroidery, 217

Nefs, 648

Nets, ﬁ shing, 241

Netting, cloth, 156

New Year’s Eve, 345

Niello, 304

Niña (ship), 652

Ninth Crusade, 191–92

Nones, 89

Norse ships, 644 – 46

Notarial records, 599–601

Numbers, 537– 41, 627. See also

Banks

Nuns: jewelry, 407; monasteries, 511;

schools, 629; women, 742– 44.

See also Church; Monasteries

Nut trees, 250

Oblates, 510

Oil lamps, 452

Oliphaunts, 525, 612

Olive oil, 259

Olives, 250

Open ﬁ eld farming, 3– 4

Opus Majus (Bacon), 223

Orchards, 288–89

Order of the Hospital, 364, 434, 435

Order of the Temple, 46, 194,

357–58, 434

Ordinaries, 337–38

Organistrum, 524

Orphans, marriage of, 730–31

Otters, 379

Outdoor drama productions, 208–9

Outhouses, 439

Ovens, 254

Oxford, England, 701, 703, 704

Pageants, 205–6

Pages, 431

Painting, 545–54; clothing, 156, 157;

glass, 299–300; gold and silver,

304 –5; mechanics of, 548–54;

records, 596. See also Books;

Sculpture

Palfreys, 359

Palm Sunday, 346

Pan balances, 735

Panpipes, 526

Paper. See Parchment and paper

Paper mills, 604

Parchment and paper, 554 –57; banks,

49; books, 72–73, 75, 76; print-

ing, 588–89; seals, 637–38; stone

and masons, 677. See also Books;

Pens and ink; Printing

Paris: cities, 135–36; latrines and

garbage, 442; minstrels and

troubadours, 496; plague, 570;

universities, 701, 703, 704

Paris, Matthew, 473–75

Parkers, 262, 264

Parks, 262, 285

Parti-colored fashion, 164, 166

Partition lines, 337

Pasta, 258–59

Pattens, 655

Peace of God, 428, 429

Pearls, 400

Peasant folk dance, 201, 202–3

Pellandes, 165

Penance, 120–21

Penitential books, 601

Penknives, 559

Pens and ink, 73, 557–60, 588. See

also Books; Parchment and

paper

Pentecost, 349

Pepper, 672, 674

Percussion instruments, 526–27

Per fume, 184 –85, 187

Perpetual motion, 460–61

Perriers, 668

Perugia, Italy, 716

Pets, 19–21

Peutinger Table, 473

Pewter, 443– 44, 445

Philip the Fair, King, 46

Philip II, King, 135

Phoenix, 514

Physiologus, 14, 515

Pickling, 244 – 45, 258

785

Index

Piepowder Courts, 227–28

“Piers Plowman,” 351

Pig iron, 395

Pigs, 17–18, 250

Pikes, 719–20

Pilgrims, 560–65; cathedrals, 108;

jewelry, 407; lead and copper,

445; maps, 473; monasteries,

510; plague, 572; relics, 606,

609; taverns and inns, 686. See

also Church; Relics; Saints

Pinta (ship), 652

Pipe keys, 454

Pipes, water, 712–13

Pirates, 646, 647

Pitchers, 584

Place value (numbers), 538

Plague, 565–76; Black Death,

566–68; causes, 574 –76; church,

123; clothing, 158; dance, 203;

effect on society, 572–74; funer-

als, 271, 272; hospitals, 367,

368; Jews, 417–18; latrines and

garbage, 441; medicine, 481,

482, 484 –85; Plague of Justinian,

566; records, 600; sculpture, 632;

spread through Europe, 569–70;

symptoms, 568–69; treatment

and prevention, 570–71. See also

Medicine

Plague of Justinian, 566

Plainchant, 517

Plants, 289–92, 339

Plaques, memorial, 596

Plate armor, 31–32

Playing cards, 279, 585–86

Plays. See Drama

Plows, 3–6. See also Agriculture

Plucking, 186, 321

Plumb bobs, 688, 689

Pneumonic plague, 568

Pockets, 166–67, 168

Poison, 418, 483, 576–78. See also

Food

Polearms, 718–19

Polo, 361

Polo, Marco, 475, 476, 514 –15

Polyphony, 518, 527

Pomanders, 485

Ponds, 242, 288

Popes: church, 116–17, 121; food,

251; knights, 435; pilgrims, 565;

records, 598; saints, 617; seals,

638. See also Church

Porridge, 253

Portatives, 521

Port of London, 735, 737

Portolan sea charts, 183, 475

Post-mills, 493–94

Potter’s wheels, 578

Pottery, 578–85; European, 580–84;

Islamic techniques, 579–80;

sculpture, 630. See also Bricks and

tiles; Kitchen utensils

Poulaines, 657, 658

Poultry, 18, 252

Practica Chirurqerie (Roger of

Salerno), 488

Practical books, 71

Preservation, food, 243– 46, 253

Pride of Life, The, 211

Priests: church, 118–19, 122;

holidays, 347; hospitals, 365;

jewelry, 407; plague, 574. See

also Church

Printing, 556, 585–89. See also Books;

Parchment and paper

Prisons, 92, 93, 590–91. See also

Cities

Probability, 412

Prostitutes, 134 –35, 590, 686

Psaltery, 523

Ptolemy, 471, 476

Purgatory, 121

Purple pigment, 552

Purses, 168–69

Pyres, funeral, 265

Quadrants, 180–81

Quilting, 220

Quintise, 163

Quoits, 281

786

Index

Rabbis, 412, 413. See also Jews

Rabbits, 19–20

Races, horse, 360

Ragusa, 640

Rams, 663, 664

Ransoms, 692

Rats, 574 –75

Reading: food, 255; schools, 622,

625, 629; women, 741

Rebec, 523

Recipes, 256

Records, 595–605; biographies and

literature, 602– 4; business and

church, 601–2; climate, 137;

funerals, 265, 266; government,

596–99; heraldry, 335; personal

wills and notarial accounts,

599–601; plague, 566, 568, 569;

visual images, 596. See also

Books; Painting; Parchment and

paper

Recycling, 442, 595

Red tint, 550

Reims Cathedral, 109, 632

Relics, 605–10; jewelry, 402, 407;

magic, 468; medicine, 478;

pilgrims, 563; records, 601–2;

saints, 617–18. See also Cathe-

drals; Church; Pilgrims; Saints

Religious drama, 123, 206–10

Reliquaries, 402, 406, 407, 605–6

Reservoirs, 713

Ribbed vaults, 110

Rings, 405–6

Rings, signet, 636–37

Rissoles, 257

Roads, 610–12; cities, 128; maps,

473–75; Paris, 135. See also

Bridges; Wagons and carts

Robbia, Luca, 632–33

Robes, 161, 162

Rock salt, 622

Roger of Salerno, 488

Roland, Song of, 497, 525, 612–14

Roman Catholic Church: banks,

45; church, 114, 115–16–119,

124; ﬁ sh and ﬁ shing, 240; Jews,

415–16; pilgrims, 565; servants

and slaves, 639; weddings,

726–27. See also Church

Romances, 497

Romanesque style: cathedrals, 103–8;

sculpture, 631

Roman numerals, 537, 540

Rome, 125

Rooﬁ ng materials, 371, 372

Roof tiles, 79

Rosaries, 405, 406–7

Roses, 290, 339, 390

Rotary keys, 454

Rotta lyres, 522

Rough masons, 675, 676–77

Rounceys, 359

Round dance, 199

Round tables, 274

Rubrication, 73–74, 75

Rule of Saint Augustine, 504, 505

Rule of Saint Benedict, 477, 504,

509

Runes, 8–9, 464

Rushlights, 450

Sacraments, 119–20

Saddles, 362

Saffron, 673

Saint Anthony’s ﬁ re. See Ergotism

Saint Catherine’s Day, 342

Saint Denis Fair, 229

Saint John’s Day, 349–50

Saint Leonard’s Hospital, 367

Saint Martin’s Day, 342

Saint Michael’s Day, 341

Saints, 617–19; calendar, 87, 88;

cathedrals, 102, 103; cities, 129;

drama, 207; fairs, 228; holidays,

341; jewelry, 407; magic, 465,

466; medicine, 477–78; pilgrims,

560, 561, 563; records, 601–2,

604; relics, 605–9; tapestry, 681.

See also Church; Pilgrims; Relics;

speciﬁ c saints

Saint Stephen’s Day, 345

787

Index

Saint Swithin’s Day, 350

Salt, 619–22; ﬁ sh and ﬁ shing,

244 – 45; food, 253; poison, 578;

pottery, 584. See also Food

Saltpeter, 311

Sappers, 665–66

Satin, 149

Sauces, 256–57

Saws, 689

Scaffolds, 208, 209, 677, 691

Scale, musical, 517

Schools, 622–30; Jews, 413–14; med-

ical training, 486–89; minstrels

and troubadours, 496; monaster-

ies, 510; plague, 574; women,

741, 743, 744. See also Alphabet;

Universities

Scissor-chairs, 273

Scops, 495

Scribes: books, 72, 73, 74 –75, 76;

libraries, 446; pens and ink, 559

Scrolls, 445– 46

Sculpture, 630–36; cathedrals, 106,

109, 112; Gothic grotesque,

633–36; Gothic style, 631–33;

records, 596; Romanesque style,

631. See also Cathedrals; Painting;

Pottery; Stone and masons

Sea charts, 183, 475

Seals, 334, 406, 636–39. See also

Heraldry

Sea monsters, 514

Second Crusade, 189

Secular folk drama, 204 –6

Secular music, 518–19

Secular schools, 624

Seeds, 4 –5

Septicemic infection, 568–69

Sepulchers, 347, 348

Sermons, 602

Servants and slaves, 639– 42; feasts,

234, 235, 237, 239; monasteries,

511; plague, 573–74; poison,

577

Setters, 381

Seventh Crusade, 191

Sexual dysfunction, 485

Shaving, 321, 322, 323, 389

Shawms, 525–26

Sheds, 663, 666

Sheep, 18, 19, 250

Sheriffs, 353

Shields, 25–27, 335, 661

Ships and boats, 642–53; Baltic and

Nor th Atlantic ships, 644 – 48;

boats, 642– 44; ﬁ sh and ﬁ shing,

245, 246; funerals, 265; Mediter-

ranean ships, 642– 43, 648–52;

plague, 569; Venice, 132–33; war

at sea, 652–53. See also Fish and

ﬁ shing; Weapons

Shoes, 653–60; making, 658–59;

styles, 655–58. See also Clothing;

Embroidery

Shroud of Turin, 607

Shrovetide, 346

Shrove Tuesday, 232, 346

Shuttlecock, 281

Sieges, 660–71; armor, 27; ballistic

machines, 667–71; castles,

100–102; climbing, ramming,

and digging, 661–66; gunpowder,

313. See also Castles; Gunpowder;

Weapons

Siege towers, 664 –65

Silk, 148–50, 218, 321. See also Cloth

Silver. See Gold and silver

Sin, 120–21

Sixth Crusade, 191

Skeleton keys, 455

Skin-whitening cosmetics, 185

Slaves. See Servants and slaves

Sleeves, detachable, 165

Sleight of hand, 462

Slide locks, 453

Slip painting, 579–80

Smithﬁ eld Fair, 359

Smoked food, 244, 253

Soap, 389

Soldiers, metal, 283

Song of Roland, 497, 525, 612–14

Sons, heraldry for, 339– 40

788

Index

Sorcery, 468–69

Soundings, 181

Spain: cathedrals, 112; church,

115–16; coins, 177; food, 258;

irrigation, 7–8; Jews, 408, 409,

410, 411, 412, 413, 414 –15,

416, 418; Muslims, 529–31, 533;

pottery, 580; Roland, Song of,

612–13; weddings, 733

Spaniels, 381

Spears, 241

Spices and sugar, 671–74; beverages,

69; food, 255, 256, 257, 259;

funerals, 270, 271; hygiene, 390;

medicine, 480, 482, 483–85;

servants and slaves, 641; sugar,

674; weights and measures, 737.

See also Medicine

Spinning, cloth, 150–51

Spinning wheels, 151, 459

Spring-driven clocks, 145– 46

Spurs, 362

Squires, 431, 696, 697

Staffs, musical, 519

Stained glass, 109, 298–300, 546. See

also Glass

Steam baths, 389

Steam machines, 461–62

Steel, 394

Steelyard balances, 735

Stirrups, 362

Stockﬁ sh, 243– 44

Stomachers, 166, 186

Stone and masons, 675–78; castles,

94 –95; cathedrals, 104, 105,

109, 113; guilds, 305, 306, 310;

houses, 372; plague, 574; sculp-

ture, 630; tools, 688–89, 690,

691. See also Tools

Streets. See Roads

String musical instruments, 522–23

Sugar. See Spices and sugar

Suger, Abbot of Saint Denis,

108

Suicide, 269

Sulfur, 311

Sumptuary laws: clothing, 157, 158;

Constantinople, 131; hair, 321;

weddings, 733

Sun clocks, 140

Surcotes: armor, 30; clothing, 161,

162–64, 166, 167

Surgery, 485–86, 488

Süsskind, von Trimberg, 408

Sutton Hoo, 645

Sweeteners, 255

Sweets, 258, 674

Swords, 718

Sylvester, Pope, 467

Sylvester II, Pope, 538

Synagogues, 410–11

Tables, 237–38, 239, 274

Tablets, wax, 560

Tablet weaving, 155–56

Tabors, 526–27

Talismans, 465–66

Tally sticks, 49, 638

Tapestry, 681–84; castles, 97;

embroidery, 220–21; gardens,

284, 285–86, 291–92; hair, 322;

houses, 375; making, 682–84. See

also Cloth; Embroidery

Tarot cards, 279

Taverns and inns, 684 –87. See also

Beverages; Pilgrims

Templars, 46, 194, 357–58, 434

Tennis, 281

Tension engines, 667

Teutonic Knights, 435–36

Thatch, 371, 372. See also Houses

Theology, in universities, 701, 703,

704

Theriac, 483

Third Crusade, 189–90

Third Pandemic, 574, 575

Thomas à Becket, Saint, 608,

618

Thrones, 273

Tiles. See Bricks and tiles

Timbre, 527

Tippets, 165

789

Index

T-O maps, 472–73

Tombs, 265

Tools, 687–91; gardens, 293; gold

and silver, 303; guilds, 306; iron,

393, 394; shoes, 658. See also

Stone and masons

Tooth care, 185–86, 390

Tops, spinning, 283

Torah scrolls, 409–10, 411

Torches, 449–50

Torsion springs, 667–68

Tournaments, 691–98; equipment,

696–98; fairs, 229; games, 282;

knights, 429; medicine, 485–86.

See also Armor; Horses; Knights;

Weapons

Tower keeps, 93, 94, 95

Tower of London, 98, 749–50

Toys, 283, 461, 462. See also Games

Trademarks, 334

Traps, 241, 378

Trebuchets, 668–70

Trees. See Forests

Trenchers, 238

Trotula, 744

Troubadours. See Minstrels and

troubadours

Truce of God, 428

True Cross, 606

Trumpets, 525

Tuberculosis, 481–82

Tunics, 160–61

Tunnels, 666

Turin, Shroud of, 607

Tweezers, 186

Twelfth Night, 345

Uncial script, 9

Undergarments, 165

Unicorns: gardens, 291–92; mon-

sters, 514 –16; poison, 577–78;

tapestry, 291–92, 682. See also

Monsters

Uniforms, work, 167

Universities, 701– 4; libraries,

447– 48; medicine, 486, 487,

489; plague, 574. See also Books;

Schools

Urban (metal worker), 313

Urban VI, Pope, 117

Utensils. See Kitchen utensils

Vegetables, 248– 49, 288, 289–90

Veils, 319, 324 –25, 325–26, 327

Vellum, 554 –55

Velvet, 150

Venery, 377, 380–83

Venice: cities, 132–33; holidays,

348– 49; pilgrims, 564; salt, 620;

ships and boats, 648

Verge escapement, 144

Vertical looms, 151

Vertical wheels, 491

Vessels, glass, 295–96

Veterinary medicine, 16–17

Vikings, 26, 27, 644 – 46, 649

Villard, de Honnecourt, 460–61

Vineyards, 66–67, 68

Visigoths, 529–30

“Visitation, The” (Robbia), 632–33

Visual images, as records, 596

Wagons and carts, 208–9, 610,

707–11. See also Horses; Roads

Walls: bricks and tiles, 79–80;

gardens, 285; houses, 375;

painting, 553–54; stone and

masons, 677

War: castles, 100–102; horses in, 354,

355–58; ships and boats, 646,

648, 652–53

Washing, 158–59, 390, 410. See also

Hygiene

Washstands, 386, 387

Water, 712–17; beverages, 62, 64;

castles, 97; latrines and garbage,

439, 440, 442– 43; lead and

copper, 445; monastic systems,

712–13; secular systems, 713–17.

See also Beverages; Hygiene;

Latrines and Garbage

Water clocks, 141– 42