Johnston R.A. All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World

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770

Index

Arbors, 286

Archbishops, 117–18, 406. See also

Church

Archers, 378, 383

Archery, 282

Arches: bridges, 82; cathedrals, 104,

106, 107, 110

Ardres Castle, 93

Aristotle: magic, 466–67; maps, 471;

medicine, 478, 479, 487–88, 489

Armillary spheres, 38–39

Armor, 24 –33; helmets, 27–28;

horses, 357, 363; iron, 394;

mail armor, 28–30; plate armor,

31–32; shields, 25–27; tourna-

ments, 692, 695, 696. See also

Iron; Knights

Arthur, King, 33–36, 497, 513.

See also Knights; Minstrels and

troubadours

Ascension Day, 348– 49

Ashlar technique, 105–6

Ash Wednesday, 346

Astrolabes, 36–39; clocks, 140,

142, 145; compass and naviga-

tion, 180; Muslims, 534. See also

Clocks; Compass and navigation

Astrology: astrolabes, 37, 39; magic,

463, 464, 465, 466; medicine,

479

Astronomical clocks, 142

Astronomy, 37, 39

Athletic games and contests, 281–83

Augustine, Saint, 504, 505

Augustinian Canons, 504, 505

Augustinian friars, 507

Avicenna, 479, 488

Axes, 689

Azurite, 550–51

Babies, 43– 45, 366

Backgammon, 280–81

Bacon, Roger, 223, 467

Badges: heraldry, 333; jewelry, 404 –5;

Jews, 408–9; lead and copper,

445; pilgrims, 562–63

Bagpipes, 526

Bakeries, 255

Bakers, 310, 424

Bald, 486–87

Ballads, 497

Ballistic machines, 667–71

Balls, 281

Baltic and North Atlantic ships,

644 – 48

Banks, 45–50, 415, 435. See also

Coins; Gold and silver

Baptism, 43, 602

Barberry bush, 6

Barber surgeons, 486

Barbettes, 325

Barcelona, 128

Barges, 643

Barrels and buckets, 50–53; beverages,

69; taverns and inns, 686; weights

and measures, 737–38. See also

Beverages; Kitchen utensils

Barrel vaults, 107

Bascinets, 28

Basilicas, 103– 4

Basilisks, 513

Basse, 202

Baths, 386, 387, 389, 410. See also

Hygiene

Bathtubs, 387

Battering rams, 663

Battleﬁ eld School, 624

Bayeux Tapestry: armor, 27–28;

embroidery, 220–21; gargoyles,

635; hair, 322; tapestry, 681;

weapons, 718

Beads, 401, 406–7

Beakers, 295–96

Bearbaiting, 22

Beards, 322

Bears, 21, 379

Beauty aids, 186–87

Bede, 90

Bedrooms, 375

Beds, 273, 274 –75, 366

Beekeeping, 53–57, 247. See also

Agriculture; Food

771

Index

Beer. See Beverages

Beeswax, 53, 56, 450, 638

Beggars, 57–59, 346

Bells, 59–62; cathedrals, 104; clocks,

142, 144 – 45; clothing accesso-

ries, 170–71; music, 527. See also

Cathedrals; Monasteries

Benches, garden, 287

Benedict, Saint, 477, 478, 504, 509

Benedictine monasteries: cathedrals,

108; hygiene, 386; medicine,

477; monasteries, 504, 505,

506, 507

Beowulf, 71–72, 495

Bertran, de Born, 500

Bestiaries: animals, 14 –16; monsters,

513, 514, 515; zoos, 750–51

Beverages, 62–70; ale and beer,

62–66; barrels and buckets,

51–52; water, 712; weights and

measures, 737–38; wine, 66–69.

See also Barrels and buckets;

Water

Bible, Gutenberg, 586, 588

Birds, 20, 338, 339, 383–85

Birth, 43, 481

Bishops: cathedrals, 102, 103, 106;

church, 115, 117–18; jewelry,

406. See also Church

Bits, 361–62

Black Death. See Plague

Black pigment, 550

Blacksmiths, 393–94, 396, 687–88

Blast furnaces, 394 –95

Blazon, 334, 335

Block books, 585

Bloodletting, 479, 508

Blue pigment, 550

Board games, 279–81

Boars, 22, 252, 379

Boats. See Ships and boats

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 72

Bohemian Crusades, 193

Bologna, Italy, 701, 703

Bombards, 313, 670–71

Bonnets, 332

Book of Kells, 75, 76

Books, 70–77; animals, 14 –17; banks,

49; Jews, 413; libraries, 445– 48;

magic, 465, 467, 469; manuscript

books, 72–77; medicine, 486–88;

medieval titles, 70–72; monaster-

ies, 509; monsters, 512, 513, 514,

515; Muslims, 533; painting, 549;

pens and ink, 557; pilgrims, 564;

printing, 585–89; records, 595,

596, 602– 4; universities, 702–3.

See also Alphabet; Libraries;

Parchment and paper; Printing

Books of hours, 70, 87, 89

Boots, 654, 656, 657, 658

Boules, 281

Bourrelets, 326–27

Bowsprings, 460

Braids, 319, 320–21

Branding, 52

Branles, 199, 201

Brass. See Lead and copper

Brewet, 254, 259

Bricks and tiles, 77–80; bricks and

roof tiles, 78–79; decorative wall

and ﬂ oor tiles, 79–80; tools, 689.

See also Pottery

Bridges, 80–84. See also Roads

Bridles, 361

Brine, 244 – 45, 619–22

Broad-leaved trees, 260, 261

Brocade, 149

Bronze. See Lead and copper

Brooches, 402, 404 –5

Brunelleschi, Filippo, 113

Bubonic plague, 568

Buckets. See Barrels and buckets

Buckles, 657, 658

Bull ﬁ ghting, 22–23

Buoys, 181

Burial societies, 266, 572

Business records, 601

Butchers, 251, 442

Butter, 233, 250, 251

Butterﬂ y headdress, 327

Buttons, 165

772

Index

Bycocket hats, 330

Byrnies, 28, 30

Cabbage, 249

Caernarvon Castle, 99

Calendar, 87–91; church, 122;

fasts, 232; feasts, 234; holidays,

340– 41; pens and ink, 559; saints,

618; schools, 627. See also Holi-

days; Saints

Calends, 89, 90

Cancer, 481

Candle clocks, 140, 452

Candles, 450–52. See also Lights

Candlesticks, 452

Candy, 674

Cannons, 312, 313, 670–71

Canoes, 643

Canons, 118–19

Canterbury Cathedral, 608, 609,

618

Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 72,

686, 687

Caramel, 674

Caravels, 652

Cargo ships, 646– 47

Carité de Notre Dame des Ardents,

211–13, 498

Carmelite friars, 507

Carmelite Water, 187

Carnival, 123, 209, 346

Carolingian minuscule, 12, 13

Carols, 199, 202–3, 343

Carp, 243

Carpenters, 689–90

Carracks, 650–51

Carthusian monks, 504, 505–6, 507,

511

Carts. See Wagons and carts

Carvel construction, 649–50

Castle of Perseverance, The, 211

Castles, 91–102; bricks and tiles, 77;

construction, 99–100; Crusades,

194; development, 93–97; food,

256, 257; houses, 375; inside

a castle, 97–98; latrines and

garbage, 439– 40; notable, 98–99;

painting, 548; records, 601;

sieges, 660; tools, 691; warfare,

100–102; water, 714 –15; women,

739– 40. See also Sieges; Stone

and masons

Catalan Atlas, 475–76

Catapults, 667–71

Cataracts, 486

Cathar Inquisition, 602

Cathedral Basilica of Saint Denis,

298

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore,

112–13

Cathedrals, 102–13; bells, 60; classi-

cal style, 103; funerals, 269; glass,

298–300; Gothic style, 108–12;

Mediterranean style, 112–13;

music, 521; relics, 607–8, 609;

Romanesque style, 103–8; saints,

618; schools, 623–24, 626, 627;

sculpture, 632. See also Church;

Stone and masons

Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic

Church

Cats, 20–21

Cattle, 18–19, 250

Cauldrons, 425

Causeways, 81

Caxton, William, 589

Cemeteries and graves, 122, 265, 269,

286, 571

Centner, 734

Cesspits, 440

Chainmail, 24

Chairs, 273

Chamber pots, 439, 441

Chapels, memorial, 269–70

Chaperons, 330, 331

Chapter houses, 509

Charcoal, 311, 550

Charlemagne: alphabet, 12; calen-

dar, 87, 88; church, 116; coins,

174; food, 247; funerals, 270,

271; gardens, 289; knights, 427;

libraries, 446; Roland, Song of,

773

Index

612–13; ships and boats, 647;

weddings, 726–27; zoos, 749

Charms, 464, 465, 466, 467–68,

469

Charter of the Forest, 261

Charters, fair, 227

Charter script, 12

Chartres Cathedral, 607–8

Château Galliard, 98

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 72

Cheese, 250–51

Chess, 279–80

Chests, 275

Chevauchée, 356–57

Childbirth, 43, 481

Children: books, 71; servants and

slaves, 639, 640; shoes, 657;

weddings, 728

Chimneys, 375–76

Chivalry. See Knights

Christine, de Pizan, 744

Christmas: drama, 209; feasts, 234;

holidays, 341, 342– 45, 343,

345; music, 343, 345. See also

Holidays

Church, 114 –25; banks, 46– 47; bee-

keeping, 56; beggars, 57; beliefs:

sin and the afterlife, 120–21;

bells, 59, 60; beverages, 66; bricks

and tiles, 80; cathedrals, 102;

clocks, 140; drama, 123, 206–10;

Eastern Orthodox Church, 114,

115, 116, 124; food, 258; funer-

als, 268, 269–70, 272; gardens,

284; gold and silver, 302–3; holi-

days, 341; hospitals, 365, 367;

jewelry, 406–7; knights, 428–29,

433; lights, 449, 450; London,

133–34; magic, 462, 464, 465,

468; Mass, 119–20; minstrels

and troubadours, 498; mission-

aries, 114 –16; music, 516, 518,

521, 527; painting, 545, 548;

parchment and paper, 556; pil-

grims, 561–62; records, 601–2;

relics, 605–9; religious practice,

everyday, 121–23; ruling hier-

archy, 116–19; saints, 617, 618;

sculpture, 630–31, 632, 635;

tapestry, 681; tournaments, 694;

weddings, 726–28; women,

742– 44. See also Cathedrals; Cru-

sades; Fasts; Holidays; Monas-

teries; Pilgrims; Roman Catholic

Church; Saints

Cider, 62

Cistercian monks and monasteries:

beverages, 68–69; bricks and tiles,

77, 79; cloth, 147; iron, 394;

mills, 492; monasteries, 504, 505,

507; women, 743

Cisterns, 714

Cities, 125–36; bells, 60; bridges, 81;

growth of, 125–30; horses, 360;

hospitals, 365; hygiene, 386, 387;

latrines and garbage, 441– 43; lead

and copper, 445; plague, 571;

prisons, 590; roads, 611–12; salt,

620; schools, 623, 624; sculpture,

632; servants and slaves, 639;

sieges, 660; taverns and inns, 686;

wagons and carts, 710–11; water,

715–16; weights and measures,

734 –35; women, 741– 42. See also

Houses; Roads; speciﬁ c cities

Clavichords, 521

Clay: bricks and tiles, 78, 80; painting,

550, 551; pottery, 578–79

Clefs, 519

Climate, 136–39, 260, 566

Clock lanterns, 452

Clocks, 139– 46; astrolabes, 38; com-

pass and navigation, 179–80;

machines, 461; mechanical clocks,

142– 46; sun and water clocks,

140– 42. See also Astrolabes; Bells

Clogs, 655

Cloth, 146–56; clothing, 158;

embroidery, 217; fairs, 229,

230–31; ﬁ bers, 147–50; furniture,

275; guilds, 307–8; novelty cloth,

155–56; painting, 551; spinning,

774

Index

weaving, dyeing, and fulling,

150–55; weights and measures,

738. See also Clothing; Clothing

accessories; Embroidery;

Tapestry

Clothing, 156–67; babies, 44 – 45;

beggars, 59; dance, 201–2;

funerals, 268; guilds, 306; hunt-

ing, 381; hygiene, 390; jewelry,

399, 405; knights, 433; minstrels

and troubadours, 497; monaster-

ies, 508; painting, 545; pilgrims,

562, 563; relics, 607–8; styles in

7th through 10th centuries, 159;

styles in 11th and 12th centuries,

160–62; styles in 13th, 14th, and

15th centuries, 162–67; tourna-

ments, 694; universities, 704. See

also Cloth; Clothing accessories;

Hats; Shoes

Clothing accessories, 168–71; garters

and girdles, 169–71; gloves, 168;

purses, 168–69. See also Clothing;

Hats; Jewelry

Coal, 171–72, 396

Coats of arms, 332, 333, 334, 336– 40

Coats of plates, 30

Cobblers, 658–59

Cockﬁ ghting, 22

Cod, 241, 243– 44

Codex, 70, 446

Cofferdams, 81–82

Cogs: ﬁ sh and ﬁ shing, 245, 246; ships

and boats, 646– 47, 649, 650

Coifs, 325, 326, 328, 330

Coins, 172–78; banks, 45– 46; coun-

tries and their coins, 174 –78;

gold and silver, 301–2; pilgrims,

564; weights and measures, 737.

See also Banks; Gold and silver

Collars, 358, 405

Colleges, 624 –25, 627. See also

Schools; Universities

Colors: funerals, 266; heraldry,

336–37; painting, 550–52

Columbus, Christopher, 651–52

Combs, 319, 390

Compass and navigation, 178–83;

astrolabes, 39; compass, 178–79;

other instruments, 179–81;

soundings, buoys, and sea charts,

181–83. See also Maps; Ships

Concubines, 727

Confession, 120

Conifer forests, 260, 261

Consanguinity laws, 727

Consent, for marriage, 728–31

Constantine, Emperor, 560, 606,

607

Constantinople: cities, 130–32; cloth,

149; clothing, 159; cosmetics,

183, 184; gunpowder, 313;

jewelry, 402; plague, 569

Contract disputes, 598–99

Cooking methods, 253–54

Cooks, 255–56, 423, 424

Coopers, 50–52

Copes, 406

Copper. See Lead and copper

Coppicing, 261

Coral jewelry, 401

Coroners’ records, 598

Corpus Christi Day, 207–8, 341

Corsets, 162

Cosmetics, 183–87. See also Hair;

Hygiene

Cotehardies, 163, 164 –65

Cotton, 150

Couching the thread, 219

Counting-boards, 49

Court dances, formal, 201–2

Court records, 599

Courtship, 731

Cranes, 690–91

Cranks, 460

Crécy, Battle of, 312

Credit, letters of, 47

Crespinettes, 325, 326

Cresques, Abraham, 475–76

Crests, 333

Crop rotation, 5–6, 292

Crossbows, 667–68, 724 –25

775

Index

Crosses, 402, 405, 407, 562

Cross-staffs, 181

Crown of Thorns, 606, 607

Crowns, 302, 402

Cruelty, animal, 22–23

Crusades, 187–95; castles, 94, 95,

98–99; coins, 177; Europe,

192–93; Holy Land, 188–92;

horses, 357–58; inﬂ uence of,

193–94; Jews, 416; knights, 429,

434 –35; minstrels and trouba-

dours, 499; pilgrims, 561; ships

and boats, 650, 653; shoes, 655;

sieges, 660; women, 740. See also

Church; Monasteries

Crypts, 609

Cuirasses, 31

Cups, 238

Currachs, 643

Currency exchange, 47

Cyclas, 162–63

Cycle plays, 208–9

Daggers, 722

Dairy equipment, 423–24

Dalmaticas, 159

Damask, 149

Dance, 199–204, 518–19. See also

Minstrels and troubadours;

Music

Dance of Death, 203

Dancing Mania, 203

Daniel, Arnaut, 500

Dante Alighieri, 72

D’Arezzo, Guido, 517

Dead bolt locks, 454

De Animalibus, 16

Debate, 701–2

Debtors, 590, 591

Decameron (Boccaccio), 72

Deer: animals, 21–22; food, 252;

hunting, 378–79, 382–83

Designs, heraldic, 335– 40

Dessert, 235, 237, 257, 674

Dhuoda, 602

Diamonds, 401

Dice, 279

Dies, coin, 172, 173

Dionysius, 89–90

Disciples of Jesus, relics of, 608

Diseases, 480–82

Dismemberment, 271

Dissonance, musical, 518

Divination, 469

Divine Comedy (Dante Alighieri),

72

Divorce, 116, 413, 726–27

Doge’s Palace (Duke’s Palace),

132

Dogs, 20, 377, 379, 380–83, 385

Dolls, 283

Domesday Book, 596–98

Domesticated animals, 17–19

Dominic, Saint, 507

Dominican friars, 507

Dondi, Giovanni, 142

Donjons, 93, 94, 95

Donkeys, 358–59

Dowries, 730, 739

Dragons, 512–13. See also Monsters

Drakkars, 646

Drama, 204 –13; allegorical, 210–11;

Carité de Notre Dame des

Ardents, 211–13; feasts, 236–37;

guilds, 308–9; holidays, 346;

music, 517; religious, 123,

206–10; schools, 629; secular

folk, 204 –6; wagons and carts,

710–11. See also Minstrels and

troubadours; Music

Drawlooms, 153

Dried ﬁ sh, 243– 44, 253

Drills, 689

Dromons, 648

Drop spindles, 150

Drums, 527

Dry coopers, 50–51

Dry salting, 244

Dubbing of knights, 431, 433

Dugout canoes, 643

Dyes, 153–54, 236, 550–51,

682

776

Index

Eagles, in heraldry, 338

Easter: calendar, 89, 90; church, 120;

holidays, 341, 346– 48. See also

Holidays

Eastern Orthodox Church, 114, 115,

116, 124. See also Church

Eating utensils, 424

Eau de Chypre, 187

Edward I, King, 99

Edward III, King, 441

Eggs, 252, 348, 549

Eighth Crusade, 191

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 727

Embalming, 271

Embroidery, 217–21, 655, 656, 659.

See also Tapestry

Enamel, 304, 580

Encaustic, 80

England: alphabet, 9; books, 71;

castles, 93–94, 97, 98, 100;

church, 120; cities, 27–128,

126; cloth, 146; coal, 171; fairs,

228–29; food, 259; funerals, 268;

heraldry, 334 –35; Jews, 417;

maps, 473, 475; pottery, 582–84;

records, 596–98, 599; roads, 610,

611; salt, 620–21; schools, 624,

625, 627; seals, 638; servants

and slaves, 639; ships and boats,

645; shoes, 658; universities,

701, 703, 704; wagons and carts,

709, 710–11; weddings, 728–29,

731–32; weights and measures,

734, 737–38; zoos, 749–50

Entertainment magic, 462

Entertainment with animals, 22–23

Ergotism, 6, 203, 481, 498

Escapement, 144

Espringals, 667–68

Estampies, 200

Eucharist, 119–20

European Crusades, 192–93

European pottery, 580–84

Evangelists, 608

Exchequers, 49

Exorcisms, 465–66, 469

Extreme unction, 266–67

Eyeglasses, 221–23

Fairs, 227–31; banks, 48; cities,

129; England, 228–29; France,

229–31; horses, 359; weights and

measures, 738. See also Cloth;

Holidays

Falconry, 377–78, 383–85. See also

Hunting

Famines, 6, 247

Farandoles, 199

Farms. See Agriculture

Farriers, 361

Fasts, 232–34; church, 123; ﬁ sh and

ﬁ shing, 240; food, 252; holi-

days, 346; weddings, 731. See also

Feasts; Fish and ﬁ shing; Food

Feast of Fools, 345

Feast of the Epiphany, 345

Feasts, 234 – 40; church, 123; ﬁ sh

and ﬁ shing, 242; food, 235–37;

furniture, 274; gold and silver,

302; holidays, 340– 41, 348;

hygiene, 386–87; knights, 433;

manners at table, 237– 40; min-

strels and troubadours, 497, 498;

records, 601; weddings, 731.

See also Fasts; Food; Holidays

Felt, 155

Ferjas, 646

Ferries, 80–81, 643

Fertilizer, 5, 19, 292, 441

Festivals: cities, 129–30; drama, 212;

guilds, 308–9; holidays, 350. See

also Feasts

Fibers, 147–50

Fibonacci, Leonardo, 539– 40

Fibonacci numbers, 540

Fiction books, 71

Fiddles, 524

Field of the coat of arms, 336–37

Fifth Crusade, 190–91

Fighting, animal, 22–23

Fillets, 319, 320, 321, 326

Fire, 448– 49

777

Index

Fireplaces, 98, 375, 376, 424 –25

Firewood, 264

First Crusade, 188–89, 416, 561

Fish and ﬁ shing, 240– 46; catching

and farming ﬁ sh, 241– 43; climate,

137; fasts, 232, 233; food, 252;

preserving ﬁ sh, 243– 46; ships and

boats, 643. See also Food; Salt;

Ships and boats

Fish farms, 242, 243

Flagellants, 572

Flanders: cloth, 146; drama, 211–12;

fairs, 229, 231; minstrels and

troubadours, 498; pottery,

581–82; tapestry, 681; weights

and measures, 738

Flax, 148

Fleas, 574 –75

Floor tiles, 79–80

Florence: cathedrals, 112–13; cities,

126; funerals, 271–72; holidays,

349–50

Flowers, 290–92. See also Gardens

Flutes, 526

Flyball governors, 460

Flying buttresses, 110, 112

Flywheels, 459, 578

Folk drama, secular, 204 –6

Food, 246–60; animals as source of,

250–52; aristocracy, 255–57;

babies, 45; beggars, 58–59; cities,

129; cooking methods, 253–54;

fasts, 232; feasts, 235–37; grains

and vegetables, 247–50; guilds,

305–6; holidays, 342– 43, 346,

348; Jews, 410; medicine,

479–80; monasteries, 508; Mus-

lims, 533; plague, 573; poison,

576, 577–78; preservation, 253;

regional differences, 257–59; salt,

619, 622; staple foods of peas-

ant and town, 254 –55; taverns

and inns, 685. See also Beverages;

Fasts; Feasts; Kitchen utensils;

Spices and sugar

Foot treadles, 459, 460

Forehead, high, 186, 321

Forests, 260–65; Hood, Robin, 351,

352; hunting, 261–62; lumber

and ﬁ rewood, 262, 264. See also

Hood, Robin; Hunting

Fountains, 288, 713, 715, 716. See

also Gardens; Water

Fourth Crusade, 190

Foxes, 21

France: beverages, 66–67, 68–69;

bridges, 83; castles, 93, 98; cities,

126, 127–28; dance, 202; fairs,

229–31; food, 259; Jews, 417–18;

knights, 427–28; minstrels and

troubadours, 496, 499; music,

518–19; pottery, 581; roads, 610;

stone and masons, 675; tapestry,

681

Franciscan friars, 506–7

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 343, 345, 506

Franks: church, 115; coins, 174 –75;

glass, 295; horses, 355–56;

records, 596; weapons, 723;

weddings, 726

Frederick II, Emperor, 539, 750

French lessons, 627

Fresco, 553–54. See also Painting

Fritware, 580

Fruits, 249, 257, 288–89

Frumenty, 257

Fulling, 154 –55

Funerals, 265–72; atypical burials,

270–72; lead and copper, 444;

medicine, 482; plague, 572;

records, 600; typical burials,

266–70. See also Church;

Plague

Fur, 231

Furlong, 738

Furniture, 44, 272–76, 508. See also

Houses; Kitchen utensils

Galen, 478, 487–88, 489

Galleys, 648, 652–53

Galoshes, 655

Gambling, 279, 585–86

778

Index

Games, 279–84; athletic games and

contests, 281–83; children’s toys,

283; gambling and board games,

279–81; taverns and inns, 686.

See also Babies; Tournaments

Garbage. See Latrines and garbage

Gardcorps, 162

Gardens, 284 –94; cities, 128; garden-

ing methods, 292–94; houses,

372; plants, 289–92; types,

284 –89. See also Food

Garderobes, 439

Gargoyles, 112, 633–35

Garters, 169

Gates, castle, 96

Gears, 459

Gems. See Jewelry

Genoa, Italy: houses, 376–77; plague,

569; servants and slaves, 640

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 34 –35

Geoffroi, de Charny, 431, 433

Geography (Ptolemy), 471, 476

George, Saint, 513

Gerbert of Aurillac, 538

Germany: alphabet, 13; armor, 25;

beverages, 65; coins, 176; dance,

200; glass, 296; Jews, 408;

knights, 427–28, 435–36; plague,

572; pottery, 584; ships and

boats, 653

Gest of Robyn Hode, 351, 353

Gingerbread, 674

Giotto, 546, 548

Girdles, 161–62, 169–71

Gisarme, 719

Glaciers, 137, 139

Glass, 294 –301; vessels, 295–96;

windows, 296, 298–300. See also

Cathedrals

Gloves, 168. See also Clothing acces-

sories

Goats, 19

Godparents, 43

Gold and silver, 301–5; armor, 25;

coins, 172, 173–74; embroidery,

218–19; goldsmiths, 302, 303–5;

guilds, 308, 310; jewelry, 401;

painting, 545, 546, 552; weights

and measures, 737. See also Coins;

Jewelry; Painting

Golf, 281

Good Friday, 347

Gothic grotesque sculpture, 633–36

Gothic script, 12–13

Gothic style: cathedrals, 108–12;

sculpture, 631–33

Government records, 596–99

Gowns, 164 –65

Grain, 247

Grammar schools, 623, 626–27

Graves and cemeteries, 122, 265, 269,

286, 571

Great Conduit, 716–17

Great Schism, 117

Greek ﬁ re, 670

Green pigment, 551–52

Greyhounds, 380, 381

Grindstones, 460

Guibert, 602

Guilds, 305–11; activities, 306–9;

apprentices, 309–11; armor, 25;

beekeeping, 56–57; church, 123;

clocks, 143; clothing, 167;

funerals, 266; gold and silver,

303; kitchen utensils, 423; lights,

448; pottery, 582; seals, 636;

tapestry, 681; wagons and carts,

710–11

Guitars, 524 –25

Gunmetal, 443

Gunpowder, 311–15, 429, 666, 670.

See also Sieges; Weapons

Gutenberg, Johann, 586–88

Gutenberg Bible, 586, 588

Hair, 319–23; hygiene, 389, 390;

men’s styles, 321–23; women’s

styles, 319–21. See also Cosmet-

ics; Hats

Hairnets, 156

Hair shirts, 155

Halberds, 720

779

Index

Halls, guild, 308

Hanseatic League, 245– 46, 647, 650,

653

Hares, 252, 379

Harlech Castle, 99

Harmony, 517, 518

Harnesses, 707

Harps, 520, 522–23

Harpsichords, 522

Harrows, 5

Hats, 324 –32; hair, 323; Jews, 408;

men’s styles, 327–32; minstrels

and troubadours, 497; pilgrims,

562; universities, 704; women’s

styles, 324 –27. See also Clothing;

Hair

Hauberks, 28, 30

Hawks, 383, 384, 385

Head-rails, 324 –25

Heaven, 121

Hebrew alphabet, 13

Hedges, 285

Helena, 560, 606

Hell, 121

Helmets, 27–28

Helms, 696

Hemlock, 576

Hennins, 327

Heraldry, 332– 40; heraldic designs,

335– 40; heralds, 334 –35; jewelr y,

404; monsters, 512; seals, 636.

See also Knights; Seals

Heralds, 334 –35

Herbers, 286–87

Herbs: beverages, 63; cosmetics, 185;

gardens, 290, 291, 293; magic,

463, 465, 468; medicine, 482,

483; spices and sugar, 671–72,

673. See also Gardens

Hereford Cathedral, 472

Herring, 240– 41, 244 – 45, 246

Hierarchy, church, 116–19

High tables, 237, 239

Hives, bee, 53–54

Hoardings, 96

Hock, 348

Holidays, 340–50; autumn and

winter, 341– 46; calendar, 87, 88,

89, 90; church, 123; feasts, 234;

schools, 627; spring and summer,

346–50. See also Calendar; Feasts;

speciﬁ c holidays

Holy Communion, 119–20

Holy Innocents’ Day, 343, 345

Holy Land Crusades, 188–92

Holy Land maps, 473, 475

Honey: beekeeping, 53, 55, 56–57;

food, 255; medicine, 483

Honeycombs, 53, 55

Hood, Robin, 350–54; drama, 206;

forests, 261–62; holidays, 348;

minstrels and troubadours, 497.

See also Drama; Forests

Hoods, 326, 327–28, 330, 331

Hops, 65

Horizontal counter-balance looms,

151–53

Horizontal-wheel mills, 490

Horlogium, 141– 42

Horns, 381–82

Horse collars, 358

Horses, 354 –63; animals, 17; armor,

32; equipment, 361–63; knights,

427, 430; in peacetime, 358–61;

plows, 6; roads, 610; ships and

boats, 650; tournaments, 692,

695, 696, 697; wagons and carts,

709, 710; in war, 354, 355–58.

See also Agriculture; Knights

Horseshoes, 358, 361

Hose, 161, 164, 655–56

Hospitals, 363–70; Constantinople,

132; gardens, 286; general hospi-

tals, 364 –68; knights, 435; lepers,

care of, 368–70; lights, 451; med-

icine, 477; Venice, 133. See also

Hygiene; Medicine; Monasteries

Houpelands, 164, 331

Hourglasses, 140– 41, 179–80

Houses, 370–77; cities, 128; Jews,

409–10; latrines and garbage,

439; lights, 448– 49, 450–51;