Johnston R.A. All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Zoos
750
an animal, such as a dog, cat, or sheep, to feed the lions. In 1436, the lions
died, presumably of an illness, and the collection had to be started again.
The largest royal menagerie on the European continent may have been
the one owned by Frederick II of Germany in the 13th century. He kept it
at his palace in Palermo, Sicily. Frederick was a highly educated, intelligent
man with a keen interest in science. He kept lions, leopards, camels, ele-
phants, and a giraffe and sometimes displayed them in parades. The kings
of France also had menageries at some of their castles: elephants, bears,
lions, and porcupines are among those recorded, as well as exotic birds.
King Charles V kept a porpoise in a pool, and even the duc de Berry kept
bears. The 14th-century Popes who lived in splendor at Avignon kept ex-
otic animals, including peacocks, ostriches, and camels, as well as the com-
mon lions and bears.
Italian city menageries kept many lions. Medieval Rome, like ancient
Rome, kept lions as a symbol of its dominance. Florence kept a pit of
24 lions and sometimes used them in fi ghting displays against other ani-
mals. Venice’s lions were observed as the lioness gave birth to three cubs,
and to everyone’s amazement, the cubs were born alive. Bestiaries had
explained confi dently that lion cubs are born dead, and are licked back to
life after three days, as a picture of Jesus’s death and resurrection. Once
Modern eyes, used to seeing African
lions in fi lms and at public zoos, would
not consider Villard de Honnecourt’s
sketch of a lion very lifelike.
Honnecourt was clearly working from
a real lion, but his impression of the lion
had been shaped by standard paintings
that were not accurate. It was rare to
have a chance to watch one long
enough to observe the shape of its facial
features, the way it moved, and its
proportions. Private zoos offered the
sole opportunity, but only on rare
occasions. (Bibliotheque Nationale,
Paris/Giraudon/ The Bridgeman
Art Library)
Zoos
751
Europeans had even a limited opportunity to observe lions and other ani-
mals fi rsthand, they stopped trusting the ancient myths passed down by
the bestiaries.
See also: Animals.
Further Reading
Hahn, Daniel. The Tower Menagerie. New York: Penguin, 2004.
Kisling, Vernon N., Jr., ed. Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections
to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
Resl, Brigitte, ed. A Cultural History of Animals in the Medieval Age. New York:
Berg, 2007.
Bibliography
Aczel, Amir D. The Riddle of the Compass. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2001.
Adamson, Melitta Weiss. Food in Medieval Times. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,
2004.
Amphlett, Hilda. Hats: A History of Fashion in Headwear. Mineola, NY: Dover
Publications, 2003.
Andrea, Alfred J. The Medieval Record: Sources of Medieval History. Boston:
Houghton Miffl in, 1997.
Arnold, Hugh. Stained Glass of the Middle Ages in England and France. London:
Adam and Charles Black, 1939.
Aromatico, Andrea. Alchemy: The Great Secret. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000.
Asbridge, Thomas. The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy
Land. New York: Harper Collins, 2010.
Ashe, Geoffrey. The Discovery of King Arthur. New York: Anchor Books, 1985.
Aspin, Chris. The Woolen Industry. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications,
1982.
Aubrey, Elizabeth. The Music of the Troubadours. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1996.
Baines, Patrician. Flax and Linen. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications,
1985.
Bayard, Tania. Sweet Herbs and Sundry Flowers: Medieval Gardens and the Gardens
of the Cloisters. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.
Beadle, Richard, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre. Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Beech, George. Was the Bayeux Tapestry Made in France? The Case for Saint-
Florent of Saumur. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005.
Bibliography
754
Bennett, Richard. History of Corn-Milling. Vol. 2, Watermills and Windmills. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press, 1898.
Benson, Anna, and Neil Warburton. Looms and Weaving. Princes Risborough, UK:
Shire Publications, 1986.
Benton, Janetta Rebold. Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings. New York:
Abbeville Press, 1997.
Berger, Anna Maria Busse. Medieval Music and the Art of Memory. Berkeley: Uni-
versity of California Press, 2005.
Bergin, Thomas G. Boccaccio. New York: Viking Press, 1981.
Biddle, Martin, ed. King Arthur’s Round Table. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press,
2000.
Binding, Gunther. Medieval Building Techniques. Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing,
2001.
Binski, Paul. Painters. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
Blackburn, Graham. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ships, Boats, Vessels, and Other
Water-Borne Craft. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1978.
Bogin, Meg. The Women Troubadours. New York: W. W. Norton, 1980.
Bork, Robert, and Andrea Kann, eds. The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval
Travel. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2008.
Borst, Arno. The Ordering of Time: From the Ancient Computus to the Modern
Computer. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993.
Bouchard, Constance Brittain, ed. Knights in History and Legend. Buffalo, NY:
Firefl y Books, 2009.
Bouchard, Constance Brittain. Strong of Body, Brave, and Noble: Chivalry and So-
ciety in Medieval France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Brooke, Christopher. The Age of the Cloister: The Story of Monastic Life in the Middle
Ages. Mahwah, NJ: Hidden Spring Books, 2003.
Broudy, Eric. The Book of Looms. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England,
1979.
Brown, David J. Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature. Buffalo, NY:
Firefl y Books, 2005.
Brown, Michelle P. Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical
Terms. Malibu, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1994.
Brown, Michelle P. The World of the Luttrell Psalter. London: British Library, 2006.
Brown, R. Allen. The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide. New York: Facts on
File, 1984.
Brown, R. Allen. Castles: A History and Guide. Poole, UK: Blandford Press, 1980.
Brown, Sarah, and David O’Connor. Glass-Painters. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1991.
Bruton, Eric. The History of Clocks and Watches. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books, 2004.
Butt, John J. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 2002.
Caldwell, John. Medieval Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
Cameron, David Kerr. The English Fair. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998.
Campbell, James W. P., and Will Pryce. Brick: A World History. London: Thames
and Hudson, 2003.
Bibliography
755
Campbell, Margaret. Medieval Jewelry in Europe, 1100 –1500. London: V&A Pub-
lishing, 2009.
Cantor, Norman F. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It
Made. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
Cantor, Norman F., ed. The Medieval Reader. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.
Casson, Lionel. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 2001.
Chambers, E. K. Arthur of Britain. New York: October House, 1969.
Chambers, E. K. The Mediaeval Stage. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press,
1903.
Charny, Geoffroi de. A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
Cherry, John. Goldsmiths. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Cipolla, Carlo M. Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy,
1000–1700. New York: Norton, 1976.
Clark, John, ed. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell
Press, 2004.
Clutton-Brock, Juliet. Horse Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1992.
Cohen, Mark. Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Trenton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2008.
Coldstream, Nicola. Masons and Sculptors. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1991.
Coldstream, Nicola. Medieval Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Cook, Martin. Medieval Bridges. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications, 1998.
Cooper, Emanuel. Ten Thousand Years of Pottery. Philadelphia: University of Penn-
sylvania Press, 2000.
Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner. Fabulous Feasts: Medieval Cookery and Ceremony. New
York: George Braziller, 1995.
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner. Medieval Holidays and Festivals. New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1981.
Crocker, Glenys. The Gunpowder Industry. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publi-
cations, 1999.
Crouch, David. Tournament. New York: Hambledon, 2006.
Crowfoot, Elisabeth, Frances Pritchard, and Kay Staniland. Textiles and Clothing,
1150–1450. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2001.
Cruz, Joan Carroll. Relics. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 1984.
Cullingford, Benita. Chimneys and Chimney Sweeps. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire
Publications, 2003.
Cummins, John. The Art of Medieval Hunting: The Hound and the Hawk. Edison,
NJ: Castle Books, 1998.
Cunnington, C. Willett, and Phillis Cunnington. The History of Underclothes. Lon-
don: Faber and Faber, 1981.
Cust, A. M. The Ivory Workers of the Middle Ages. London: George Bell and Sons,
1902.
Bibliography
756
Darr, Alan Phipps, and Tracey Albainy. Woven Splendor: Five Centuries of Euro-
pean Tapestry in the Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts
Founders Society, 1996.
Davidson, Audrey Eckdahl. Holy Week and Easter Ceremonies and Dramas from
Medieval Sweden. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1990.
Davis, R.H.C. The Medieval Warhorse. London: Thames and Hudson, 1989.
De Courtais, Georgine. Women’s Hats, Headdresses, and Hairstyles. London:
Batsford, 1986.
De Hamel, Christopher. Scribes and Illuminators. Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 1992.
Dean, Trevor. The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages. Manchester, UK: Man-
chester University Press, 2000.
Dean, Trevor, and K.J.P. Lowe, eds. Marriage in Italy, 1300 –1650. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Dennys, Rodney. The Heraldic Imagination. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975.
DeWindt, Edwin Brezette. A Slice of Life: Selected Documents of Medieval En-
glish Peasant Experience. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications,
1996.
Diehl, Daniel, and Mark Donnelly. Constructing Medieval Furniture. Mechanics-
burg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997.
Diehl, Daniel, and Mark Donnelly. Medieval Celebrations. Mechanicsburg, PA:
Stackpole Books, 2001.
Diehl, Daniel, and Mark Donnelly. Medieval Furniture: Plans and Instructions for
Historical Reproductions. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999.
Diehl, Daniel, and Mark Donnelly. Siege: Castles at War. Dallas, TX: Taylor Pub-
lishing, 1998
Dodsworth, Roger. Glass and Glassmaking. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Pub-
lishing, 1996.
Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard. History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal
Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Donaldson, Gerald. Books. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.
Drogin, Marc. Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique. Mineola, NY: Dover
Publications, 1989.
Duby, Georges. Medieval Art: Foundations of a New Humanism, 1280 –1440.
Geneva, Switzerland: Editions d’Art Albert Skira S. A., 1995.
Duby, Georges. Sculpture: The Great Art of the Middle Ages from the Fifth to the
Fifteenth Century. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 1990.
Duncan, David Ewing. Calendar: Humanity’s Epic Struggle to Determine a True
and Accurate Year. New York: Avon Books, 1998.
Edlin, Herbert L. Trees and Man. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.
Egan, Geoff. The Medieval Household: Daily Living c. 1150 – c. 1450. Woodbridge,
UK: Boydell Press, 2010.
Egan, Geoff, and Frances Pritchard. Dress Accessories, 1150 –1450. Woodbridge, UK:
Boydell Press, 2002.
Ehrenberg, Ralph E. Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography.
Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005.
Bibliography
757
Ellenblum, Ronnie. Crusader Castles and Modern Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2007
Emery, Anthony. Discovering Medieval Houses. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire
Publications, 2007.
Epstein, Steven. Wills and Wealth in Medieval Genoa, 1150–1250. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1984.
Evans, Joan. A History of Jewelry, 1100–1870. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications,
1989.
Eveleigh, David J. Candle Lighting. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications,
2003.
Fagan, Brian. Fish on Friday: Fasting, Feasting, and the Discovery of the New World.
New York: Basic Books, 2006.
Fearn, Jacqueline. Thatch and Thatching. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publica-
tions, 1976.
Fielding, Andrew, and Annelise Fielding. The Salt Industry. Princes Risborough,
UK: Shire Books, 2006.
Flegg, Graham. Numbers: Their History and Meaning. New York: Barnes and
Noble, 1993.
Fletcher, R. A. Moorish Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
Foster, A. M. Bee Boles and Bee Houses. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications,
1988.
Fox-Davies, A. C. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. New York: Skyhorse Publishing,
2007.
Freeman, Margaret B. Herbs for the Medieval Household. New York: Metropolitan
Museum of Art, 1997.
Freeman, Margaret B. The Unicorn Tapestries. New York: Metropolitan Museum
of Art, 1983.
Freese, Barbara. Coal: A Human History. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 2003.
Frugoni, Chiara. Books, Banks, Buttons, and Other Inventions from the Middle Ages.
New York: Columbia University Press, 2003
Fry, Plantagenet Somerset. Castles: England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland. New York:
F+W Media, 2005.
Fry, Plantagenet Somerset. Castles of Britain and Ireland. New York: Abbeville
Press, 1997.
Gale, W.K.V. Ironworking. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications, 2002.
Gay, Ruth. The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait. New Haven, CT: Yale Uni-
versity Press, 1994.
Geltner, G. The Medieval Prison: A Social History. Trenton, NJ: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 2008.
Gies, Frances. The Knight in History. New York: Harper and Row, 1984.
Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and
Invention in the Middle Ages. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.
Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Daily Life in Medieval Times. New York: Black
Dog and Leventhal, 1990.
Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Marriage and Family in the Middle Ages. New
York: Harper and Row, 1987.
Bibliography
758
Gies, Joseph, and Frances Gies. Life in a Medieval Castle. New York: Harper and
Row, 1974.
Gies, Joseph, and Frances Gies. Life in a Medieval City. New York: Harper and Row,
1969.
Gimpel, Jean. The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages.
New York: Penguin Books, 1977.
Gordon, Benjamin L. Medieval and Renaissance Medicine. New York: Philosophi-
cal Library, 1959.
Gottfried, Robert S. The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval
Europe. New York: Free Press, 1985.
Grant, Edward. Science and Religion, 400 B.C. to A.D. 1550: From Aristotle to Co-
pernicus. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004.
Gravett, Christopher. The History of Castles: Fortifi cations around the World. Guil-
ford, CT: Lyons Press, 2001.
Grew, Francis, and Margrethe de Neergaard. Shoes and Pattens. Woodbridge, UK:
Boydell Press, 2006.
Grohskopf, Bernice. The Treasure of Sutton Hoo: Ship-Burial for an Anglo-Saxon
King. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
Hahn, Daniel. The Tower Menagerie. New York: Penguin, 2004.
Hallam, Elizabeth, ed. Chronicles of the Age of Chivalry. New York: Greenwich Edi-
tions, 2001.
Hallet, Anna. Almshouses. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications, 2004.
Hanawalt, Barbara A. Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Child-
hood in History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Hanawalt, Barbara A. Of Good and Ill Repute: Gender and Social Control in Medi-
eval England. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Hanawalt, Barbara, ed. Women and Work in Pre-Industrial Europe. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1986.
Hardin, Terri. Forts and Castles: Masterpieces of Architecture. New York: Todtri Pro-
ductions, 1997
Harris, Jonathan. Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. New York: Continuum,
2007.
Harrison, David. The Bridges of Medieval England. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2004.
Harvey, John. Mediaeval Craftsmen. New York: Drake Publishers, 1975.
Haws, Duncan. Ships and the Sea: A Chronological Review. New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell, 1975.
Haywood, John. Dark Age Naval Power: A Reassessment of Frankish and Anglo-
Saxon Seafaring Activity. Norfolk, UK: Anglo-Saxon Books, 1999.
Henisch, Bridget Ann. Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society. University Park:
Pennsylvania State University, 1976.
Henisch, Bridget Ann. The Medieval Calendar Year. University Park: Pennsylvania
State University Press, 1999.
Henisch, Bridget. The Medieval Cook. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2009.
Hill, Donald. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. La Salle,
IL: Open Court Publishing, 1984.
Bibliography
759
Hindle, Paul. Medieval Roads and Tracks. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publica-
tions, 1998.
Hindle, Paul. Medieval Town Plans. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications,
2002.
Hopwood, Rosalind. Fountains and Water Features. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire
Publications, 2004.
Howard, Nicole. The Book: The Life Story of a Technology. Westport, CT: Green-
wood Press, 2005
Hunt, Edwin S., and James M. Murray. A History of Business in Medieval Europe,
1299 –1550. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Hyland, Ann. The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades. London:
Grange Books, 1994.
Innes, Miranda, and Clay Perry. Medieval Flowers: The History of Medieval Flowers
and How to Grow Them Today. London: Kyle Cathie, 2002.
Jackson, Sophie. The Medieval Christmas. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2005.
Jennings, Trevor S. Bellfounding. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications,
1992.
Johnson, Hugh. The Story of Wine. London: Mitchell Beasley, 2004.
Kaeuper, Richard W. Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1999.
Keates, Jonathan, and Angelo Hornak. Canterbury Cathedral. London: Scala Books,
1994.
Keen, Maurice, ed. Medieval Warfare: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1999.
Kelly, John. The Great Mortality. New York: Harper Collins, 2005.
Kelly, Jack. Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics. New York: Basic
Books, 2004.
Kendall, Alan. Medieval Pilgrims. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1970.
Kerr, Julie. Life in the Medieval Cloister. New York: Continuum Press, 2009.
Kieckhefer, Richard. Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2000.
Kilby, Kenneth. The Cooper and His Trade. Fresno, CA: Linden Publishing, 1989.
King, Ross. Brunelleschi’s Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architec-
ture. New York: Walker and Company, 2000.
Kisch, Bruno. Scales and Weights: A Historical Outline. New Haven, CT: Yale Uni-
versity Press, 1966.
Knighton, Tess, and David Fallows, eds. Companion to Medieval and Renaissance
Music. New York: Schirmer Books, 1992.
Konstam, Angus. The History of Pirates. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 1999.
Kors, Alan Charles, and Edward Peters, eds. Witchcraft in Europe, 400 –1700: A
Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: A World History. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
Lacy, Robert, and Danny Danziger. The Year 1000. New York: Little, Brown, 1999.
Laiou, Angeliki E., and Cecile Morrisson. The Byzantine Economy. Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 2007.
Landsberg, Sylvia. The Medieval Garden. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996.