James I.N. Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres
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Index
419
fronts 337
gas constant 2
gas giant planets 344, 358, 366
GCM 49, 281
geostationary satellites 37
geostrophic streamfunction 19, 25
geostrophic wind 16, 25
global circulation models 49, 243, 296, 356, 365
global kinetic energy equation 130
global water vapour 248
gravitational collapse 366
gravitational force 6
gravitational potential 8
gravity waves 41
great circles 182
greenhouse effect 63
group velocity, internal gravity waves 274
group velocity, Rossby waves 177, 197, 236
growth phase of lifecycle 156
Gulf Stream 243
Hadley 80
Hadley cell, annual mean 91
Hadley cell, solstices 91
Hadley circulation 80, 136, 216, 265, 344, 359, 383
Hadley circulation, effects of friction 93
Hadley circulation, effects of latent heating 93
Hadley regime 350, 356, 359
Halley 80
heating 75, 103, 172, 343, 345
heating anomaly 263
heating, regional variations 76, 242
heat low 218
height, geopotential 13, 118, 188
Held-Hou model 85, 265, 359
Helmholtz partitioning 265
Helmholtz theorem 265
high frequency transients 220
horizontal wind shear 138, 160, 358
humidity measurement 33
humidity mixing ratio 4, 243
hybrid coordinates 14
hydrostatic balance 10
hydrostatic equation 11, 126, 130
hydroxyl radical 325
ice-albedo feedback 66
ideal gas law 2
index cycles 262, 270, 287
indirect circulations 72, 105
Indonesia, heating over 208
inertial flow 8
inertial reference frame 7
initial guess 45
inseparable equations 151
interannual variability 29
interfering wave trains 148, 187
internal baroclinic instability 357, 370
internal energy 2
internal gravity waves 274, 277
internal heating 346, 366
internal variability 292, 296
intertropical convergence zone 95
intraseasonal oscillation 277
irregular flow 380
isentropic average 31, 83
isentropic coordinates 14
isentropic mean circulation 83, 327
ITCZ 95, 344
ITCZ, width 98
jet exit 22, 232
jets,
midlatitude 220
jet, stability 152
jet streams 225, 380
JJA29
Jupiter 342, 344, 346, 366
Kelvin-Helmholtz billows 153
kinetic energy 113, 128
Kuo scheme 55
Kuroshio current 243
laboratory systems 153, 376
Lagrangian average 31, 83
Lagrangian derivative 4
Lagrangian mean circulation 107, 327, 329, 337
Lamb wave 41
La Nina 285
latent heat of condensation 4
law of mass action 324
Legendre functions 44
length of day 281
lightning 325
limited area energetics 138
limit of Hadley cell 89, 95
linear advection equation 39
line by line calculations 50
longwave radiation 50, 74, 305
Lorenz climate model 292
Lorenz energy cycle 135
low frequency transients 115, 234, 255
low frequency variability 234
low level winds 208
Madden-Julian oscillation 277
MAM 29
magnetic field, Jovian 372
magnetohydrodynamics 372
marching 39
Mars 342, 344, 346, 354
mass circulation 330
mature phase of lifecycle 156
mean wind vectors 208
meridional circulation 80, 313
meridional displacement 317
meridional streamfunction 102
meridional wavenumber 176
meridional wind 80, 90, 106
microwave sounders 36, 246
midlatitude circulation 100
420
Index
midlatitude eddies 81, 344
midlatitude jet 108
moist convection 217
moisture 4, 95
moisture convergence 56
momentum equation 6
momentum equations, quasi-geostrophic 19, 25
monsoon 217, 250
mountains 170, 188
multiple flow regimes 262
Neptune 344, 346, 367
neutral Eady modes 147
Newtonian cooling 58, 86
Newton's second law of motion 6
nitrogen oxides 325
nonacceleration conditions 109
nondivergent flow 117
nonlinear averaging 91
nonlinear baroclinic waves 155
nonlinear dynamics 293, 298, 383
normal modes 139, 202, 261
North Atlantic Oscillation 257, 262
number density 324
numerical dispersion 42
numerical filtering 115, 257
numerical weather prediction 39
observing network 32
ocean basins 373
ocean circulation 291, 373
ocean circulation models 52
ocean eddies 376
oceans 52, 116, 346, 349
omega equation 21, 22, 25, 103, 108
orography 173, 218, 270, 346
orography, Martian 349
over-reflection 151
overturning timescale, Hadley cell 94
ozone 305, 321
ozone depletion 325
ozone distribution 107
ozone hole 312, 320, 321
ozone transport 313, 326
parametrization 49, 53, 74, 281, 334, 337, 351
parametrization, baroclinic eddies 351
particle displacement 318
perturbation potential vorticity 140
perturbations 138
phase difference 30
photochemical equilibrium 325
photochemical processes 323
photochemical timescale 328
photodissociation rates 324
pilot balloon 32
planetary atmospheres 342
planetary vorticity 15
planetary waves, equatorial 213
planets, physical properties 343
Pluto 344
PNA pattern 257, 262, 263
Poincare section 293
polar night jet 306, 307
polar problem 42
polar tropopause 340
polar vortex 307, 318
potential energy 131
potential temperature 3, 14, 20
potential vorticity 21, 318, 331, 334
potential vorticity gradient 160, 196, 318, 357
potential vorticity surface 331
potential vorticity unit 332
Prandtl number 378
precipitation 243, 248
predictability 293, 354, 380
pressure 12
pressure coordinates 13
pressure gradient force 6
pressure scale height 14
pressure vertical velocity 13
pressure wave 289
primitive equations 11, 39
principal components 262
pseudo-height 14, 139, 190
PVU 332
QBO
271,
275, 365
Q-vector
22, 25
quantum tunnelling 184
quasi-biennial oscillation 271
quasi-geostrophic approximation 16, 328, 373
quasi-geostrophic equations 17, 25, 139
quasi-geostrophic momentum equations 19, 25,
101,
231
quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity 21, 25, 26,
190
quasi-geostrophic regime 350, 360
quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation 18, 19, 25, 41,
101,
172
radiative equilibrium 65, 306
radiative equilibrium timescale 66, 291, 320, 343,
347
radiatively active gases 50, 343
radiatively determined temperatures 306
radiosonde 32, 306, 332
rain 56
Rayleigh friction 19, 58, 73, 105, 130
ray tracing 179, 187, 197
reaction rates 324
red spectra 255, 297
reference atmosphere 132
reference pressure 3, 70
regime diagram 380
regular waves 153, 380
relative vorticity 14
representative ascent 248
residual circulation 316, 327, 329
residual method 75
residual wind 316
resonance 174, 288
Index
421
Rhines' wavenumber 369
Richardson number 350, 372
Rocky Mountains 188
Rossby-gravity wave, equatorial 213, 276
Rossby number 17, 117, 373
Rossby radius, equatorial 219
Rossby radius of deformation 350
Rossby source term 267, 279
Rossby wave breaking 277
Rossby waves 174, 176, 256, 258, 263, 268, 285,
288,
307
Rossby waves, meridional propagation 178
Rossby wave reflection 180
Rossby wave refraction 181
rotated EOF 262
rotational wind 265
rotation rate 343
roughness length 54
Sandstrom's theorem 346
satellite data 36
satellite winds 37
saturated adiabat 55, 333
saturated vapour pressure 246
saturation of waves 318
Saturn 344, 346, 367
scale separation 184
seasons 29
sea surface temperature anomaly 263
secondary development 160
semi-annual oscillation 271, 276
semi-implicit methods 41
SGCM 57, 94, 297, 335, 357
shallow water equations 211
shape vacillation 382
ships of opportunity 35
shortwave radiation 73
sigma coordinates 13
significant levels 33
simplified global circulation model 57, 93
sloping convection 146
slowly varying approximation 179, 188
soil models 52
solar constant 63
solar radiation 49, 50, 62, 304
solar radiation, solstices 90
SON 29
south east Asia, heating over 208
spatial data analysis 45
specific angular momentum 364
specific heat at constant pressure 3
specific heat at constant volume 3
specific volume 2
spectral analysis 256
spectral methods 43
spectral transform technique 44
spherical coordinates 9
spherical harmonics 44
spherical laboratory system 383
spin up timescale 94, 347, 357
spontaneous complexity 293
spring maximum 321, 325
standard levels 33
standing waves 256
static stability 54, 58, 131, 346, 350
steady eddies 134, 164, 292, 312
steady eddy transports 167
steering level 149, 152, 202
Stefan's law 62
Stokes drift 109
storm tracks 75, 115, 208, 220, 250
storm track, southern hemisphere 221
storm zones 220, 224
stratified atmosphere 190, 302
stratosphere 302
stratospheric circulation models 329
stratospheric oscillations 271
stratospheric vortex 335
streamfunction 266
subtropical jet 81, 89, 186, 357
sudden warmings 308, 320
superrotation 182, 185, 360, 365
surface exchanges 73, 95
surface observations 35
surface pressure 13
surface stress 375
surf zone 318
Sverdrup balance 376
symmetric instability 351
Taylor number 380
teleconnections 256, 263
teleconnections, southern hemisphere 268
TEM equations 316
temperature anomalies in tropics 210
temperature gradient 138
temperature in Hadley cell 87
terrestrial circulations 350
terrestrial planets 344
thermal Rossby number 360, 380
thermal tides 112, 364
thermal wind balance 17, 81, 357
thermal wind relationships 25, 102, 315, 379
thermocline 374
thermodynamic diagram 70
thermodynamic efficiency 71
thermodynamic equation 4, 10, 11
thermodynamic equation, quasi-geostrophic 20,
25,
141
thermodynamic process 3
thermodynamic state 1
thermohaline circulation 375
Tibetan plateau 188, 218
time average 28, 29
Titan 342, 344, 365
total steady wavenumber 176
tracer advection 107
transformed Eulerian mean equations 316
transient kinetic energy 113
transients 29, 183, 312
transients, midlatitude 112, 270
transport equation 30
422
Index
tropical heating 208
tropical waves 213
tropopause 139, 159, 209, 275, 302, 335
tropopause exchanges 331
tropopause folds 337
turbulence 53
turbulence, two-dimensional 367
turbulent transport 74
two-layer model 148
ultra low frequency variability 291, 297
ultraviolet radiation 304
uncertainty 243
unmanned weather stations 35
unsteady fluctuations 112
upward propagation 272
Uranus 344, 346, 367, 373
vacillation 156, 382
variance 30
vegetation 248
velocity correlation tensor 232
velocity potential 266, 278
Venus 342, 344, 346, 360
Venus, surface temperature 65
vertical convection 372
vertical diffusion 93
vertical propagation, Rossby waves 190, 307, 312,
317.
vertical structure 212
vertical structure, Eady waves 142
vertical temperature flux 127, 144
vertical velocity 11, 127
vertical velocity due to Ekman layer 105
vortex stretching 16, 172
vorticity 14
vorticity equation 15, 263
vorticity equation, quasigeostrophic 19, 25, 41
Walker circulations 210, 215, 279, 285
water vapour 243, 248, 305
water vapour flux 250
water vapour, southern hemisphere 253
wave action 187, 193, 199
wave breaking 153
wave equilibration 153
wave guide 184, 290, 302
wavemaker 174
wave propagation 164
weakly nonlinear theory 155
weather ships 35
Weddell Sea 375
western boundary currents 218, 376
white mice 149
Wien's displacement law 62
winter stratosphere 164
zonal available potential energy 134
zonal average 28, 80
zonal index 287
zonal mean circulation 100
zonal wind 58