Иванов О.П. Беловинцева Е.Г. Читаем газету и обсуждаем международную политику
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Nearly one-half of the world's land surface consists of river basins shared by more than
one country, and more than 30 nations receive more than one-third of their water from
outside their borders.
• Turkey is building new dams and irrigation projects on the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers, which will affect water flows into Syria and Iraq — two countries that will
experience considerable population growth.
• Egypt is proceeding with a major diversion of water from the Nile, which flows
from Ethiopia and Sudan, both of which will want to draw more water from the
Nile for their own development by 2015. Water- sharing arrangements are likely
to become more contentious.
Water shortages occurring in combination with other sources of tension — such as in the
Middle East — will be the most worrisome.
Energy
The global economy will continue to become more energy efficient through 2015.
Traditional industries, as well as transportation, are increasingly efficient in their energy
use. Moreover, the most dynamic growth areas in the global economy, especially
services are less energy intensive than the economic activities that they replace. Energy
production also is becoming more efficient.
Global economic growth, along with population increases, will drive a nearly 50 per cent
increase in the demand for energy over the next 15 years. Total oil demand will increase
from roughly 75 million barrels per day in 2000 to more than 100 million barrels in 2015,
an increase almost as large as OPEC's current production. Over the next 15 years,
natural gas usage will increase more rapidly than that of any other energy source — by
more than 100 per cent — mainly stemming from the tripling of gas consumptionin Asia.
Asia will drive the expansion in energy demand, replacing North America as the leading
energy consumption region and accounting for more than half of the world's total
increase in demand.
• China, and to a lesser extent India, will see especially dramatic increases in
energy consumption.
• By 2015, only one-tenth of Persian Gulf oil will be directed to Western markets;
three-quarters will go to Asia.
Nuclear energy use will remain at current levels.
Meeting the increase in demand for energy will pose neither a major supply challenge
nor lead to substantial price increases. Estimates of the world's total stock of oil have
steadily increased as technological progress in extracting oil from remote sources has
enabled new discoveries and more efficient production. Recent estimates indicate that 80
per cent of the world's available oil still remains in the ground, as does 95 per cent of
the world's natural gas.
• The Persian Gulf region — absent a major war — will see large increases in oil
production capacity and will rise in its importance to the world energy market.
Other areas of the world — including Russia, coastal West Africa, and Greenland
— will also increase their role in global energy markets. Russia and the Middle
East account for three- quarters of known gas reserves.
• Latin America — principally Venezuela, Mexico, and Brazil — has more than 117
billion barrels of proven oil reserves and potentially 114 billion barrels of
undiscovered oil, according to the US Geological Survey. With foreign
participation, Latin American production could increase from 9 million barrels per
day to more than 14 million.
• Caspian energy development is likely to be high by 2015. New transport routes
for Caspian oil and gas exports that do not transit Russia will be operating.
Oil-producing countries will continue their attempts to increase prices but are unlikely to
achieve stable high prices. Energy prices are likely to become more unstable in the next
15 years, as periodic price rises are followed by price collapses.
By 2015, global energy markets will have developed along two patterns. Asia's energy
needs will be met either through coal from the region or from oil and gas supplies from
the Persian Gulf, Central Asia, and Russia. Western Europe and the Western Hemisphere
will draw on the Atlantic Basin for their energy sources at world prices.
Environment
Current environmental problems will persist and in many cases grow over the next 15
years. With intensive land use, significant degradation of farming land will continue as
will the loss of tropical forests. Given the promising global economic
prospects, greenhouse gas emissions will increase substantially.
Environmental issues will become major issues in several countries, particularly in the
developed world. The consensus on the need to deal with environmental issues will
strengthen; however, progress in dealing with them will be uneven.
The outlook to 2015 is mixed for such localized environmental problems as high
concentrations of ozone and chemicals in the air and the pollution of rivers and lakes by
industrial and agricultural wastes.
• Developed countries will continue to manage these local environmental issues,
and such issues are unlikely to have a major constraint on economic growth or
on improving health standards.
• The developing countries, however, will face intensified environmental problems
as a result of population growth, economic development, and rapid urbanization.
An increasing number of cities will face the serious air and water quality
problems that already are troubling in such urban centers as Mexico City, Sao
Paulo, Lagos, and Beijing.
• Russia and Ukraine will struggle with problems coming from decades of
environmental neglect and abuse, including widespread radioactive pollution
from badly managed nuclear facilities. These problems are unlikely to be
adequately addressed. As these countries pursue economic growth, they will
devote insufficient resources to environmental recovery.
• Central and Eastern European countries face similar problems, nevertheless,
driven by their desire to gain EU membership, several will become more effective
in addressing these problems and will raise their environmental standards.
Over the next 15 years the pressures on the environment as a result of economic growth
will decrease as a result of less energy-intensive economic development and
technological advances. For example, increases in the utilization of solar and wind
power, advances in the efficiency of energy use, and a shift towards less polluting fuels,
such as natural gas, will contribute to this trend. Global warming will challenge the
international community as indications of a warming climate.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Insufficient; nutrition; to be uneven; famine; a natural disaster; a source of contention;
to drive; wastes; consumption; greenhouse gas emissions: to meet the needs of smb;
pollution; malnourished; constraint; abuse; a shortage; to address smth; to decrease;
relief.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Уменьшаться; потребление; источник соперничества/противостояния; нехватка;
голод (как стихийное бедствие); стихийное бедствие; плохо питающийся;
стимулировать; отходы; помощь; нарушение в пользовании; парниковый эффект:
отвечать чьим-либо нуждам; питание; загрязнение; быть неровным (о процессе);
оказывание давления; браться за что-либо; недостаточный.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions using the active vocabulary.
1. Will the problem of the world food grain production have been resolved by 2015?
2. Will the number of chronically malnourished people diminish in Sub- Saharan
Africa?
3. Where will the potential for famine still exist?
4. What will the attitude of donors to provide relief be like?
5. What will help to meet the nutrition needs of the poor in developing countries?
6. What role did water play historically?
7. What will the energy trend be like in global economy?
8. What will global economic growth drive?
9. Where will gas consumption be especially high?
10. What are the most important oil producing regions and countries?
11. What patterns will global energy markets have developed along?
12. Will current environmental problems slacken?
13. Why will greenhouse gas emissions increase substantially?
14. How does this report describe the progress in dealing with environmental issues?
15. Are environmental issues likely to have a major constraint on economic growth
of developed countries?
16. What problems will Russia and Ukraine face in their environment?
17. Will the pressure on the environment increase according to this report?
5. Using the active vocabulary render the article in English.
1. food resources;
2. water resources;
3. energy;
4. environment.
6. Questions for discussion.
1. Why is there popular and political opposition to the use of genetically modified
crops in the EU countries?
2. Do you agree that the possibility of conflict will increase because of water
shortages?
3. Why do you think Asia is forecasted to become the leading energy consumption
region?
4. Why will nuclear energy use remain at current levels?
5. How do you think new transport routes for Caspian oil and gas exports bypassing
Russia will affect Russian interests?
6. Why will oil-producing countries continue their attempts to increase prices but
are unlikely to achieve stable high prices?
7. Why is progress in dealing with environmental issues forecasted as uneven?
8. To what extent do you believe the assessment of the environment issues for
7. Make presentations on the topics below and answer the questions of the
audience:
1. How will natural resources and environment affect the world?
2. Natural resources and environment in Russia by 2015.
8. Translate the following article into English.
Сегодня в условиях глобализации экономики знание иностранного языка является
ключевым фактором успеха. И английский язык занимает лидирующее положение,
так как еще со времен Адама Смита, известного экономиста XVIII века, является
языком финансов.
С ростом финансовых рынков значение английского языка только возрастает. Это
справедливо и для других областей, а не только тех, где английский язык
используется традиционно — финансы и авиация. Так, распространение
компьютерных технологий — особенно Интернета — привело к тому, что английский
язык используется сейчас в самых отдаленных уголках мира. Молодое поколение в
Сеуле, Софии, Сантьяго растет с хорошим знанием английского языка.
В глобальном мире знание английского языка — необходимое условие
высокооплачиваемой работы и успешной карьеры в бизнесе.
Даже антиглобалисты отдают должное английскому языку. Выходя с протестами на
улицу, они несут лозунги, написанные по-английски, косвенно подтверждая, что
процесс глобализации уже необратим.
Comment on the quotation:
«Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding». (Albert
Einstein)
SECTION С
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Clash of globalizations
What is the state of international relations today? All previous models come up hard
against three realities. First, rivalries among great powers (and the capacity of smaller
states to exploit such tensions) have most certainly not disappeared. For a while now,
however, the existence of nuclear weapons has produced a certain degree
of prudenceamong the powers that have them. The risk of destruction that these
weapons hold has moderated the game and turned nuclear arms into instruments of last
resort. But the game could heat up as more states seek other WMD as a way of
narrowing the gap between the nuclear club and the other powers. The sale of such
weapons thus becomes a hugely contentious issue, and efforts to slow down the spread
of all WMD, especially to dangerous «rogue» states, can paradoxically become new
causes of violence.
Second, if wars between states are becoming less common, wars within them are on the
rise — as seen in the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, much of Africa, and Sri Lanka. Uninvolved
states first tend to hesitate to get engaged in these complex conflicts, but then they
(sometimes) intervene to prevent these conflicts from turning into regional catastrophes.
Third, states' foreign policies are shaped not only by realist geopolitical factors such as
economic and military power but by domestic politics. Even in undemocratic regimes,
forces such as xenophobic passions, economic grievances, and transnational ethnic
solidarity can make policymaking far more complex and less predictable.
In fact, globalization has three forms, each with its own problems. First, is economic
globalization, which results from recent revolution in technology, information, trade,
foreign investment, and international business. The main actors are companies,
investors, banks and private services industries, as well as states and international
organizations. The specialization and integration of firms make it possible to increase
aggregate wealth, but the logic of pure capitalism does not favor social justice. Economic
globalization has thus become a formidable cause of inequality among and within states,
and the concern for global competitiveness limits the aptitude of states and other actors
to address this problem.
Next comes cultural globalization. It stems from the technological revolution and
economic globalization, which together foster the flow of cultural goods. Here the key
choice is between uniformization (often termed «Americanization») and diversity. The
result is both a «disenchantment of the world» (in Max Weber's words) and a reaction
against uniformity. The latter takes form in a renaissance of local cultures and languages
as well as assaults against Western culture, which is denounced as an arrogant bearer of
secular, revolutionary ideology and a mask for US hegemony.
Finally, there is political globalization, a product of the other two. It is characterized by
the preponderance of the United States and its institutions and by a vast array of
international and regional organizations. It is also marked by private institutions that are
neither governmental nor purely national — say, Doctors Without Borders or Amnesty
International
1
.
For one thing, globalization is neither inevitable nor irresistible. Rather, it is largely an
American creation, rooted in the period after World War II and based on US economic
might. Second, globalization's reach remains limited because it excludes many poor
countries. Third, the attractive idea of improving the human condition through the
abolition of barriers is dubious. Globalization is in fact only a sum of techniques (audio
and videocassettes, the Internet) that are at disposal of states or private actors. Self-
interest and ideology, not humanitarian reasons, are what drive these actors.
Another contradiction is also at work. There is the relationship between globalization and
violence. The traditional state of war, even if it is limited in scope, still persists. There
are high risks of regional explosions in the Middle East and in East Asia, and these could
seriously affect relations between the major powers. The classic distrust among
international actors who prefer to try to preserve their security alone or through
traditional alliances, prevent a more satisfactory institutionalization of world politics —
for example, an increase of the UN's powers. Globalization far from spreading peace,
thus seems to foster conflicts and resentments.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
A rivalry; prudence; last resort; a contentious issue; a «rogue» state; a grievance; to
stem from; diversity; a disenchantment; an aptitude; WMD (weapon of mass
destruction); an uniformity; to denounce; secular; preponderance; irresistible; dubious;
to foster.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Недовольство; многообразие; неоднозначный; осмотрительность; светский; спорный
вопрос; государство «изгой»; стимулировать; разочарование; способность;
единообразие; обвинять; непреодолимый; превосходство; крайнее средство; ОМП
(оружие массового поражения); происходить из чего-либо; соперничество.
4. Answer the questions on the article.
1. Did the rivalry among great powers diminish?
2. What has the existence of nuclear weapons produced among nuclear powers?
3. What sort of instrument is nuclear weapon?
4. What problems do nukes and WMD create?
5. What wars — between states or within states — become more common?
6. What are states' foreign policies shaped by?
7. What does economic globalization result from?
8. Does economic globalization bring equality to all states?
9. What does cultural globalization stem from?
10. Why is cultural globalization often rejected?
11. What is political globalization characterized by?
12. What relationship is there between globalization and violence according to the
article?
5. Using the active vocabulary render the article in English.
6. Using the given «package words» express your agreement or disagreement
with the following statements.
Agreement: I couldn't agree more./I fully agree with you./It appears to me to be true.
Partial agreement: To some extent it is true./It is right but up to a point.
Disagreement: I'm afraid it's not quite right./I would object to.../Just the opposite.
1. Under globalization rivalry among great powers will certainly disappear.
2. Globalization makes policymaking far less complex and more predictable.
3. Economic globalization has become a formidable cause of inequality among and
within states.
4. Cultural globalization leads to uniformity bringing the nations closer to each
other.
5. Political globalization is characterized by the preponderance of the United States
and its institutions.
6. Globalization is neither inevitable nor irresistible.
7. Globalization fosters conflicts and resentments.
7. Make a presentation on the topic below and answer the questions of the
audience.
How does globalization affect Russia?
1 Неправительственные организации
UNIT 7. US-RUSSIAN RELATIONS
SECTION A
I
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words in a
dictionary.
US and Russia near accord on nuclear arms cuts
The US Defense Secretary said Wednesday that the United States and Russia were likely
to agree to a legally binding document establishing mutual cuts of about two-thirds in
their nuclear weapons arsenals. His Russian counterpart said he hoped such an accord
could be signed at a summit meeting in Moscow.
Russian and American presidents had agreed earlier «that they would like to have
something that would go beyond their two presidencies».
The US Defense Secretary said: «The United States was reducing its nuclear arsenal in
part, because large numbers of arms were no longer needed when Russia and the United
States are basing our relations on friendship, not on fear».
The Washington talks between the US Defense Secretary and the Russian Defense
Minister were aimed at advancing talks on arms cuts as well as defining other areas of
concordance on terrorism and other issues.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Presidency; a legally binding document; mutual cuts; an accord; to reduce; to go
beyond; to base one's relations on; a counterpart; to be aimed at.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Законодательно обязывающий документ; сокращать; основывать отношения на;
президентский срок; выходить за (рамки); договор/соглашение; коллега (человек,
занимающий аналогичную должность); иметь целью; совместные сокращения.
4. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Use the introductory
phrases for agreement or disagreement.
Agreement: Yes, that's true./I can't but agree./Yes, I fully agree.
Disagreement: I'm afraid it's not quite right./No, I can't agree with it./I'm sorry, but
that's not correct.
1. The US Defense Secretary said that Russia and the USA had signed an accord on
weapons reduction.
2. The USA and Russia are likely to sign an agreement that the two countries will
be obliged to fulfill.
3. This agreement will be valid only during the terms of both presidents.
4. Large numbers of arms are no longer needed because the situation in tin-world
has improved a lot.
5. Russia and the United States found other areas of cooperation, such as a
struggle against terrorism.
5. Render the article in English using the active words and phrases.
II
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in a dictionary.
Russians wonder what they'll gain
Disillusionment with Russia's friendship with the USA has grown recently as many
Russians see few gains from the relationship. Russia wants to preserve good ties with
the USA, according to analysts and lawmakers, yet hard-liners say the president has
given up too much to an ungrateful Washington.
The doubts about the United States came after a year of remarkable change. Russian
president Putin was the first world leader to call the American president with
condolences after the terrorist attacks. Later, he not only allowed US forces to use bases
in Central Asia but also agreed to US withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty and to NATO membership for the former Soviet republics of Lithuania, Latvia and
Estonia.
He closed Soviet-era bases in Cuba and Vietnam, accepted the deployment of US
military advisers to the former Soviet republic of Georgia and swallowed a three-page
treaty on strategic arms cuts instead of the pact he wanted.
In return, as Russians see it, they have received little. Overall, foreign direct investment
has gone down. Soviet debt has not been restructured or forgiven. Russia is no closer to
membership in the World Trade Organization.
Now, as Russian policymakers and opinion leaders study the balance sheet, the United
States has failed to live up to many promises of a new partnership envisioned following
the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, particularly in strengthening economic ties.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Strategic arms cuts; withdrawal from; hard-liners; to live up to one's promises; to
preserve good ties; condolences; 1972 ABM Treaty; NATO membership; deployment.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Сдержать обещания; договор по ПРО 1972 г.; соболезнования; сторонники жесткой
линии (в политике); сокращение стратегических вооружений; размещение; членство
в НАТО; сохранять добрые отношения; выход из.
4. Answer the questions on the article.
1. Why has the disillusionment with Russia's friendship with the USA grown
recently?
2. What steps did Russia make to preserve good ties with the USA after the
terrorist attacks of September 11?
3. What concessions did the Russian president make to help the USA fight
terrorism?
4. What did Russia receive in return?
5. Questions for discussion.
1. Do you think that Russia really has given up too much to Washington?
2. Can you say that Washington has been really ungrateful? Why?
3. Why do you think Russia has made so many concessions to the USA though it
received little in return?
4. What to your mind are the prospects for Russian-American relations?
III
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in a
dictionary.
At brief summit
Russian and American presidents on Friday jointly pledged their full support for
the newly adopted United Nations resolution on Iraq and called on Baghdad «to
complyfully and immediately» with its disarmament demands or «face serious
consequences».
But the Russian president made clear in comments to reporters after the 90-minute
meeting that he remains concerned that Washington is only waiting before launching a
military attack on Iraq. He said, «We agree that we have to make sure that Iraq has
no weapons of mass destruction in its possession». But, he added, «We do believe that
we have to stay within the framework» of the UN resolution.
Russian officials say they have reached an understanding with the U.S. administration on
Russia's economic interests in Iraq, including concerns about the price of oil as a result
of an Iraqi oil boom should President Saddam Hussein be overthrown.
While denying that there has been a specific agreement, US officials say they are aware
of Russian concerns and are taking them into account in planning for a post-Saddam
Iraq. «We understand that Russia has got interests there, as do other countries», the US
president told an independent Russian television station. «And of course those interests
will be honored».
«Putin is a very pragmatic politician», said a spokesman of a research organization that
has focused on US -Russian relations. «Instead of trying to stop things that are going to
happen anyway, he tries to get the most he can, both for his country and for himself
politically». At the top of Putin's list of economic concerns is the fear of collapsing oil
prices once UN trade sanctions against Baghdad are removed and Western investment
begins to pour into the neglected Iraqi oil sector.
While acknowledging that discussions have taken place with the Russians over the price
of oil, US officials dismissed suggestions that the United States can influence the market
very much. «Generally, we would like to see stability in the oil price», said a US official
involved in Russia negotiations. «Sharp changes unsettle the markets».
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To take into account; to launch a military attack on; to unsettle the market; to reach an
understanding on (some issue); to comply with; to remove sanctions; concerns; within
the framework; a newly adopted resolution; to pledge; to overthrow; weapons of mass
destruction.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
В рамках; снять санкции; начать военные действия; недавно принятая резолюция;
озабоченность; достичь понимания по (какому-либо вопросу); принимать во
внимание/учитывать; оружие массового поражения; подчиняться/действовать в
соответствии с; дестабилизировать/расшатывать рынок; пообещать; свергнуть.
4. Complete the following statements using the active words and phrases.
1. Russian and American presidents jointly pledged ...
2. They called on Baghdad ...
3. But the Russian president remains concerned that...
4. The Russian leader said: «We agree that we should make sure that...
5. ... on Russia's economic interests in Iraq.
6. US officials say that Russian concerns ...
7. At the top of the list of economic concerns is the fear that....
8. Americans say they would like to see stability in ...
5. Answer the questions on the article.
1. What is the Russian position like as far as the situation in Iraq is concerned?
2. What is Russia concerned with?
3. Does Russia have any economic interests in Iraq? What are they?
4. How can the situation in Iraq influence Russian economy?
5. Do you think Russian interests will be taken into account by the USA?
6. What do you know about the present-day situation in Iraq? How has it changed?
6. Retell the article using the active words and phrases.
7. Translate the following article into English using Translation Notes.
ПЕКИН /ИТАР-ТАСС/. Китай не одобряет развертывание Соединенными Штатами
системы противоракетной обороны
1
. Об этом сообщил на брифинге официальный
представитель МИД КНР
2
. «Как и другие страны, мы обеспокоены возможным
негативным воздействием системы ПРО на глобальную и региональную
безопасность», — заявил он.
По словам дипломата, американская противоракетная программа «не должна
подрывать стабильность в регионе в общемировом масштабе». «Мы считаем, что
только путем тесного сотрудничества международное сообщество может
противостоять угрозе распространения оружия массового уничтожения», — добавил
он.
SECTION B
I
1. Read the interview and Look up the underlined words and phrases in a
dictionary.
Interviewer — Director of the Institute of the USA and Canada.
Interviewee — Analyst and expert on Russian-American relations.
QUESTION: US and Russian presidents are meeting on Friday. What «sharp angles», if
any, now exist in relations between the two countries?
ANSWER: Russia and the US have some issues over which they disagree. We and the
Americans do not exactly see eye to eye on the Iraqi issue, and on a number of other
problems such as NATO's expansion, and some problems in the military and political
field. But their existence does not alter the central feature — that today we are
witnessing the consolidation of a new model of Russian-American relations, a partner-
like model, one that emerged following September 11, with Russia and the US
recognizing a common enemy — international terrorism — and acknowledging common
interests in other fields as well.
QUESTION: Can we say that Russia and US relations are much closer than those
between NATO allies?
ANSWER: Indeed, the Europeans and the Americans have very serious disagreements,
not only in the economy, where the European Union and the United States have always
been main rivals, but also in the political area. And here I can state that on some issues
Russia and the US are closer to each other. This concerns many aspects of the struggle
against international terrorism and some other issues of global security, where the
Europeans hold a position different from the US, or do not show a particular interest in
these problems at all.
But on other major problems, such as the role of the UN, or the UN Security Council in
the modern world, and the Iraqi issue, Russia and Europe are closer than the US and
Europe or the US and Russia. We now have a kind of triangle — Russia, the United
States and Europe — where on most issues the sides are agreed and understand each
other, but on some there are discrepancies. A distinctive feature of the present-day
situation is that our disagreements with America and the European Union are not greater
than those between the US and the EU, and in some instances the differences among
western allies are much more serious.
QUESTION: What option in Iraq will suit the US — an obedient Baghdad or one resisting
inspections? What does the US actually want from Iraq?
ANSWER: Different groups in Washington give different assessments of the situation.
And if the inspections show that Iraq does have weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
then the use of force will become very likely. If the inspections present convincing
evidence that Iraq is violating the UN resolutions, then, as 10 years ago, the UNSecurity
Council may mandate the use of force against Baghdad. But if the outcome of
inspections is unclear and unpersuasive, then the Europeans, the Chinese and many
others would not think that Iraq breached its commitments. And this is a case where the
Americans may resort to unilateral action. That is, the party of war in Washington in the
case of unclear reports from international inspectors would take an international forceful
action without a new UN Security Council resolution.
QUESTION: Won't American foreign policy doctrine clash in time with the Russian
foreign policy line?
ANSWER: The USA's foreign policy doctrine, proclaiming the role of the US as the only
superpower, is in contradiction with the positions taken by all other countries. No one
wishes to accept as a norm the situation when one state decides for all. Neither we, nor
the Europeans, nor the Chinese agree with that. But any doctrine, I want to remind you,
is a declarative document. Real politics never matches the doctrine, it is connected with
circumstances or some or other factors associated both with domestic political issues and
with an alignment of forces on the world stage.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To breach one's commitments; disagreements; discrepancies; to be likely; to emerge; to
violate a resolution; a partner-like model; to hold a position; a rival; to resort to (force);
the present-day situation; to be in contradiction with; to mandate the use of force;
alignment of forces; the only superpower; domestic political issues; unilateral action.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Соперник; разногласия; распределение/расстановка сил; нарушить свои
обязательства; несоответствия; вероятный; нарушить резолюцию; разрешить
применение силы; появиться; современная ситуация; вопросы внутренней
политики; противоречить; единственная сверхдержава; прибегать к (силе);
одностороннее действие; модель сотрудничества в духе партнерства; занимать
позицию/придерживаться позиции.
4. Complete the following statements using the active words and phrases.
1. Russia and the USA do not see eye ...
2. But today we are witnessing a consolidation of...
3. Europeans and Americans have many serious...
4. On some issues Europeans hold ...
5. We now have a triangle — ...
6. If the inspectors present evidence that Iraq violates...
7. The USA's foreign policy doctrine...
5. Answer the following questions.
1. Are there any sharp angles between Russia and the USA according to the
interview?
2. Have our positions become closer after the September 11 terrorist attacks?
3. Can we say that today Russian position on many international issues is closer to
the USA than that of European countries? Give examples.
4. What does the USA want from Iraq?
5. What does American military doctrine proclaim? What to your mind can it lead
to?
II
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in a
dictionary.
On the way to nuclear deal
Verification measures to be discussed at meeting with Russian president
A deal between the United States and Russia to sharply reduce nuclear weapons is «just
about done», and the two countries are now looking for ways to verify that theyabide
by the proposed limits, US Secretary of State said today.
The US Secretary of State, who is scheduled to meet Russian President on Monday, said
discussions were focusing on how to apply verification measures included in the
earlier START I and START II arms control treaties to the new limits proposed for
offensive weapons.
The US administration has said it was willing to reach a written agreement extending
these measures, such as mutual inspections. Asked by reporters whether this agreement
could take the shape of a formal treaty, a senior State Department official said today the
administration was not ruling out any option.
At a meeting with Russian president in the United States last month, the US President
announced he was prepared to reduce the US stockpile to between 1,700 and 2,200
long-range nuclear warheads. Russian president said he was willing to cut his weapons
to roughly 2,000 warheads.