Иванов О.П. Беловинцева Е.Г. Читаем газету и обсуждаем международную политику
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economic primacy, although to the maximum extent possible avoiding
American engagement in long-range tasks.
The issue to be thinking about is not how to go back but how to go forward. The United
States needs a second-generation alliance system. Europe and the United States can
take steps to make sure that the emerging Rapid Reaction Force
6
is precisely that part of
NATO that has been equipped and trained to fight together with the United States in out-
of-area
7
engagements.
Europeans should focus on understanding the revolutionary trends in US military
capabilities and doctrines, and plan to have a Rapid Reaction Force develop in such a
way as to intercept those capabilities in a certain number of years. This is substantially
less demanding in technological and financial terms than trying to upgrade the alliance
as a whole. Japan must find a way to cut, or at least loosen, its constitutional Gordian
knot
8
. Essential forms of future cooperation with America should be identified and ways
should be found either to design these forms to make them compatible with the
Japanese constitution or to change the constitution to help Japan and the United States
to improve their mutual security relationship.
That issue comes to its sharpest edge in terms of ballistic missile defense. Right now the
Japanese assume that their constitution bars any integrated US-Japanese defense
against ballistic missiles. That is a negative consequence, because it blocks effective
cooperation against the most dynamic part of the security threat facing Japan. There
may be ways to work around this problem; the United States and Japan should be
making it a very high priority to find them. The United States especially needs to offer an
overall idea of how to bring Asia through a period when power relations will be changing
to a new equilibrium reflecting China's rapidly growing importance. Washington should
aim to do this at least in the first instance by means other than military force.
It should work to bring about constructive change in China and
a benign regional adjustment to growing Chinese power. The goal here need not be a
formal alliance but rather region-wide interest in collective security, capable of
generating coalitions for specific purposes and possessing the means for effective joint
operations with the United States.
In both Europe and Asia, governments most friendly to America deeply believe that the
purposes of alliance now also extend to the need for collective, forward engagement
against environmental collapse and poverty. To the extent that US allies neglect to
maintain the capacity for basic collective military defense
9
, they are forgetting or
ignoring the lessons of history. But to the extent that the United States tries to minimize
its engagement with any issues other than physical security, it is failing the prime
obligation of leadership: to chart a future worthy of the aspirations of all.
The largest goals of a second-generation alliance system are no longer strictly regional,
but global. They are no longer purely military, but societal. For such purposes, the
United States is still the indispensable nation, not by custom or some version of divine
right but by clear vision and commitment.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
A long-term security requirement; to trigger; a clash over; a determination; to exceed;
to compel; to offset; a multilateral institution; to be compatible with; primacy; an
engagement; Gordian knot; to bar; a ballistic missile defense system; benign; to bring
about; an adjustment; indispensable; to base on smth.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Препятствовать; превосходство; компенсировать; превышать; противоракетная
оборона; вывести; долгосрочное требование в области безопасности; вызвать;
столкновение из-за чего-либо; незаменимый; решимость; корректировка
(приспособление); принуждать; вовлечение; благоприятный; вызывать (быть
причиной); совместимый с; Гордиев узел; строить/основывать на чем-либо.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions using the active vocabulary.
1. What is the US global strategy based on during and right after the Cold War?
2. Does the current alliance system get stronger?
3. What do Japanese experts fear?
4. What are Japanese experts deeply concerned about?
5. What do Japanese experts worry about?
6. What marks Washington's approach to current alliances?
7. What does the Bush administration intend to abandon in its policy?
8. How should Japan change its constitution?
9. What does Japanese constitution bar?
10. Should the United States resort to military force in its policy towards
China?
11. What do most friendly to America governments believe in both Europe
and Asia?
12. What do the US allies neglect?
13. How is the United States described as a nation?
5. Using the active vocabulary render the article in English.
6. Questions for discussion.
1. What can the widening gap between the military capabilities of the United States
and those of its European partners lead to?
2. To what extent do you think Japanese experts' concerns are justified?
3. What is your assessment of the idea that the world order should serve US
interests based on US military and economic primacy?
4. Should Japan redefine the constitution and embark on a military build up?
5. Do you see eye to eye with those who believe that growing Chinese power may
challenge US and Japanese security? If yes, how should both US and Japan react
to it?
6. What do you think is meant by the following statement: «To the extent that US
allies neglect to maintain the capacity for basic collective military defense, they
are forgetting or ignoring the lessons of history»?
7. Do you support the approach that the United States is still the indispensable
nation?
III
Translate the following articles into English using Translation Notes.
1
Представители Госдепартамента США намерены встретиться с японскими и
южнокорейскими коллегами для обсуждения дальнейших действий в отношении
Северной Кореи. Как стало известно из дипломатических кругов, в центре внимания
встречи будут вопросы о том, как убедить КНДР отказаться от ядерной программы.
Затем высокопоставленные американские официальные лица отправятся в страны
региона.
2
Президент США подтвердил, что его администрация намерена согласовывать с
другими странами свою политику в отношении КНДР. Ранее президент США
неоднократно выражал готовность продолжать тесные консультации на эту тему с
Японией, Республикой Корея
10
, Китаем и Россией. Однако в их подходах к
северокорейской проблеме существуют различия. Вашингтон выступает за усиление
международной изоляции Пхеньяна
11
, а Токио, Сеул, Пекин и Москва считают, что
урегулирование на Корейском полуострове
12
может быть достигнуто только путем
активного политического диалога.
Comment on the quotations:
DIPLOMACY: The ability to tell someone to go to Hell so that he'll look forward to making
the trip.
«Diplomacy without arms is like music without instruments». (Frederick the Great)
SECTION С
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words in the
dictionary.
Diplomacy
The armed forces are the instruments of foreign policy, not its master
No successful and no peaceful foreign policy is possible without observance of this rule.
No nation can pursue a policy of compromise with the military determining the ends and
means of foreign policy. The armed forces are instruments of war; foreign policy is an
instrument of peace. It is true that the ultimate objectives of the conduct of war and of
the conduct of foreign policy are identical: Both serve the national interests. Both,
however, differ fundamentally in their immediate objectives, in the means they employ,
and in the modes of thought they bring to bear upon their respective tasks.
The objective of war is simple and unconditional: to break the will of the enemy. Its
methods are equally simple and unconditional: to bring the greatest amount
of violenceto bear upon the most vulnerable spots in the enemy's armor. The military
leader lives in the present and in the immediate future. The sole question before him is
how to win victories as cheaply and quickly as possible and how to avoid defeat.
The objective of foreign policy is relative and conditional: to bend. not to break, the will
of the other side as far as necessary in order to safeguard one's own vital interests
without hurting those of the other side. The methods of foreign policy are relative and
conditional: not to advance by destroying the obstacles in one's way, to retreat before
them, to circumvent them, to maneuver around them, to soften and dissolve them
slowly by means of persuasion, negotiations, and pressure.
To surrender the conduct of foreign affairs to military is to destroy the possibility of
compromise and thus surrender the cause of peace. The military mind knows nothing
how to operate between the absolutes of victory and defeat. It knows nothing of that
patient intricate and subtle maneuvering of diplomacy, whose main purpose is to avoid
the absolutes of victories and defeats and meet the other side on the middle ground of
negotiated compromise. A foreign policy conducted by military men according to the
rules of the military art can only end in war.
Peace must be the goal of any foreign policy. Foreign policy must be conducted in such a
way as to make the preservation of peace possible and not to make theoutbreak of war
inevitable. In a society of sovereign nations military force is a necessary instrument of
foreign policy. Yet this instrument of foreign policy should not become the master of
foreign policy. As war is fought in order to make peace possible, foreign policy should be
conducted in order to make peace permanent. For the performance of both tasks,
the subordination of the military under civilian authorities which are constitutionally
responsible for the conduct of foreign affairs is an indispensable prerequisite.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.'
An observance; to determine; the ends and means; an objective; to conduct;
vulnerable; to bend; to safeguard; to retreat; to circumvent; an outbreak; a
subordination; indispensable; a prerequisite; to pursue a policy; to meet the other side
on the middle ground; violence; to surrender, a conduct.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Определять; вспышка (начало); вести; отступать; подчинение; цель; уязвимый;
сгибать; предпосылка; соблюдение; уступать/сдавать; проводить политику; крайне
необходимый; цели и средства; делать уступки; защищать; обходить; насилие,
проведение.
4. Read the article again. Using the article and the words from the exercises
above finish the following sentences.
1. The objective of a war is...
2. The method of conducting war is ...
3. The objective of foreign policy is...
4. The methods of foreign policy are ...
5. The main purpose of diplomacy is...
6. Foreign policy must be conducted in such a way as ...
7. The subordination of the military under civilian authorities is...
5. Answer the following questions on the article using active words and
phrases.
1. What do the ultimate objectives of the conduct of war and of the conduct of
foreign policy serve?
2. What is the objective of war?
3. What is the objective of foreign policy?
4. What is the main purpose of diplomacy?
5. What is an indispensable prerequisite for the conduct of foreign affairs?
6. Render the article in English using active words and phrases.
7. Answer these disputable questions:
1. Do you agree that the military should not determine the ends and means of
foreign policy? Why?
2. What is your attitude to the statement that to surrender the conduct of foreign
affairs to military is to destroy the possibility of compromise and thus surrender
the cause of peace?
3. Do you see eye to eye with the author stating that the main purpose of
diplomacy is to avoid the absolutes of victories and defeats and meet the
other side on the middle ground of negotiated compromise? Why? What to your
mind is the main task of diplomacy?
4. Do you find it true that a foreign policy conducted by the military according to
the rules of the military art can only end in war? If yes, why?
5. Why is subordination of the military under civilian authorities for the conduct of
foreign policy an indispensable prerequisite?
6. Why do you think such former military leaders as de Gaulle and Eisenhower
became prominent policymakers?
8. Make up reports on the following topics and answer the questions of the
audience.
1. The armed forces are the instruments of foreign policy, not its master.
2. The armed forces should/can be a master of foreign policy along with diplomacy.
3. Diplomacy not backed by strength will always be ineffective at best and
dangerous at worst.
1 Chairman of the joint chiefs of staff — председатель объединенного комитета
начальников штабов
2 Этот пункт следует перевести после работы над материалами раздела "В" данного
урока
3 Госдепартамент — the State Department (аналог российского МИДа)
4 оставаться в силе - be on
5 США (the USA) в английском языке согласуется с глаголом в единственном числе,
напр. The USA is ready...; the USA hopes и т. п.
6 Rapid Reaction Force — силы быстрого реагирования, предназначенные для
выполнения задач, выходящих за пределы национальной территории стран-членов
организации
7 out-of-area engagements — боевые операции, выходящие за пределы
национальной территории стран-членов организации
8 constitutional Gordian knot — конституционный Гордиев узел. Конституция
Японии запрещает ей иметь свои вооруженные силы
9 collective military defense — коллективная оборона, предназначенная для
отражения нападения извне
10 South Korea
11 Pyongyang
12 the Korean peninsula
UNIT 2. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
SECTION A
I
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
The end of the Cold War has brought a clear turning point for NATO. First, the nature of
risks and potential threats has changed radically. Second, NATO has been going through
a process of adaptation, adding to its traditional common defense functions new
collective security functions.
It is clear that the alliance's transition process is far from over yet, and a key step
forward will have to be made with the adoption of a new strategic concept.
The principles of basic human rights, international law and multilateral action, in the
spirit of the United Nations, must be combined to make NATO a collective force of
stability and security.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Basic human rights; a transition process (period); common defense; a turning point; a
multilateral action; a concept; collective security; a threat; an adoption.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Концепция; поворотный момент; переходный период; основные права человека;
совместная оборона; совместные операции; коллективная безопасность; принятие
(концепции); угроза.
4. Answer the questions using the active vocabulary.
1. What did the end of the Cold War bring to NATO?
2. What has changed in the world that makes NATO go through a process of
adaptation?
3. What new functions does NATO have to add?
4. What principles should NATO be based on to make itself a collective force of
stability and security?
II
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
New EU line on Russia urged
The European Union had to adopt a strategy towards democratic and institutional reform
in Russia, said Germany's foreign minister yesterday.
Speaking after the meeting with the Russian foreign minister, he said that the «main
point» of a fresh EU strategy towards Moscow would be «the development of long-term,
lasting structures».
He also said that the EU would play an increasing role in helping develop democratic
structures in Russia, as well as helping with building infrastructure, and in areas such as
the development of legal systems.
The Russian foreign minister described the EU's plans as a «strong political signal».
He promised that Moscow would help drive forward the initiative.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To describe smb/smth as smth; to play/have a role in; long-term; to adopt a strategy/
program; to urge; to develop democratic structures; an initiative.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Принять стратегию; охарактеризовать как; играть роль; долгосрочный; инициатива;
настоятельно требовать/призывать; развивать демократические структуры.
4. Complete the following sentences using the active vocabulary.
1. The European Union has to adopt...
2. The EU is going to play an increasing ...
3. The new EU strategy towards Moscow will be …
4. The Russian foreign minister described the EU's plans...
III
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Give peacekeeping muscle to the United Nations
The need for a standing United Nations military force to fulfill the organization's prime
mission of maintaining peace has become almost a clichй of international rhetoric. The
idea figured in the charter from the very beginning, has been urged ever since.
The end of the Cold War has seen not a reduction but an increase in the number of open
conflicts and appeals to the UN to restore peace.
The United Nations, being all the nations, cannot and must not have enemies, but it does
have principles and practices to defend. Therefore, if the organization considers itself
serious, these principles must be dc I ended seriously and vigorously.
Getting a better, more effective peacekeeping job out of the United Nations is
obviously in the world's interest. It requires a shift in attitude. We should demand
peaceful results.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
A shift in attitude; an appeal to (smb); an increase in; a charter; to restore peace;
peacekeeping; in the world's interest; a standing military force; to defend; to maintain
peace; a reduction.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Восстанавливать мир; сокращение; изменение отношения; сохранять мир; в
интересах мира; увеличение числа; призыв к; постоянный военный контингент;
устав; защищать; миротворчество.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions.
1. What has become a cliché of international rhetoric?
2. What idea has been urged in connection with the UN's role in the modern world?
3. Has the number of open conflicts reduced since the end of the Cold War?
4. What does the UN have to defend?
5. What is in the world's interest?
5. Questions for discussion.
1. Why do you think a standing UN military force is of growing importance today?
2. What principles and practices to your mind does the UN have to defend?
3. Do you agree that the UN could and should have a more active peacekeeping
function?
4. What shift in attitude is needed?
IV
1. Translate the following articles into English using Translation Notes.
1
Президент Российской Федерации посетит с официальным визитом штаб-квартиру
НАТО. Об этом сообщил заместитель главы МИД. Первоначально планировалось, что
посещение штаб-квартиры НАТО будет носить протокольный характер, однако после
терактов в Нью-Йорке и Вашингтоне предстоящие беседы будут серьезные.
2. Главные юристы борются с терроризмом
В Люксембурге вчера открылось совещание министров юстиции и внутренних дел
государств-членов Европейского союза. Во встрече участвуют также министры
экономики и финансов стран ЕС. Предполагается, что они обсудят меры по борьбе с
терроризмом, а также примут новую стратегию в отношении банков и стран,
сотрудничающих с террористами.
3. Визит Генерального секретаря ООН
1
Генеральный секретарь ООН посетит Россию с официальным визитом. Как заявил
вчера замминистра иностранных дел РФ, «в ходе визита предполагается
обсудить
2
пути сотрудничества России с ООН в целях повышения эффективности
организации в интересах поддержания мира, стабильности и международной
безопасности». Российская сторона рассчитывает, что визит Генерального секретаря
ООН будет способствовать укреплению роли ООН в урегулировании кризисов и
конфликтов в различных регионах мира. В день прибытия Генсек ООН встретится с
российским президентом. Он также встретится с главой правительства РФ,
министром иностранных дел и министром обороны.
SECTION B
I
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
How the UN works
The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to
preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly
every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals nearly 200
countries.
When states become members of the United Nations, they agree to accept the
obligations of the UN Charter, an international treaty which sets out basic principles of
international relations. According to the Charter, the UN has four purposes: to maintain
international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to
cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights,
and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
UN members are sovereign countries. The United Nations is not a world government,
and it does not make laws. It does, however, provide the means to help resolve
international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting all of us.
The United Nations is much more than a peacekeeper and forum for conflict resolution.
Often without attracting attention, the United Nations is engaged in a vast array of work
that touches every aspect of people's lives around the world.
Child survival and development. Environmental protection. Human rights. Health and
medical research. Alleviation of poverty and economic development. Agricultural
development and fisheries. Education. Family planning. Emergency and disaster relief.
Air and sea travel. Peaceful uses of atomic energy. Labor and worker's rights. The list
goes on and on.
The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them — the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the
Secretariat — are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International
Court of Justice, is located at the Hague, the Netherlands.
The General Assembly
All UN member states are represented in the General Assembly — a kind of parliament of
nations which meets to consider the world's most pressing problems. Each member state
has one vote. Decisions on «important matters», such as international peace and
security, admitting new members, the UN budget are decided by two-thirds majority.
Other matters are decided by simple majority. In recent years, a special effort has been
made to reach decisions through consensus, rather than by formal vote.
The Assembly holds its annual regular session from September to December. When
necessary, it may resume its session, or hold a special or emergency session onsubjects
of particular concern.
The Security Council
The UN Charter gives the Security Council primary responsibilities for maintaining
international peace and security. The Council may convene at any time, day or night,
whenever peace is threatened.
There are 15 Council members. Five of these — China, France, the Russian Federation,
the United Kingdom and the United States — are permanent members. The other 10 are
elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. Decisions of the Council require
nine yes votes.
What the UN does for peace
Preserving world peace is a central purpose of the United Nations. Under the Charter,
member states agree to settle disputes by peaceful means and refrain fromthreatening
or using force against other states.
UN efforts have produced dramatic results. The UN helped defuse the Cuban missile
crisis in 1962 and the Middle East crisis in 1973. In 1988 a UN-sponsored peace
settlement ended the Iran-Iraq war. In the 1990s, the UN was instrumental in restoring
sovereignty to Kuwait and played a major role in ending civil wars in Cambodia, El
Salvador, Guatemala and Mozambique.
UN peacemaking brings hostile parties to agreement through diplomatic means. The
Security Council may recommend ways to avoid conflict or restore or secure peace —
through negotiation, for example, or undertake mediation, or recourse to the
International Court of Justice. In the event of fighting the UN tries to secure a ceasefire.
It may send a peacekeeping mission to help the parties maintain the truce and to keep
opposing forces apart. Peacekeeping operations may last for a few months or continue
for many years.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To preserve peace; to set out basic principles; to maintain peace; conflict resolution;
most pressing problems; two-thirds majority; mediation; under the charter; to resume;
according to the charter/under the charter; subjects of particular concern; to settle
disputes by peaceful means; to secure ceasefire; to maintain the truce, to commit to.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases and reproduce
the sentences from the text with this active vocabulary.
Насущные проблемы; сохранять мир; сохранять перемирие; установить основные
принципы; обеспечивать прекращение огня; посредничество; по уставу;
урегулировать конфликты мирными средствами; вопросы, вызывающие особую
озабоченность; поддерживать мир; взять обязательство; разрешение конфликтов;
большинство в 2/3; в соответствии с уставом; возобновить.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions using the active vocabulary.
1. When was the UN established and for what purpose?
2. What does the UN Charter set out?
3. Is the UN just a forum for conflict resolution?
4. What are the main organs of the UN?
5. What are the functions of the General Assembly and how does it take its
decisions?
6. What responsibilities does the Security Council have?
7. How many members are there in the Security Council?
8. What are some of the instruments the UN uses to preserve peace?
5. Questions for discussion.
1. Do you think the United Nations fulfils its mission today?
2. What recent actions or peacekeeping operations of the UN can you remember?
Were they successful?
3. Do you think that the role of the UN is really very important in the modern
world? Substantiate your point of view.
4. Do you think that the UN peacekeeping forces could substitute for NATO or EU
forces in the future?
II
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
NATO today
Is NATO the right organization to assume the regional security responsibilities in Europe?
It is not Europe's only security organization, not even its largest one. One alternative to
NATO is Europe's largest collective security group, the 55-member Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Unlike the OSCE, NATO is an exclusive
organization involving about half of Europe's states. The alliance's selective nature
inevitably raises questions about its legitimacy. By what right does a group
ofminority states enforce order among Europe's majority states? NATO's Bosnia mission
was launched on the request of the United Nations' Security Council. But the Kosovo war
received no such endorsement. NATO acted on the basis of a vote in the North Atlantic
Council, the alliance's own highest decision-making body. NATO's unilateralaction
appeared to violate, if not the letter. then the spirit, of the UN Charter.
NATO remains a self-appointed interpreter and enforcer of these rules, and it is willing
to enforce them with military might, and as such it inevitably arouses suspicions among
some neighbors. Russia's objections to NATO's Kosovo operation focused not as much on
the tactical issues as they did on the fact that the alliance launched the air war without a
UN Security Council authorization. Even more worrisome to Moscow, nothing
theoretically prevents the alliance from launching a similar operation against Russia
itself. In polls conducted in April 1999, in the midst of the Kosovo war, 70 per cent to 73
per cent of Russians said they considered the NATO military operation in Yugoslavia a
direct threat to Russia's security. Fears that NATO may potentially abuse its military
might have translated into tensions and insecurity as countries such as Russia seek to
form alliances implicitly aimed against NATO. The President of Belarus, Alexander
Lukashenko, justified the union between Russia and Belarus as a response to NATO's
aggression against Yugoslavia.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To assume security responsibilities; minority; to enforce; legitimacy; majority;
endorsement; North Atlantic Council; decision-making body; unilateral; to violate;
might; authorization; to prevent smb from doing smth; a poll; to conduct; to abuse; the
letter and spirit; to raise a question.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Орган, ответственный за принятие решений; меньшинство; злоупотреблять чем-
либо; поддержка; взять на себя ответственность за безопасность; большинство;
законность; проводить (опрос); односторонний; опрос общественного мнения;
нарушать; сила/мощь; дух и буква; поднимать/ставить вопрос; заставлять/
навязывать; Североатлантический совет; одобрение; мешать кому-либо делать что-
либо.
4. Read the article again and complete the following sentences using the active
vocabulary.
1. NATO is trying to assume...
2. NATO's nature raises questions about its...
3. A group of states is trying to enforce...
4. The Kosovo war did not receive any endorsement...
5. NATO acted on the basis of a vote in the North Atlantic Council which is...
6. NATO's unilateral action violated ...
7. The alliance is willing to enforce its rules with...
8. The alliance began the air war without...
9. There was worry in Moscow, that theoretically nothing prevents the alliance
from...
10. In polls conducted in April 1999, from 70 to 73 per cent of Russians believed...
11. Fears that NATO may abuse...
5. Answer the questions on the article.
1. Is NATO the largest security organization in Europe?
2. What questions does NATO's nature raise?
3. What did a group of states try to enforce among other Europe's states?
4. What body endorsed the Kosovo war?
5. What did NATO unilateral action violate?
6. How is NATO willing to enforce its rules?
7. What was Moscow worry about?
8. What did the polls of 1999 indicate? 9) What are fears of NATO based on?
6. Using the given «package words» express your agreement or disagreement
with the following statements.
Agreement: I can't agree more./I agree with you./Yes, it's true.
Disagreement: I'm afraid it's not quite true./I'm sorry, you're mistaken./I don't see eye
to eye with you on smth.
1. NATO is Europe's largest security organization.
2. The Kosovo war did not receive the endorsement of the United Nation's Security
Council.
3. NATO's unilateral action violated if not the letter, then the spirit, of the UN
Charter.
4. NATO keeps away from enforcing its rules with military might.
7. Using the active vocabulary render the article in English.
8. Comment on the following statements.
1. NATO is the right organization to assume the regional security responsibilities in
Europe.
2. The alliance's selective nature inevitably raises questions about its legitimacy.
3. NATO is willing to enforce its rules with military might, and as such it inevitably
arouses suspicions among some neighbors.
4. Fears that NATO may potentially abuse its military might have translated into
tensions and insecurity in Europe.
5. Europe would be better off with a collective security organization instead of
NATO.
6. As the enforcer NATO could be causing more damage than good through the
methods it uses.