Иванов О.П. Беловинцева Е.Г. Читаем газету и обсуждаем международную политику
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Ослабление; быть лишенным чего-либо; защищать; убрать (устранить); укреплять;
наблюдение; нетронутый; жестокий; этническая чистка; рисковать; происхождение;
быть приговоренным к; подвергаться; искажать; жесткая мера.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions using the active vocabulary.
1. What is the non-government organization LIDLIP concerned about?
2. When did the Pontian ethnic cleansing take place?
3. What rights are Pontians deprived of?
4. Has the sense of Pontians' particular identity weakened recently?
5. What sort of measures do Turkish authorities take?
6. What attempts do pseudo-scientists make?
7. What are Pontian travelers from Greece subjected to?
8. What did Pontian people preserve intact?
9. What do students of Pontian descent run a risk of?
10. What measure is necessary to safeguard the Pontian culture according to
LIDLIP?
5. Imagine that you work for LIDLIP and using the article make a formal report
on the case of the Pontians at the UN Commission on Human Rights including
the following:
1. A summary of the problems the Pontians face in Turkey today.
2. Your proposals for the Turkish authorities and the international community to
improve the situation.
6. Translate the following text into English.
Госдепартамент США опубликовал заявление своего официального представителя о
ситуации с беженцами из Чечни. «Мы приветствуем решение России не заставлять
беженцев возвращаться в Чечню против воли. Возвращение на родину должно быть
добровольным, без всякого давления или принуждения. Те, кто не желает
возвращаться в Чечню, должны иметь возможность остаться в других областях
России».
Американский дипломат также заявил, что в разрешении любой ситуации с
беженцами должны принимать участие такие международные организации, как ООН
и ОБСЕ. По его словам, их деятельность носит конструктивный характер и
способствует улучшению гуманитарной обстановки в местах проживания беженцев.
Comment on the quotation:
«Treat the enemy that has been conquered with courtesy and generosity». (Kwan-Tsze)
SECTION С
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
International humanitarian law and human rights
International humanitarian law has a brief but eventful history. It was not until the
second half of the nineteenth century that nations agreed on international rules to avoid
needless suffering in wars — rules they bound themselves to observe in a Convention.
What is international humanitarian law? This body of law can be defined as the principles
and rules which limit the use of violence in times of armed conflict. The aims are:
To protect persons who are not, or are no longer, directly engaged in hostilities — the
wounded, shipwrecked, prisoners of war and civilians;
To limit the effects of violence in fighting to the attainment of the objectives of the
conflict.
Three main currents have contributed to the making of international humanitarian law.
They are the «law of Geneva», represented by the international Conventions and
Protocols established under the aegis of the International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC) with the protection of the victims of conflict as their central concern; the «law of
The Hague», based on the results of the Peace Conferences in the capital of the
Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, which dealt principally with the permissible means and
methods of war, and the efforts of the United Nations to ensure that human rights are
respected in armed conflicts and to limit the use of certain weapons.
As French and Austrian armies fought the battle of Solferino in northern Italy in June,
1859, the idea of international action to limit the suffering of the sick and wounded in
wars was born in the mind of Henri Dunant, a young Swiss citizen.
Dunant found himself, more or less by accident, among thousands of French and
Austrian wounded after the battle, and with a few other volunteers did what he could to
ease their suffering. With four friends, Henri Dunant then set up the International
Committee for Aid to the Wounded (soon to be renamed the International Committee of
the Red Cross). Dunant's ideas met a wide response. In several countries national
societies were founded and at a diplomatic conference in Geneva in 1864 the delegates
of 16 European nations adopted the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of
the Wounded in Armies in the Field. This document, the First Geneva
Convention, enshrinedthe principles of universality and tolerance in matters of race,
nationality and religion.
The Peace Conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907 adopted conventions defining the
laws and customs of warfare and declarations forbidding certain practices, including the
bombardment of undefended towns, the use of poisonous gases and soft-nosed bullets.
The conferences failed to agree on a system of compulsory arbitration as a means
of settling disputes which threaten peace.
The United Nations role
The maintenance of peace, and the prevention of armed conflict are the vital concerns of
the United Nations. Respect for human rights at all times and in all places is a
fundamental principle of the Organization.
In 1949, the International Law Commission decided not to put the law of armed conflict
on its agenda as attention to this branch of international law might be seen as a lack of
trust in the capacity of the United Nations to maintain peace and security.
From the outset, however, United Nations bodies have cited the Geneva Conventions and
Protocols, and have urged States to ratify, or to be guided by them. Theapplication of
humanitarian law features constantly in the debates and decisions of the Commission on
Human Rights and the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection
of Minorities.
The Teheran Conference
The International Conference on Human Rights in Teheran in 1968 (the International
Year for Human Rights) declared that humanitarian principles must prevail during
periods of armed conflict.
In the same year, the United Nations General Assembly, in resolution 2444 (XXIII)
affirmed a resolution of the Twelfth International Conference of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent (Vienna, 1965) which laid down three basic principles of action in armed
conflict:
The right of parties to a conflict to adopt means of injuring the enemy is not unlimited; It
is prohibited to launch attacks on civilian populations as such; a distinction must be
made at all times between persons taking part in hostilities and members of the civilian
population so that the latter are spared as much as possible.
With the adoption of resolution 2444, the General Assembly declared as unacceptable
the idea of waging war against the entire population in an attempt to force
theadversary to give up. The resolution also marked the acceleration of the movement to
bring the three currents of international humanitarian law — Geneva, The Hague, and
the United Nations — into one main stream. It recognized the interaction between rules
to protect the victims of war, to establish rules of combat, and to protect human rights in
armed conflicts.
Conclusion
The prevention of armed conflict is, and must remain, the first purpose of international
co-operation. The second is to preserve humanity in the face of the reality of war. That is
the intention of international humanitarian law.
In a little more than 100 years, an impressive body of international humanitarian treaty
law has been established. There are today clear limits to the types of action that will be
tolerated in armed conflict. However, treaties and conventions — even when solemnly
ratified — cannot save lives, prevent ill-treatment, or protect the property of innocent
people unless the will exists to apply these agreements in all conditions. Nor will they be
effective unless everyone directly involved — combatants and civilians alike — realizes
that the basic issue is one of respecting fundamental human rights.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To be engaged in smth; a prisoner of war; an attainment; an objective; to contribute to;
under the aegis of; an amelioration; customs of warfare; to enshrine; tolerance;
compulsory; arbitration; to settle a dispute; vital; a maintenance; an application; a
minority; a party to a conflict; to lay down; to prohibit; to launch an attack; to spare; to
wage war; an adversary; an ill-treatment; a combatant.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Участник боевых действий; цель; плохое обращение; жизненно важный; способы
ведения войны; запретить; под эгидой; меньшинство; разрешить спор; быть
вовлеченным во что-либо; сохранение мира; заложить (принцип); вести войну;
военнопленный; обязательный; достижение; внести вклад во что-либо; терпимость;
применение; участник конфликта; подвергнуть нападению; щадить; противник;
закрепить (в законе); улучшение.
4. Read the text again and finish the following statements.
1. The international humanitarian law can be defined as...
2. The aims of international humanitarian law are ...
3. International humanitarian law was contributed by ...
4. The First Geneva Convention enshrined ...
5. The Peace Conferences at The Hague failed to agree on ...
6. The maintenance of peace, and the prevention of armed conflict are ...
7. The United Nations General Assembly affirmed a resolution of the Twelfth
International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (Vienna, 1965)
which...
8. Three basic principles of action in armed conflict are ...
9. With the adoption of resolution 2444, the General Assembly declared as
unacceptable ...
10. The prevention of armed conflict is …
11. The second purpose of international cooperation is...
12. However, treaties and conventions cannot...
13. Treaties and conventions will not be effective unless...
5. Answer the following questions using the active vocabulary.
1. How can the international humanitarian law be defined?
2. What are the aims of international humanitarian law?
3. What contributed to international humanitarian law?
4. What did the First Geneva Convention enshrine?
5. What did the Peace Conferences at The Hague focus on?
6. What are the vital concerns of the United Nations?
7. What did the resolution of the Twelfth International Conference of the Red Cross
and Red Crescent (Vienna, 1965) lay down?
8. What are three basic principles of action in armed conflict?
9. What cannot treaties and conventions do?
10. How is it possible to make treaties and conventions effective?
6. Using the active vocabulary render the article in English.
7. Questions for discussion.
1. Do you think the «law of Geneva» and the «law of The Hague» are still
important? Give your grounds.
2. Why do you think some nations or leaders violate international humanitarian
law?
3. What are the limits of international humanitarian law today?
4. What do you think may be done to improve the current international
humanitarian law?
1 Enrichment and remedial programs — программы по обеспечению продуктами
питания и лекарствами
2 UN High Commissioner for Refugees - Верховный комиссар ООН по делам
беженцев
UNIT 6. GLOBALIZATION
SECTION A
I
1. Read the interview and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Kofi Annan of Ghana is the seventh person to hold the post of U. Secretary General since
1946. Yet he was the first secretary general ever to be elected from the ranks of the
United Nations staff. Prior to his appointment, he served as Assistant Secretary General
for Peacekeeping Operations. Mr. Annan lays out his thoughts on the importance — and
limitations — of globalization.
What is your view on globalization?
«It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of
gravity».
How crucial is the role of governments?
«We cannot wait for governments to do it all. Globalization operates on Internet time.
Governments tend to be slow moving by nature, because they have to build political
support for every step».
How important are open markets?
«Open markets offer the only realistic hope of pulling billions of people in developing
countries out of poverty, while keeping prosperity in the industrialized world».
What are the limits of the global market?
«We must ensure that the global market is based on broadly shared values and practices
that reflect global social needs, and that all the world's people share the benefits of
globalization».
How can one make the global market more attractive?
«We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term
profit, and one which has a human face».
What needs to happen to make the global village a reality?
«Business, labor and civil society organizations have skills and resources that are vital in
helping to build a more robust global community».
How strong is the global economy?
«Globalization is a fact of life. But I believe we have underestimated its fragility».
How important are women in bringing about global change?
«There is no development strategy more beneficial to society as a whole — women and
men alike — than the one which involves women as central players».
«More countries have understood that women's equality is a prerequisite for
development».
Where do you see the primary role of the UN?
«If the United Nations does not attempt to chart a course for the world's people in the
first decades of the new millennium, who will?»
What is the major challenge for the UN?
«We have the means and the capacity to deal with our problems, if only we can find
the political will».
(On the UN's goal of cutting the level of global poverty in half by 2015)
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Slow moving; short-term profit; equality; to hold the post; vital; to deal with
.(problems); a prerequisite; to lay out one's thoughts; beneficial; shared values; political
will; to pull out of poverty; laws of gravity; by nature; prosperity; the means and
capacity; fragility; underestimate; decade.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Благосостояние; политическая воля; краткосрочная выгода; общие ценности;
занимать пост; недооценивать; выгодный; обязательное условие; изложить мысли;
медленно действующий; равенство; жизненно важный; вытащить из нищеты;
средства и силы; хрупкость; решать проблемы; десятилетие; законы земного
тяготения; по природе.
4. Complete the following statements using the active vocabulary
1. We have to choose between a global market driven only by...
2. Arguing against globalization is like arguing...
3. We have the means and capacity to ...
4. Women's equality is...
5. Governments tend to be slow moving ...
6. Open markets offer the only realistic hope of...
7. We shouldn't underestimate ...
5. Give your own answers to the questions that Mr. Annan was asked.
6. Questions for discussion.
1. What are shared values? What shared values can you think of?
2. What to your mind did Mr. Annan mean by «a global market which has a human
face»?
3. What skills and resources do you consider vital «in helping to build a more
robust global community»?
4. Why do you think Mr. Annan is worried that the fragility of the global world is
being underestimated?
5. Can the United Nations really influence the direction of globalization?
II
1. Read the interviews and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Women are playing a central role in contributing to the growth of the global economy.
This is increasingly true in business and in politics — two realms traditionally dominated
by men. Some of the global economy's leading women thinkers lay out their views.
Are the fruits of globalization available to all?
«It would be wrong to be blind to the economic benefits that globalization has brought to
some. The real question is how can we humanize globalization, how can we shape it in
such a way that it can benefit all — instead of some».
(Mary Robinson, UN high commissioner for human rights, September 2000)
What risks come with globalization?
«Polarization rather than progressive globalization is what is in the future — unless
corrective actions are taken in time».
(Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratung, Sri Lanka's President, on unchecked economic
liberalization, October 1997)
What is an example of this polarization?
«My 26-year-old daughter in London is earning almost as much money as I do — and
she is just working as a secretary».
(Helen Clark, New Zealand's Prime Minister, on why many young professionals leave
New Zealand for good, February 2001)
How can globalization be made to work for all?
«Globalization could be the answer to many of the world's hard problems. But
this requires strong democratic foundations based on a political will to ensure equality
andjustice».
(Sharan Burrow, President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, on globalization,
September 2000)
How does one succeed in the business world today?
«You shouldn't have a long-term strategy anymore, because you won't be able to move
fast enough».
(Orit Gadish, chairman of Bain & Co., April 2001)
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Foundations; to benefit; a long-term strategy; to take actions; to ensure smth; a
benefit; to contribute to; to require; realm; justice.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Принимать меры; долгосрочная программа/стратегия; приносить пользу; основа/
фундамент; требовать; выгода/польза; справедливость; область/сфера;
обеспечивать; способствовать/вносить вклад.
4. Say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. Use
introductory phrases for agreement and disagreement.
Agreement: Yes, I agree with it. /I can't agree more. /Absolutely/It's obvious /Exactly.
Disagreement: I'm afraid I can't agree. /I'm sorry, but that's not quite right. /To my
mind it's wrong.
1. There is no denying that globalization will bring economic benefits to all.
2. Globalization doesn't carry any risks.
3. Globalization could be the answer to many of the world's hard problems.
4. To ensure equality and justice strong democratic foundations are needed.
5. You won't be able to move fast enough in a global world.
6. Women are playing a central role in contributing to global economy.
7. Business and politics are the two realms that are dominated by men.
8. We can make globalization work for all today.
5. Questions for discussion.
1. What role do women play in the modern world? Is this role changing?
2. Are the fruits of globalization available to all? Can it bring real benefits to poor
nations?
3. What risks can globalization bring?
4. Why do you think women are still not fairly represented in the global economy?
5. Can you open up your country and at the same time protect your national
industry?
6. Do you think globalization is a natural process?
III
Translate the following texts into English.
1
Приведет ли глобализация к более справедливому распределению богатства в мире?
Независимо от того, что могут говорить критики глобализации, она скорее всего не
приведет нас к неравенству. Если же такое случится, то глобализация потерпит
неудачу.
2
В эпоху глобализации возрастет роль ООН и некоторых региональных организаций в
улаживании внутренних конфликтов, так как ведущие державы в силу своих
собственных проблем, отсутствия доброй воли или ограниченности ресурсов
постараются минимизировать свое прямое вовлечение во внутренние конфликты
других стран.
3
Однако глобализация может ослабить некоторые страны. Дело в том, что
распространение рыночных отношений опережает возможности некоторых стран,
где отсутствует рыночная экономика, адаптироваться к этим отношениям. Тем более
глобализация не может влиять на политические системы этих стран.
SECTION B
I
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Global Trends 2015:
A dialogue about the future with non-government experts
The international system in 2015 will be shaped by some trends: population; natural
resources and the environment; science and technology; the global economy and
globalization; national and international governance; the nature of conflict; and the role
of the United States. These trends will influence the capacities, priorities, and behavior of
states and societies and thus substantially define the international security environment.
Population trends
The world in 2015 will be populated by some 7.2 billion people, up from 6.1 billion in the
year 2000. The rate of world population growth, however, will have diminishedfrom 1. 7
per cent annually in 1985, to 1.3 per cent today, to approximately 1 per cent in 2015.
Increased life expectancy will contribute to a shift towards an aging population in high-
income developed countries. Beyond that, demographic trends will sharply diverge. More
than 95 per cent of the increase in world population will be found in developing
countries, nearly all in fast expanding urban areas.
• India's population will grow from 900 million to more than 1.2 billion by 2015;
Pakistan's probably will go up from 140 million now to about 195 million.
• Some countries in Africa with high rates of AIDS will experience reduced
population growth or even declining populations despite relatively
high birthrates. In South Africa, for example, the population is projected to drop
from 43.4 million in 2000 to 38.7 million in 2015.
Russia and many post-Communist countries of Eastern Europe will have declining
populations. As a result of high mortality and low birthrates, Russia's population may
drop from its current 146.5 million to as low as 130 to 135 million in 2015, while the
neighboring states of Central Asia will experience continued population growth. In Japan
and West European countries such as Italy and Spain, populations also will decline in the
absence of sharp increases in birthrates or immigration.
• North America, Australia, and New Zealand — the traditional magnets for
migrants — will continue to have the highest rates of population growth among
the developed countries, with annual population growth rates between 0.7 per
cent and 1.0 per cent.
Divergent aging patterns
In developed countries and many of the more advanced developing countries, the
declining ratio of working people to retirees will strain social services, pensions, and
health systems. Governments will seek to make the problem milder through such
measures as delaying retirement, encouraging greater participation in the work force by
women, and relying on migrant workers. The shift towards a greater proportion of
older voters will change the political dynamics in these countries in ways difficult
to foresee.
At the same time, a high proportion of young people trend will persist in some
developing countries, in Sub-Saharan Africa and a few countries in Latin America and the
Middle East. This factor will be destabilizing, particularly when combined with high
unemployment or communal tension.
Movement of People
Two major trends in the movement of people will characterize the next 15 years —
urbanization and cross-border migration — each of which poses both opportunities and
challenges.
Divergent demographic trends, the globalization of labor markets, and political instability
and conflict will fuel a dramatic increase in the global movement of people through 2015.
Legal and illegal migrants now account for more than 15 per cent of the population in
more than 50 countries. These numbers will grow substantially and will increase social
and political tension and perhaps alter national identities even as they contribute to
demographic and economic dynamism.
States will face increasing difficulty in managing migration pressures and flows, which
will number several million people annually. Over the next 15 years, migrants will seek
to move:
• To North America primarily from Latin America and East and South Asia.
• To Europe primarily from North Africa and the Middle East, South Asia, and the
post-Communist states of Eastern Europe and Eurasia.
• From the least to the most developed countries of Asia, Latin America, the
Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To foresee; a trend; to diminish; life expectancy; to diverge; to shape; a birthrate; to
strain; a voter; to contribute to smth; mortality; a communal tension; AIDS; to persist;
a cross-border migration; to experience; a ratio.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Напрягать; смертность; СПИД; продолжительность жизни; миграция за пределы
страны; расходиться; соотношение; формировать; уровень рождаемости;
избиратель; вносить вклад; уменьшить; переживать/испытывать; религиозная и
расовая напряженность; сохраняться; тенденция; предвидеть.
4. Read the article again and complete the following sentences.
1. The international system in 2015 will be shaped by ...
2. The rate of world population growth will...
3. Life expectancy will contribute to ...
4. Some countries in Africa with high rates of AIDS will experience ...
5. As a result of high mortality and low birthrates, Russia's population ...
6. In developed countries the declining ratio of working people to retirees will
strain...
7. The shift towards a greater proportion of older voters will change ...
8. A high proportion of young people trend will persist in ...
9. Two major trends in the movement of people are ...!
5. Answer the questions on the article.
1. What trends will shape the international system in 2015?
2. Will the rate of world population growth have increased by 2015?
3. What will increased life expectancy contribute to in high-income developed
countries?
4. How will demographic trends diverge?
5. How will high mortality and low birthrates affect Russian population?
6. Will the declining ratio of working people to retirees in developed countries ease
social services, pensions, and health systems?
7. What will the shift towards a greater proportion of older voters result in
developed countries?
8. Will a high proportion of young people trend decline in some developing
countries?
9. What may a high proportion of young people factor be combined with?
10. What two major trends in the movement of people will characterize the next 15
years?
6. Using the article and the active vocabulary dwell on what population trends
will emerge in:
1. high-income developed countries;
2. developing countries;
3. Russia and former Soviet Union
7. Questions for discussion.
1. How will increased life expectancy and as a result a shift towards an aging
population in high-income developed countries affect their societies?
2. Why will North America, Australia, and New Zealand continue to have the
highest rates of population growth among the developed countries?
3. Why will the declining ratio of working people to retirees strain social services,
pensions, and health systems in developed countries?
4. Why is it hard to foresee how the shift towards a greater proportion of older
voters will change the political dynamics in developed countries?
5. Why will a high proportion of young people trend be destabilizing in some
developing countries, in Sub-Saharan Africa and a few countries in Latin America
and the Middle East?
6. Do you find it is true that the growing number of legal and illegal migrants will
increase social and political tension? Explain your point.
II
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Global Trends 2015:
A dialogue about the future with non-government expert. Natural resources and
environment
Food
Driven by advances in agricultural technologies, world food grain production and stocks
in 2015 will be adequate to meet the needs of a growing world population. Despite the
overall adequacy of food, problems of distribution and availability will remain.
• The number of chronically malnourished people in conflict- ridden Sub-Saharan
Africa will increase by more than 20 per cent over the next 15 years.
• The potential for famine will still exist where the combination of repressive
government or internal conflict and natural disasters prevents or limits relief
efforts, as in Somalia in the early and North Korea more recently.
• Donors will become more reluctant to provide relief when the effort might
become endangered in military conflict.
The use of genetically modified crops has great potential for meeting the nutrition needs
of the poor in developing countries. Popular and political opposition in the EU countries
and, to a lesser extent, in the United States, however, has clouded the prospects for
applying this technology.
Water
By 2015 nearly half the world's population — more than 3 billion people — will live in
countries that are «water-stressed» — have less than 1,700 cubic meters of water per
capita per year — mostly in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and northern China.
Water has been a source of contention historically, but no water dispute has been a
cause of open interstate conflict; indeed, water shortages often have stimulated
cooperative arrangements for sharing the resource. But as countries press against the
limits of available water between now and 2015, the possibility of conflict will increase.