Иванов О.П. Беловинцева Е.Г. Читаем газету и обсуждаем международную политику
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III
1. Translate the following articles into English.
1
Министры иностранных дел Финляндии и Швеции призвали к созданию единого
фронта Европейского союза по борьбе с терроризмом. Однако оба главы
внешнеполитических ведомств подчеркнули, что при сотрудничестве в этой сфере
не должны создаваться военные гарантии безопасности.
Оба министра иностранных дел указывают, что страны-члены Евросоюза должны
подтвердить свои намерения в борьбе с терроризмом путем подписания особого
соглашения о взаимопомощи на тот случай, если какая-либо страна ЕС станет
объектом терроризма. По мнению министров, такое соглашение должно касаться
военной, полицейской и экономической помощи странам, пострадавшим от атак
террористов.
2
Премьер-министр Финляндии в своем новогоднем обращении к народу указал, что
усиление роли ООН является важнейшим пунктом в борьбе с международным
терроризмом. По его словам, ООН должна становиться все сильнее и этот процесс
должен оставаться постоянным.
По мнению главы финского кабинета министров, борьба с распространением оружия
массового поражения является новым вызовом, стоящим перед международным
сообществом.
Расширение Евросоюза, по его мнению, будет способствовать укреплению
стабильности и позволит уменьшить различия в социальном и экономическом
развитии стран, которые получили приглашение стать членами союза.
По его мнению, Евросоюз должен и дальше продолжать активную работу по
достижению равенства между всеми гражданами ЕС и увеличению регионального
сотрудничества. Он также указал, что отношения с Россией после решения о
расширении ЕС должны развиваться более активно.
Comment on the quotations:
«Since the wars begin in the minds of men, it in the minds of men that defenses of
peace must be constructed». (The UNESCO motto)
«Peace, like war, can succeed only where there is a will to enforce it and where there is
available power to enforce it». (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
SECTION С
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
NATO concept
NATO's essential and enduring purpose set out in the Washington Treaty, is
to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means.
Based on common values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law, the Alliance
has striven since its inception to secure a just and lasting peaceful order in Europe. The
achievement of this aim can be put at risk by crisis and conflict affecting the security of
the Euro-Atlantic area. The Alliance therefore not only ensures the defense of its
members but contributes to peace and stability in this region. The fundamental guiding
principle by which the Alliance works is that of common commitment and mutual
cooperation among sovereign states in support of the indivisibility of security for all of its
members. Solidarity and cohesion within the Alliance, through daily cooperation in both
the political and military spheres, ensure that no single Ally is forced to rely upon its own
national efforts alone in dealing with basic security challenges. Without depriving
member states of their right and duty to assume their sovereign responsibilities in the
field of defense, the Alliance enables them through collective effort to realize their
essential national security objectives.
To achieve its essential purpose, as an Alliance of nations committed to the Washington
Treaty and the United Nations Charter, the Alliance performs the following fundamental
security tasks:
Security: To provide one of the indispensable foundations for a stable Euro-Atlantic
security environment, based on the growth of democratic institutions and commitment to
the peaceful resolution of disputes, in which no country would be able
to intimidate or coerce any other through the threat or use of force.
Consultation: To serve, as provided for in Article 4 of the Washington Treaty, as an
essential transatlantic forum for Allied consultations on any issues that affect
theirvital interests, including possible developments posing risks for members' security,
and for appropriate co-ordination of their efforts in fields of common concern.
Deterrence and Defense: To deter and defend against any threat of aggression against
any NATO member state as provided for in Articles 5 and 6 of the Washington Treaty.
Security challenges and risks
Notwithstanding positive developments in the strategic environment and the fact
that large-scale conventional aggression against the Alliance is highly unlikely, the
possibility of such a threat emerging over the longer term exists. The security of the
Alliance remains subject to a wide variety of military and non-military risks which are
multi-directional and often difficult to predict.
These risks include uncertainty and instability in and around the Euro-Atlantic area and
the possibility of regional crises at the periphery of the Alliance, which could evolve
rapidly. Some countries in and around the Euro-Atlantic area face serious economic,
social and political difficulties. Ethnic and religious rivalries, territorial disputes,
inadequate or failed efforts at reform, the abuse of human rights, and the dissolution of
states can lead to local and even regional instability. The resulting tensions could lead to
crises affecting Euro-Atlantic stability, to human suffering, and to armed conflicts. Such
conflicts could affect the security of the Alliance by spilling over into neighboring
countries, including NATO countries, or in other ways, and could also affect the security
of other states.
The existence of powerful nuclear forces outside the Alliance also constitutes a significant
factor which the Alliance has to take into account if security and stability in the Euro-
Atlantic area are to be maintained.
The proliferation of NBC (Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical) weapons and their
means of delivery remains a matter of serious concern. In spite of welcome progress in
strengthening international non-proliferation regimes, major challenges with respect to
proliferation remain. The Alliance recognizes that proliferation can occur despite efforts
to prevent it and can pose a direct military threat to the Allies' populations, territory, and
forces. Some states, including on NATO's periphery and in other regions, sell or acquire
or try to acquire NBC weapons and delivery means. Commodities and technology that
could be used to build these weapons of mass destruction and their delivery means are
becoming more common, while detection and prevention of illicit trade in these materials
and know-how continues to be difficult. Non-state actors have shown the potential to
create and use some of these weapons.
The global spread of technology that can be of use in the production of weapons may
result in the greater availability of sophisticated military capabilities,
permittingadversaries to acquire highly capable offensive and defensive air, land, and
sea-borne systems, cruise missiles, and other advanced weaponry. In addition, state and
non-state adversaries may try to exploit the Alliance's growing reliance on information
systems through information operations designed to disrupt such systems. They may
attempt to use strategies of this kind to counter NATO's superiority in traditional
weaponry.
Any armed attack on the territory of the Allies, from whatever direction, would be
covered by Articles 5 and 6 of the Washington Treaty. However, Alliance's security must
also take account of the global context. Alliance security interests can be affected by
other risks of a wider nature, including acts of terrorism, sabotage and organized crime,
and by the disruption of the flow of vital resources. The uncontrolled movement of large
numbers of people, particularly as a consequence of armed conflicts, can also pose
problems for security and stability affecting the Alliance. Arrangements exist within the
Alliance for consultation among the Allies under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty and,
where appropriate, co-ordination of their efforts including their responses to risks of this
kind.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To safeguard; the rule of law; a commitment; a challenge; a resolution of disputes; to
intimidate; to coerce; to affect; vital; a deterrence; to deter; a large-scale conventional
aggression; a rivalry; the abuse of human rights; a dissolution; a proliferation; to pose a
threat to; delivery means; weapons of mass destruction (WMD); offensive and defensive
advanced weaponry; to provide for; adversary.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases and make up
your own sentences or situations with them.
Роспуск; средства доставки (оружия массового поражения); защищать;
представлять угрозу; обязательство; вызов; устрашать; враг/противник; решение
споров; запугивать; нарушать права человека; принуждать; современное
наступательное и оборонительное вооружение; затрагивать/влиять; жизненно
важный; устрашение; широкомасштабная агрессия с применением обычного
вооружения; оружие массового поражения; соперничество; распространение
(оружия массового поражения); предусматривать/предписывать; верховенство
закона.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions.
1. What is the official purpose of NATO?
2. What is NATO based on?
3. What is the fundamental NATO principle?
4. Are NATO allies encouraged to rely upon their own national efforts alone in
dealing with basic security challenges? And why?
5. What are NATO principle tasks? What do they mean?
6. What is highly unlikely in NATO security environment?
7. What non-military challenges does NATO face today?
8. Who do you think is meant by «powerful nuclear forces outside NATO» that
constitutes a significant factor which the Alliance has to take into account?
9. What does the proliferation challenge mean?
5. Comment on the following statements.
1. NATO purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by
political and military means.
2. NATO principle task is defense of its members.
3. Today the biggest threat to NATO is a large-scale conventional aggression
against the Alliance.
4. Non-military challenges pose the most serious threat to NATO today.
6. Look at the NATO security challenges and risks again and make up a chart
defining which of them are of a vital and peripheral nature.
Vital Peripheral
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
7. Give a summary of the NATO concept in English using the words and
expressions from the previous exercises.
8. Make a presentation on the topics below and answer the questions of the
audience:
1. NATO's role and tasks today.
2. Should Russia join NATO?
1 При переводе русских заголовков на английский язык следует учитывать
следующее:
1. В заголовках отсутствуют артикли и глаголы-связки;
2. Заголовки должны быть краткими, но они редко строятся как назывное
предложение (напр. Visit of UN Secretary General);
3. Заголовок, как правило, выражает основную идею статьи и строится как
обычное предложение, в котором есть подлежащее и сказуемое;
4. При этом прошедшее действие передается глаголом настоящего времени
(напр. Russian President Visits Japan — если визит состоялся); будущее
действие передается модальным глаголом be to, но глагол-связка отсутствует
(напр. Russian President to Visit Japan — если визит только предстоит), а
настоящее время передается при помощи Present Continuous, глагол-связка
отсутствует (напр. Russian President Visiting Japan — если визит проходит в
настоящий момент);
5. Предлагаемый вариант перевода данного заголовка: (The) UN Secretary
General to Visit Russia. Однако вы можете предложить свой собственный
вариант, учитывая вышесказанное
2 При переводе русских безличных предложений можно использовать Passive Voice в
английском варианте, но лучше ввести формальное подлежащее, напр. Не, They,
The sides и т. п.
UNIT 3. CONFLICTS, WARS, TERRORISM
SECTION A
I
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Israeli-Palestinian violence escalates
Israel is considering a further response to the latest wave of attacks by
Palestinian militants, which have left at least 20 Israelis dead since Saturday.
The Israeli cabinet met Sunday to discuss the situation shortly after a lone Palestinian
sniper shot and killed seven Israeli soldiers and three Jewish settlers at an army
roadblock. Another Israeli soldier was killed in a shooting along the border with the Gaza
Strip. On Saturday nine Israelis were killed and 35 injured in a suicide bombing in
Jerusalem.
Israeli helicopters responded to the latest attacks with raids on Palestinian positions in
the West Bank. At least four Palestinian policemen were killed. And Israeli tanks moved
back into refugee camps that were the targets of Israeli raids last week.
The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility for the violence. The group has
promised to avenge the Israeli raids on the refugee camps.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Jewish settlers; militants; to claim responsibility; injured; a suicide bombing; a refugee
camp.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Боевики; атака террориста-смертника; раненые; еврейские поселенцы; взять
ответственность за; лагерь беженцев.
4. Complete the statements using the active vocabulary.
1. Israel is considering response to ...
2. Nine people were killed and several dozens injured in .
3. Israeli helicopters responded ...
4. Israeli tanks moved back into ...
5. ... for the violence.
II
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases In the dictionary.
Pakistan move angers India
NEW DELHI — India accused Pakistan of provocative troop movements near the Line of
Control in the disputed Kashmir region as tension between the nuclear foesmounted.
A senior Indian official said that the Pakistani Army had moved an armored brigade
closer to the line dividing the Himalayan territory that has been claimed by both
countries.
India has bolstered its defenses in response, said an official, who did not wish to be
identified.
Pakistan has accused India of exploiting the tense situation on its border with
Afghanistan by massing troops along its eastern flank.
Tensions have escalated since the American strikes against Afghanistan began, even
though the United States has put strong pressure on the nuclear foes to moderate their
hostile talk for the duration of the military campaign.
The Prime Minister of India and the leader of Pakistan both vowed to. repulse any
military action by the other.
The two countries have not once gone to war over Kashmir.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To vow; disputed (territory/question); to accuse smb of smth; to escalate (tensions); a
foe; to mass troops; to put pressure on; to repulse; to claim (territory).
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Оказывать давление на кого-либо; клясться (давать обет); спорная территория;
отразить (нападение); обвинить кого-либо в чем-либо; враг; сосредоточивать
(стягивать) войска; претендовать на (территорию); усиливать напряженность.
4. Retell the article using the active words and phrases.
III
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Chechen warlord on trial for terror
MAKHACHKALA, Russia — The Chechen separatist warlord Salman Raduev went on
trial in the southern Russian republic of Dagestan on charges of terrorism in connection
with an armed attack that killed 78 people.
Mr. Raduev, the most prominent Chechen rebel to be arrested and tried so far, also
faces charges of banditry, hostage-taking and plotting murder.
The prosecutor called the trial «a demonstration of the triumph of justice over
terrorism».
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Hostage-taking; justice; in connection with; a prosecutor; on charges of; a rebel; to go/
be on trial.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases, make up your
own sentences to illustrate their meaning.
В связи с; взятие заложников; повстанец; предстать перед судом; по обвинению в;
правосудие; прокурор.
4. Answer the questions on the text using the active vocabulary.
1. Who went on trial and on what charges?
2. What other charges does the warlord face?
3. What did the prosecutor call this trial?
4. Why do you think the prosecutor calls the trial «a demonstration of justice over
terrorism»? Do you agree?
IV
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Realignment of priorities
The September 11 terrorist attacks that hit the New York World Trade Center and the
Pentagon forcibly realigned the nation's political priorities. All have dropped to the
bottom of a list that is now dominated by a single word: «war».
With «retaliation» on the lips of the president and many lawmakers in both parties,
Congress ensured that the US president would have the funds at his disposal to help
rebuild the damaged Pentagon, clean up the debris from collapsed buildings in New York
and bolster rescue and security efforts.
In an unusual display of unity, Democratic and Republican leaders backed the use of
force by the US president under the War Powers Act. Many expressed solidarity with the
president in his determination to «punish the perpetrators of these attacks as well as
their sponsors».
«The nation must understand this is now the focus of my administration», he said.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To clean up the debris; to realign priorities; at one's disposal; the use of force;
retaliation; a perpetrator; determination.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
В чьем-либо распоряжении; виновный/исполнитель; решимость; расчистить завалы;
ответный удар/возмездие; перераспределять приоритеты; применение силы.
4. Answer the questions on the text using the active vocabulary.
1. What changes in the US foreign and home policy took place after the September
11 terrorist attacks?
2. Why does the US president need funds at his disposal?
3. What did Democratic and Republican leaders back unanimously?
4. What determination did the president express?
5. Do you think the unity, which the nation demonstrated, helped in overcoming
difficulties and fighting terrorism?
5. Retell the article using the active vocabulary.
V
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words in the dictionary.
Russia gives strong backing to US
The Russian president strongly backed the US strikes but said Russia would not go
beyond its limited contribution to the US-led actions.
The attacks on the US had united the world against terrorism, and could not be ignored,
he said. He also expressed confidence the US would do everything in its power to avoid
civilian casualties.
Russia is offering to exchange intelligence, to help with search and rescue missions in
the region and to open air corridors for humanitarian nights
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To express confidence; to go beyond (the limit); to avoid casualties; contribution to;
civilian; intelligence; a search and rescue mission.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Поисково-спасательная операция; выражать уверенность; вклад в; выходить за
рамки; гражданский; избегать потерь (гибели); разведка.
4. Complete the following statements using the active vocabulary.
1. The Russian president backed the US strikes but said Russia ...
2. The attacks on the US ...
3. The US president expressed confidence that...
4. Russia is offering to exchange ...
VI
Translate the following texts into English using Translation Notes.
1
Глава Пентагона начал вчера официальный визит в три государства Закавказья —
Азербайджан, Грузию и Армению. Главной темой переговоров министра обороны с
руководством этих стран станет борьба с терроризмом.
2
Вчера израильские танки в очередной раз вторглись в три палестинские деревни на
Западном берегу реки Иордан
1
. Арестованы 20 палестинцев. Накануне на
переговорах недалеко от Тель-Авива представители Израиля и палестинцев так и не
смогли достичь договоренности о прекращении огня
2
.
3
В прошлое воскресение госсекретарь США после своего визита в Бейрут и Дамаск
встретился с палестинским лидером и премьер-министром Израиля.
Последний
3
призвал к созыву ближневосточной конференции на нейтральной
территории. Лидер палестинской автономии сказал, что поддержит эту идею, если
Израиль выведет свои войска с палестинских территорий. Насилие на
оккупированных территориях между тем продолжается.
4
Как сообщает Рейтер, премьер-министр Великобритании в интервью австралийскому
телевидению назвал страну N «угрозой мировой стабильности», обвинив правящий
режим этой страны в попытках создания оружия массового поражения. И добавил,
что полностью разделяет точку зрения президента США, назвавшего страну N
«одним из звеньев оси зла»
4
. Британский премьер заявил, что в ходе своего визита
в США он намерен уточнить направление следующего удара антитеррористической
кампании.
5
Искоренение террора и окончательное урегулирование на Ближнем Востоке,
включая создание палестинского государства, отвечают коренным интересам
израильтян и палестинцев, заявил представитель РФ при ООН. Эти цели могут быть
достигнуты только мирным путем, через переговоры и при активном сотрудничестве
с ООН. Сейчас, подчеркнул он, есть уникальный шанс не только остановить
насилие, но и добиться всеобъемлющего урегулирования в Ближневосточном
регионе.
SECTION B
I
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Big powers have little sway when rival civilizations clash
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS - The war in Chechnya is one of many conflicts along the
borders of the great Islamic bloc stretching from Morocco to Indonesia. There has been
violence between Muslims and non-Muslims in Bosnia, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh,
Chechnya, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, India, the Philippines, Indonesia and the
Middle East.
These conflicts have at least two causes. First, the Muslim world lacks one or two
dominant states that can maintain order within the Muslim community and constrain or
mediate conflicts between Muslims and others. Second, the increasing number of men
aged from 16 to 30 in many Muslim countries feeds the ranks of militants and fighters.
Almost everywhere in the contemporary world, people are espousing cultural and
civilizational identities. Multi-civilizational states are increasingly being challenged, as in
Serbia, and some of them, like the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, have broken up.
In addition, transnational cultural communities, or diasporas, are taking on a new
importance. Diasporas provide money, arms, fighters and leaders to their ancestral
groups struggling for freedom.
More broadly, other states and groups support their kind, as happened dramatically in
the breakup of Yugoslavia. Western Europe hacked the Croats, Russia and Greece
supported the Serbs, and Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Malaysia provided help to the
Bosnian Muslims.
In the mid-1990s, the Chechens benefited significantly from the support of the Chechen
diaspora, particularly from their compatriots in Turkey and Jordan. They also benefited
from the quiet support of some Muslim governments.
The United States does not have any significant national interests in Chechnya, while it
has such interests in Russia.
This conflict is 200 years old and is one front among many in the global struggles
between Muslim and non-Muslim peoples. In the long run, Russia cannot win this war,
and the United States cannot significantly affect the outcome.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and combinations.
To maintain order; to benefit from; to constrain conflicts; to mediate conflicts; to back;
to take on (importance/responsibility); to affect smb/smth; an outcome; a breakup; to
break up.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Развал; принимать на себя (ответственность); выигрывать от/извлекать выгоду из;
посредничать в конфликтах; разваливаться; поддерживать порядок; сдерживать
конфликты; влиять на что-либо; поддерживать; результат/исход.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions.
1. What conflicts between Muslim and non-Muslim peoples do you know? Can you
remember the years of those conflicts and reason?
2. What are the two causes of such conflicts according to the author? Do you
agree?
3. What role do diasporas play in these conflicts?
4. What is the US position as far as the Chechen conflict is concerned? Why do you
think it changed after the September 11 events?
5. Comment on the following extracts from the article.
1. Almost everywhere in the contemporary world, people are espousing cultural and
civilizational identities.
2. Multi-civilizational states are increasingly being challenged.
3. The United States does not have any significant national interests in Chechnya,
while it has such interests in Russia.
4. In the long run, Russia cannot win this war, and the United States cannot
significantly affect the outcome.
II
Read the additional article and comment on it.
Transnational terrorism
States with poor governance; ethnic, cultural, or religious tensions; weak economies will
be prime grounds for terrorism. At the same time, the trend away from state-supported
political terrorism and toward more diverse, transnational networks — enabled by
information technology — will continue. Some of the states that actively sponsor
terrorism or terrorist groups today may decrease or even cease their support by 2015 as
a result of regime changes, or the conclusion that terrorism has become
counterproductive. But weak states also could drift toward cooperation with terrorists,
creating de facto new state supporters. Between now and 2015 terrorist tactics will
become increasingly sophisticated and aimed at achieving mass casualties. We expect
the trend toward greater lethality in terrorist attacks to continue.
III
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Global trends: future conflict
Through 2015, internal conflicts will pose the most frequent threat to stability around the
world. Interstate wars, though less frequent, will grow in lethality due to the availability
of more destructive technologies. The international community will have to deal with the
military, political, and economic dimensions of the rise of China and India and the
continued decline of Russia. Many internal conflicts, particularly those arising
from communal disputes, will continue to be dangerous, long lasting and difficult
toterminate.
• They frequently will trigger refugee flows, humanitarian emergencies. and other
regionally destabilizing dislocations.
• Internal conflicts will cause spillover into inter-state conflicts as neighboring
states move to exploit opportunities for gain or to limit the possibilities of
damage to their national interests.
• Weak states will face internal conflicts, threatening the stability of a globalizing
international system.
Internal conflicts growing from state repression, religious and ethnic discontent,
increasing migration pressures will occur most frequently in Sub Saharan Africa, the
Caucasus and Central Asia, and parts of south and Southeast Asia, Central America and
the Andean region.
The United Nations and several regional organizations will continue to be called upon to
manage some internal conflicts because major states — stressed by domestic concerns,
risk of failure, lack of political will, or tight resources — will wish to minimize their direct
involvement. When, however, some Western governments, international andregional
organizations press for outside military intervention in certain internal conflicts, they will
be opposed by such states as China, India, Russia and many developing countries that
will tend to view interventions as dangerous precedents challenging state sovereignty.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To pose a threat to; inter-state wars; lethality; a dimension; communal disputes; to
terminate; to trigger; a refugee flow; internal; humanitarian emergency; a spillover; to
exploit an opportunity; discontent; tight resources; to tend.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases and reproduce
the sentences from the text with this active vocabulary.
Поток беженцев; вызвать; измерение; межкультурные и религиозно-этнические
разногласия; нехватка ресурсом; представлять угрозу; заканчивать; внутренний;
гуманитарная катастрофа; перетекание (переход); летальность; использовать
возможность; недовольство; межгосударственные войны; иметь тенденцию.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions using the active vocabulary.