Иванов О.П. Беловинцева Е.Г. Читаем газету и обсуждаем международную политику
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an Islamic agenda once it is elected. The Justice party has tried to distance itself from its
Islamic roots and says that it is a secular, democratic party that is not looking to
promote an Islamic agenda.
«I carry those concerns», the Prime Minister said. «I hope this party respects the secular
and democratic regime». The Justice party was established last year by lawmakers from
a banned pro-Islamic party and has already sparked tensions with
the secular establishment. Justice has not specified who will serve as prime minister if it
forms the next government.
During the campaign, the party says it would concentrate on social welfare and support
Turkey's US $31 billion IMF
4
-backed recovery program. Voters eager for a change have
been supporting the Justice party. «I voted for Justice because we have no trust left in
the other parties», one of them said after casting her vote in Istanbul. «We want an end
to poverty».
The voting comes as the United States is trying to showcase Turkey as an example of a
secular, democratic country that is overwhelmingly Muslim but has cast its future with
the West.
A party with Islamic roots taking power could lead to instability and tensions in the
region. Observers point out that many of the party's loyalists were members of previous
more radical movement and may not be satisfied with the non-confrontational attitude
adopted by their leaders.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
A voter; to take ... per cent of the vote; to be likely to do smth; to be ahead of smb; by
a great margin; under smb's government; a rival; to come in second; a threshold; to
hold elections; to take a lead; to express concern over smth; to carry out an agenda; to
spark tensions; secular; social welfare; to be satisfied with smth; to adopt an attitude.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases and reproduce
the sentences from the text with this active vocabulary.
При ... правительстве; вызывать напряжение; светский; соперник; занять позицию;
опережать кого-либо; вероятно (что-то произойдет); быть вторым; порог; проводить
выборы; избиратель; выразить озабоченность о чем-либо; лидировать; социальное
обеспечение; с большим преимуществом; быть удовлетворенным чем-либо;
получить ... процентов голосов; реализовывать повестку.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions.
1. What party took a lead in Turkish elections?
2. What were voters angry at?
3. What share of vote did the Justice and Development Party take?
4. What is leading party likely to do?
5. Was the Justice and Development Party ahead by a small margin?
6. How will Turkey live under the new government?
7. Who came in second in the elections?
8. What was the threshold to enter parliament?
9. What did the Turkish Prime Minister express concern over?
10. Who did the Justice party spark tension with?
11. What sphere did the Justice party promise to concentrate on?
12. What may members of the Justice party be dissatisfied with?
5. Using the given «package words» express your agreement or disagreement
with the following statements.
Agreement: I couldn't agree more./I fully agree with you./It appears to me to be true.
Partial agreement: To some extent it is true./It is right but up to a point.
Disagreement: I'm afraid it's not quite right./I would object to .../On the contrary.
1. The Justice and Development Party was ahead by a small margin in Turkish
elections.
2. The Justice party was likely to be able to form a government without coalition
partners.
3. According to the Justice party leader under the new government, Turkey will
pursue the EU membership.
4. The Justice Party's rival Prime Minister's party was taking 1 per cent of the vote
and coming in second.
5. The threshold to enter the parliament is 15 per cent.
6. The Prime Minister expressed concern over the Justice party's Islamic roots.
7. Many of the party's loyalists were members of previous more radical movement
and may not be satisfied with the non-confrontational attitude adopted by their
leaders.
6. Using the article and the active vocabulary sum up the results of the
elections in Turkey.
III
Translate the following text into English.
Выборы президента республики
Предстоящие выборы президента республики станут главным событием года в
Чехии. Таково мнение чешских политологов, о котором сообщает пражская печать.
Преемник нынешнего президента займет пост главы государства на ближайшие пять
лет.
Чешского президента избирает парламент на совместном заседании обеих палат.
Предусмотрено три тура выборов. В первом туре победитель должен получить
большинство голосов в обеих палатах, во втором — большинство голосов в обеих
палатах от общего числа присутствующих на совместном заседании депутатов
каждой из палат, в третьем туре достаточно заручиться поддержкой простого
большинства голосов присутствующих на заседании парламентариев.
Comment on the quotations:
«Compromise does not mean cowardice». (John F. Kennedy)
«What history teaches us is that men have never learned anything from it». (George
Wilhelm Hegel)
SECTION С
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Republicans win Senate and hold the House
Republicans have swept to victory in midterm elections in the United States, gaining
control of the Senate. The Republicans captured high-profile Senate races from North
Carolina to New Hampshire while winning governors' races in what traditionally had been
Democratic Party states. In Georgia, a little-known former state senator, Sonny P., upset
the incumbent Democratic governor, Roy B.
The Republicans also solidified their hold on the House of Representatives. The results
mean that a single party, the Republicans, will once again control both houses of
Congress and the White House. The party lost the Senate in June 2001, when Senator
James J. of Vermont defected from it and became an independent, though mostly voting
with the Democrats. «We made history tonight», Representative Thomas D., chairman of
the Republican Congressional Campaign committee, said as results came in late
Tuesday. «It was a great win for the president of the United States».
Norm C., a Republican, sent former Vice-President Walter Mondale back into political
retirement after beating him in the Senate race in Minnesota. In a brief, emotional
speech Wednesday morning, Mondale said he had «no regrets at all» over the campaign,
which he described as «electric».
The US president planned no public statements Wednesday on the election results. The
Republicans emerged Wednesday with 51 Senate seats to the Democrats' 46, with two
races still awaiting final outcomes and an independent holding one seat. The Democratic
incumbent in South Dakota tentatively appeared to have won, but the margin of victory
was so small — about 500 votes — that the Republican challenger was seeking a
recount. The Democratic incumbent in Louisiana fell a bit short of the 50 per cent
margin needed to avoid a runoff election
5
in December after running well ahead of three
Republican challengers.
Meanwhile, the Republicans won 227 House seats to the Democrats' 203, with four races
still undecided shortly before midday Wednesday and an independent holding one seat.
The outcome of the balloting Tuesday marked a break with historic patterns in which the
party that controls the White House almost invariably lost seats in midterm
congressional elections.
The result signaled a major change in the way Washington does business, removing
what president had repeatedly complained in recent days was Democratic opposition that
had prevented him from winning confirmation of his judicial nominations and such
measures as a permanent tax cut and a homeland security bill.
In Maryland, Kathleen K., a Democrat and a daughter of Robert F. Kennedy, lost her bid
for governor to Representative Robert E. Jr. — the first time a Republican was elected
governor of that state since Spiro Agnew in 1966.
In Alabama, the governor's race was thrown into chaos when both the Democratic
incumbent, Don S., and his Republican challenger, Representative Bob R., claimed
victory — a situation that most likely will take a court ruling to untangle. That
predicament came about when election officials in Baldwin County, which is considered a
Republican stronghold, initially showed Don S. with 19,070 votes but later cut that tally
to 12,736 votes. That change, if allowed to stand, would put Bob R. ahead by 2,752
votes.
In California, the Democratic incumbent, Gray D., withstood an unexpectedly tough
challenge from Bill S., a Republican, to win a second term.
Democrats tried to put the best light on the outcomes, arguing that they had faced a
tough task from the beginning because of Bush's high approval rating and the financial
advantage enjoyed by Republicans. But the result was particularly distressing for the
Democratic congressional leaders: Tom D., Senate majority leader, and Richard G.,
House minority leader. They are viewed as prospects for president.
«What you've got to look at is the incredible amount of special interest money that was
on their side», Richard G. said. «There were races where we were outspent 4 to 1,5 to 1.
The pharmaceutical companies probably spent $60 million across the country».
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To sweep to victory; midterm elections; high-profile; to solidify one's hold on smth; to
beat; an outcome; the margin of victory to be small; to fall short of the margin; a runoff
election to run well ahead of smb; to prevent smb from doing smth; a nomination; to
lose one's bid for; to take a court ruling; incumbent; to put smb ahead; to withstand; to
win a second term; to put the best light on smth.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Назначение; требуется судебное решение; выдержать; выдвинуть кого-либо вперед;
имеющий большое значение; быть ниже допустимого предела; результат; победа с
небольшим преимуществом; мешать кому-либо что-либо делать; промежуточные
выборы; потерпеть поражение на выборах на должность; укрепить свой контроль
над чем-либо; победить; выиграть второй срок; приукрасить; одержать полную
победу; действующий (губернатор); опережать.
4. Read the text again and finish the following statements.
1. The Republicans have swept to...
2. The Republicans captured...
3. The Republicans also solidified...
4. Norm C., a Republican, beat a former Vice President...
5. In South Dakota the margin of victory of the Democratic candidate was...
6. The Democratic candidate in Louisiana fell a bit short of...
7. The outcome of the balloting Tuesday marked a break...
8. Democratic opposition prevented president...
9. Kathleen K., a Democrat and a daughter of Robert F. Kennedy, lost her...
10. In Alabama, the governor's race was thrown into chaos so the situation most
likely will take...
11. In Baldwin County the change of the election outcome will put Republican
challenger Bob R....
12. In California, the Democratic candidate, Gray D., withstood...
13. Democrats tried to put the best light on...
5. Answer the following questions using the active vocabulary.
1. What is the outcome of the midterm elections in the USA?
2. What did the Republicans capture?
3. Did the Republicans lose their positions in the House of Representatives?
4. Did the former Vice President win the elections?
5. Was the rivalry tough in South Dakota?
6. What was the election like in Louisiana?
7. What historic patterns did the outcome of the balloting Tuesday mark?
8. What did Democratic opposition prevent the US president from?
9. Did the daughter of Robert F. Kennedy win her bid?
10. How will the election problem be resolved in Alabama?
11. How did the election go off in California?
12. How did Democrats react to the outcomes of the elections?
6. Using the active vocabulary render the article in English.
1 were to be held
2 a bill
3 to bring the country to the point of
4 IMF — International Monetary Fund
5 a runoff election — это последний тур выборов, когда ни один из кандидатов не
получил абсолютного большинства
UNIT 5. HUMAN RIGHTS AND
HUMANITARIAN ISSUES
SECTION A
I
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Systematic violations of women's rights in Afghanistan
Women in Afghanistan have suffered a catastrophic assault on their human rights during
more than twenty years of war and under the repressive rule of the Taliban. Now, as
women face further peril with the intensification of conflict following the September 11
attacks on the United States, the international community must make
a firmcommitment to support women's human rights.
Throughout Afghanistan's civil war, the major armed factions — primarily the Taliban
and the United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, a coalition of
mainly Tajik, Uzbek, and ethnic Hazara parties — have
repeatedly committed serious abuses of international human rights and humanitarian
law. Women have borne the major part of this violence and discrimination. In the civil
war, women have suffered massive and systematic human rights abuses.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Peril; abuse; an assault; to face smth; to make a commitment; a faction; violence; to
commit; international community.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Опасность/риск; наступление; жестокое обращение; взять на себя обязательство/
пообещать; международное сообщество; группировка; столкнуться с чем-либо;
насилие; совершать.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions.
1. What have women suffered in Afghanistan for more than 20 years?
2. What are the Afghan women facing now and why?
3. What commitments should the international community make? Why?
4. What abuses were committed during the Afghan civil war?
5. What abuses did the women suffer during the war?
6. Why do you think women have borne the major part of violence and
discrimination?
5. Render the article in English using the active words and phrases.
II
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in Israel's
schools
The report on discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in Israel's schools is based
on Human Rights Watch investigations at twenty-six Arab and Jewish schools and on
nationwide statistics compiled by the Israeli government. Nearly one-quarter of Israel's
1.6 million schoolchildren are Palestinian Arab citizens and are educated in schools run
by the Israeli government, but operated separately from those of the Jewish majority.
The report found differences in almost every aspect of the education system.
The Education Ministry does not allocate as much money per head for Palestinian Arab
children as it does for Jewish children. Their classes are 20 per cent larger on average.
They get far fewer enrichment and remedial programs
1
— even though they need them
more — in part because the Ministry uses a different scale to assess need for Jewish
children. Their school buildings are in worse condition, and many
communities lack kindergartens for three and four-year-olds.
One of the largest gaps is in special education, where disabled Palestinian Arab children
get less funding and fewer services, have limited access to special schools, and lack
appropriate curricula.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To allocate; to compile; on average; investigation; curriculum (pl. curricula); an access
to smth; to assess; lack; per head.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
В среднем; учебный план/курс обучения; составлять (отчет); расследование;
выделять (средства); доступ к чему-либо; оценивать; нехватка; на человека.
4. Read the article again and complete the following statements.
1. ... is based on Human Rights Watch investigations.
2. Nearly one quarter of Israel's schoolchildren are ...
3. The report found ...
4. The Education Ministry does not...
5. Arab children get fewer enrichment and remedial programs because the
6. Disabled Palestinian Arab children ...
5. Render the article in English using the active words and phrases.
III
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Sri Lanka: 180,000 refugees return home
«For 19 years, northern Sri Lanka was closed to the world as a civil conflict developed,
claiming 64,000 lives and displacing more than 800,000 people. Last year, both sides
declared a ceasefire, and prospects for peace grew. In January, the government lifted its
embargo against the north and in September the first round of formal peace talks was
held in Bangkok.
Meanwhile, the displaced people began to return, voluntarily, to their former homes in
the Vanni, the northern land controlled by the guerrilla army called the Tamil Tigers. By
October, 180,000 people had gone back. Relief activities began in the Vanni for the first
time in 19 years — giving food aid to farming families, orphans, traumatized children
and war widows.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To lift an embargo; displaced people; a ceasefire; a widow; guerilla army; relief
activities; voluntarily; a prospect for.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Перемещенные лица; добровольно; снять эмбарго; прекращение огня; партизанская
армия; действия по оказанию помощи; вдова; перспектива.
4. Read the article again and answer the questions using the active words and
phrases.
1. Why was Sri Lanka closed to the world for 19 years?
2. When and why did the prospects for peace grow?
3. What had happened by October?
4. What do relief workers do in the area?
5. What to your mind is the role of relief activities in the areas where there are
refugees and displaced people?
6. Would you like to take part in relief activities? Why?
5. Render the article in English using the active words and phrases.
IV
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Afghanistan delays speedy return of refugees
Afghanistan's interim government has delayed signing an agreement with Iran and the
United Nations on the return of several hundred thousand refugees, just weeks before
the scheduled start of a program of assisted repatriations.
However, the UN refugee agency says it is still hopeful that, with or without a formal
agreement, organized voluntary returns will begin next month. The three sides are
proceeding on the basis that an estimated 400,000 Afghans could go back to their
homeland from Iran within a year.
Relief workers suggested Kabul was concerned about the impact of a sudden influx of
refugees, as well as Iran's stated intention to deport Afghans who have refused to take
part in its registration program.
Over the course of nearly two years, Iran has registered 2.35 million Afghans
and estimates that several hundred thousand remain unregistered.
The representative of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
2
in Iran said
that they were preparing transport and relief supplies for the returnees in coordination
with the Afghan government. He added that he did not expect Iran to carry
out mass expulsions.
More than 100,000 Afghans have already left Iran before the start of the UN-assisted
program.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To estimate; to delay; an expulsion; an interim government; an impact; relief supplies;
to carry out; a refugee; an influx of refugees.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Выдворение (из страны); приток беженцев; оценивать/предполагать; переходное/
временное правительство; откладывать; помощь (беженцам); беженец;
производить/выполнять; влияние.
3. Read the article again and express your agreement or disagreement with the
following statements.
Agreement: Yes, you are right./I can't but agree./It's OK. I agree./Yes, it's true.
Disagreement: I'm afraid, you're not quite right./No, I can't agree with that./I'm sorry,
but that's wrong.
1. Afghanistan has signed an agreement with Iran and the UN on the return of its
refugees.
2. The UN refugee agency says the return will begin next month.
3. The three sides estimate that about 200,000 people will be able to return home
within a year,
4. Kabul is concerned about the relief workers acting in the country.
5. All Afghans living in Iran have been registered.
6. Iran is going to carry out mass expulsions from the country.
7. More than 100,000 Afghans have left Iran.
SECTION B
I
1. Read the article and look up the underlined words and phrases in the
dictionary.
Helping poor nations
The US president's plan to add $5 billion to the foreign aid budget shows that his
administration is rethinking the importance of helping underdeveloped countries.
Obviously, that is a good thing — not only because the money may ease the
hopelessness that breeds terrorism. Foreign aid, well spent, will also
liberate entrepreneurial energies, protect human rights and help millions achieve better
lives.
The president's vision, however, is larger than his financial commitments. He wants to
spend the extra $5 billion over three years. Shamefully, America, once the world's most
generous aid giver, now gives less, relative to the size of its economy, than any
other developed country, and much of what it does provide goes to military rather than
humanitarian purposes. Many Americans have supported the retreat from foreign aid
under the assumption that the money is wasted anyway. The president's plan would use
economic development funds as a reward for countries that agree to combat corruption,
strengthen the rule of law, respect human rights and maintain open markets.
And after a decade in which foreign assistance spending remained virtually flat, this
proposal marks a significant advance. A three-year rise of $5 billion can do much good
fighting AIDS and other infectious diseases, ridding of malnutrition, spreading computer
literacy and helping Third World business to market their goods in the developed world.
Washington's leadership cannot be reduced to a show of military might. This proposal
could help lead America back towards its traditional role as a generous partner in
spreading economic development
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Developed country; foreign aid; entrepreneurial energies; to combat corruption;
underdeveloped country; computer literacy; to waste money; human rights;
commitments; malnutrition; AIDS; the rule of law.
3. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.
Компьютерная грамотность; зря тратить деньги; предпринимательская активность;
развитая страна; страна с низким уровнем развития экономики; права человека;
бороться с коррупцией; обязательства; иностранная помощь; СПИД; плохое
питание; верховенство закона.
4. Read the article again and answer the following questions.
1. What fact shows that the US administration is rethinking the importance of
helping poor countries?
2. What can money ease and what results can it bring if spent well?
3. Does the USA spend as much money on foreign aid as other developed
countries?
4. Where does most of the American money go?
5. Why did many Americans support the retreat from foreign aid?
6. What countries will be rewarded from the economic development funds according
to the president's plan?
7. What can this $5 billion aid bring to the underdeveloped countries?
8. What this proposal could bring to America itself?
5. Questions for discussion.
1. Why do you think the US administration began rethinking the importance of
helping poor nations?
2. Do you think developed countries should help underdeveloped ones? What kind
of help should it be? What amount is appropriate to your mind?
3. Why do you think Americans consider that foreign aid is wasted in the
underdeveloped countries? Do you agree?
4. Why do you think American aid goes mostly to military purposes but not
humanitarian ones?
5. Do you agree with the author that the US leadership cannot be reduced to
showing military might?
6. Do you agree that the US has traditionally been a generous partner in spreading
economic development? Give reasons.
II
1. Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words and
phrases in the dictionary.
Civil and political rights, including the questions of freedom of
expression
Written statement submitted by the International League for the Rights and Liberation of
Peoples (LIDLIP), a non-governmental organization in special consultative status
The UN Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is
circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31.
Under this agenda item, the International League for the Rights and Liberation of
Peoples (LIDLIP) would like to bring before the Commission on Human Rights the case of
the Pontians, living in the historic region of Pontos, from Sinope (Sinop) to Trapezous
(Trabzon) now in Turkey. Our concern is about the restrictions to their freedom of
expression showing their cultural identity formed over thousands of years.
Historical background
The presence of the Pontians is traced back in the 8th century B. C., before the
emergence of the Pontian Kingdom in the North Coast of Asia Minor. Indeed, Pontian
culture roots are to be found in their history, notably during the classical era (with
philosophers and historians such as Diogenes, Strabon, etc.) of the Hellenistic period and
then in the Byzantine epoch.
After the Ottoman conquest in the middle of the 15th century their living conditions,
their unity and communal life as a Christian people, were deeply affected by the system
of the Ottoman power and administration, based on the distinction between Muslims and
non-Muslims. In the 19th century, due to the Ottoman-Russian wars, the Pontians were
subjected to several exoduses. The systematic elimination of the Christian Pontians
through mass murder and ethnic cleansing took place in the first quarter of the 20th
century and especially between 1916 and 1923, as part of a longstanding policy of
thorough turkization of the whole Asia Minor.
The Pontians who could remain in Pontos had become Muslims or were compelled to
islamization, thus escaping destruction and dispersion. It is known that the population
exchange according to the Lausanne Treaty (1923) between Greece and Turkey was
defined on the basis of religion and not on the basis of the ethnic identity of the
populations of both sides.
An ancient culture in jeopardy of survival
Even though the islamized Pontians of Pontos were for decades deprived of the right to
communicate with the Pontians of Greece and of the countries of the ex-Soviet Union,
and even though they suffered, for decades, systematic policies of disarticulation of their
communities, they continue to insist on their particular Pontian identity. «We are
Pontians», they declare still today. Especially in the last decades this sense of a
particular identity is increasing and is being coupled with actions of intellectual and
culturalenhancing. However, even careful attempts of the new Pontian intellectuals to
express verbally or in writing the history, the cultural identity of this people, are
facing harsh measures by the Turkish authorities. During the last years the lives of the
Pontian intellectuals who dare to express their views are reliably reported to be
threatened, some of them with death. This repression is accompanied by pseudo-
scientific attempts to distort the three thousand year-old rich history of this people and
of this area. Those attempts are made by Turkish propagandists and by so-called
professors. The official discourse claims that this historic people is of Turkish descent. A
typical example of this conduct of the authorities is a television series performed some
time ago in Trapezous, in which a retired officer of the Turkish army and a would-be
professor hammered on the one hand, the Turkish descent of the Pontians on the other,
uttered threats towards the Pontians who claim the right to keep contacts with Pontians
in Greece. Moreover, Pontian travelers from Greece during their visits in Pontos, are
subjected to strict control and surveillance by the Turkish authorities.
Repressive measures endanger language
It appears that a sizeable part of the islamized Pontians, especially the communities of
Trapezous, Tonia, Ophe, Sourmena (Surmene), Matsouka as well as those of the
peripheral municipalities of Constantinople (Istanbul) have preserved intact their Pontian
language. Thus, in those areas, the language which is known to be the closest to the
ancient Greek is kept alive. In fact, this language is today illegal in Pontos and in Turkey.
Of course there is no school where the Pontians could learn, cultivate and develop their
language. The existing schools are Turkish. The young Pontian boys and girls —
especially those from the inland — due to the fact that their families cling to their own
language and do not know Turkish, have their first contact with this language in the
Turkish schools and are forced to learn it with harsh educational methods. It is reported
that in the elementary schools there exists a network of young student-informers in
charge of denouncing to their teachers the Pontian pupils speaking between themselves
their own language, who are then taken up by their teachers or even the police
with brutal methods of persuasion. In the high schools, the task of terrorization is
apparently devoted to racist and fascist groups, like «Grey Wolves». Those educational
conditions exclude the Pontian students from university and higher studies. Students of
Pontian descent who try to express their Pontian conscience and culture through
periodicals run a risk of being sentenced to jail by the Turkish authorities.
The Turkish state through policies stemming from its constitutional and legal framework
together with its authoritarian structures, eliminates the words Pontos and Pontians, and
represses individual and collective attempts of peaceful expression of the thought and
conscience of the Pontian identity.
Expression of the Pontian culture must be saved
Describing this situation, the International League for the Rights and Liberation of
Peoples (LIDLIP) would like to insist on the lack of freedom of expression of a particular
people, the Pontians in present-day Turkey. This situation ought to be known by the
international community. Further, interventions towards its alleviation is a step
forsafeguarding a living culture which has enriched mankind.
2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Ethnic cleansing; to be deprived of; to enhance; a harsh measure; to distort; a descent;
to be subjected to; surveillance; intact; brutal; to run a risk of; to be sentenced to; to
eliminate; an alleviation; to safeguard.
3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Reproduce the
sentences from the article with them.