Houze Robert A., Jr. Cloud Dynamics
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
supercell (see Supercell)
tornadic, 224, 253, 263, 265, 291-294, 297-
312, 478
Tilting, 38, 252, 253, 264, 285, 291-294, 297,
299,361,391,403,441,458,460,506,511-
512,521,534
Top-hat profile, 232
Tornado,
122,211,222,249,253,265,268,318,
321
at cold front, 478
nonsupercell, 295-297
structure and life cycle, 297-301
suction vortices, 301
supercell, 278, 291-295
vortex dynamics, 301-312
Trailing stratiform region
(see Squall line with
trailing stratiform precipitation)
Transition zone, 374
Trapped wave
(see Lee wave)
Tropical
cyclone
(see Hurricane)
mesoscale convective systems, 202, 213, 259,
337,340-341,346
Tropopause, 4,
13,23,218,221,335,361,383,
400,453
Troposphere, 4, 8
Turbulence, 411, 417-418
as source of potential vorticity
(see Fric-
tional, source of potential vorticity)
associated with Kelvin-Helmholtz instability,
61
detected by radar
(see Radar, turbulence)
in altocumulus and altostratus, 192-193
in boundary layer, 65-68, 107, 155-174,301
in cirriform clouds, 179-180, 183, 185-188
in cumulus, 226-227, 234, 239, 257-258, 262,
264, 266-267, 405
in extratropical cyclones, 477, 484
in fog, 9, 137-152
in gust front, 314-315
in hurricanes, 411, 417-418, 421
in hydraulic jump, 516, 519-520
in mesoscale convective system, 385
in models, 262, 264, 266-267
in nimbostratus, 197,218-220
in rotor cloud, 516, 520
in stratus and stratocumulus, 137-140, 155-
174,501
in three-dimensional model, 266
in tornado, 301, 307, 309-311
in wave clouds, 20, 520
K-Theory, 65-66, 145
Turbulent fluxes
(see Eddy flux)
Index
569
Turbulent kinetic energy, 66, 139, 155, 161-163
buoyancy generation, 143, 155, 163, 226
conversion from mean-flow, 143, 155, 163,
226
dissipation, 163
pressure-velocity correlation, 163
shear and buoyancy generation, 226
Upslope flow, 502, 531-534, 538
van't Hoff factor, 75
Vapor
deposition
(see Deposition)
diffusion
(see Diffusion)
Vault
(see Supercell, bounded weak echo re-
gion)
Ventilation, 75, 88
Virga, 8, 175, 177, 194
Vortex
breakdown, 309-310
one-cell, 306-307, 309
Rankine, 304-307, 311
sheet, 57
swirl ratio, 308-309, 311
two-cell, 307-309, 311
tubes
(see Stretching, Tilting)
Vorticity, 38, 186,288
absolute, 38, 48
baroclinic generation, 38, 249-251, 253, 293,
319,330,367,390-391,478,504-505,521
equation(s), 38-40, 46, 52, 130, 185, 249, 253,
263,299,367,403,447,521-523
equivalent potential, 40
geostrophic equivalent potential, 40, 461,
483-484
in cumulus clouds, 247-253
in lines of thunderstorms, 329-333
in mesoscale convective systems, 367, 389-
394, 401-404
in non-supercell tornado, 295-297
in regions of hurricane formation, 406
in supercell thunderstorms, 288-295
in tornadoes and waterspouts, 297-312
potential, 32, 39-40, 50, 52, 56, 457-463, 491
stretching of
(see Stretching)
tilting of
(see Tilting)
Wake low, 351-353, 379, 383
Wall cloud
Fohn, 20, 513
in thunderstorm, 278, 299
570 Index
Water-continuity equations, 29-30, 41-42, 49,
95-98, 100-106, 131, 140, 145, 159, 187,
209-210,217,219,229,241,263
Water-continuity model (see Bulk water-conti-
nuity model; Explicit water-continuity
models)
Waterspouts, 249, 295-297, 299
Wave
cloud, 19, 502-520, 508, 525, 532-534
length, 345, 409
number, 46, 63-64, 505-508
phase speed, 46
Waves
baroclinic, 203, 340, 438, 449, 463, 467-
472,491-493, 496, 498, 501
breaking, 515
diverging, 525-526
evanescent, 506, 522
gravity, 44-49, 51, 309, 361, 489, 504-
530
inertial, 309-310
inertio-gravity, 48-49, 51
Kelvin-Helmholtz, 61, 165
large amplitude, 512-520
lee, 509-513, 515, 522-525
mountain, 266, 502-530
nonhydrostatic, 508
resonance
(see Waves, lee)
shallow water, 46, 516
ship, 525
shock, 271
sound, 37, 266, 271
transverse, 525-526
trapped
(see Waves, lee)
vertically propagating, 508, 511-513, 515-
520, 528, 534, 538
Weak echo region
(see Supercell, bounded
weak echo region)
Wind shear, 65, 126,
174,207,211,275,283-
287,351,525
in boundary layer, 138, 155
in relation to cloud streets and shallow-layer
clouds, 166, 174, 179
in relation to entrainment, 226
in relation to multicell storms, 285-287
in relation to supercell thunderstorms, 283-
291
in relation to thunderstorm lines, 329-330
in relation to vorticity, 252
mechanism of frontogenesis, 451
International
Geophysics Series
EDITED BY
RENATA DMOWSKA
Division
of
Applied Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
JAMES R. HOLTON
Department
of
Atmospheric Sciences
University
of
Washington
Seattle, Washington
Volume 1 BENO
GUTENBERG.
Physics of the
Earth's
Interior.
1959*
Volume 2
JOSEPH
W.
CHAMBERLAIN.
Physics of the Aurora and Airglow.
1961*
Volume 3 S. K.
RUNCORN
(ed.). Continental Drift. 1962*
Volume 4 C. E.
JUNGE.
Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. 1963*
Volume 5
ROBERT
G.
FLEAGLE
AND
JOOST
A.
BUSINGER.
An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics.
1963*
Volume 6
L.
DUFOUR
AND
R.
DEFAY.
Thermodynamics of Clouds.
1963*
Volume 7 H. U. ROLL. Physics of the Marine Atmosphere. 1965*
Volume 8
RICHARD
A.
CRAIG.
The
Upper
Atmosphere: Meteorology and Physics. 1965*
Volume 9
WILLIS
L.
WEBB.
Structure of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere.
1966*
Volume 10
MICHELE
CAPUTO.
The Gravity Field of the
Earth
from Classical and
Modem
Methods.
1967*
Volume 11 S.
MATSUSHITA
AND
WALLACE
H.
CAMPBELL
(eds.). Physics of Geomagnetic Phenom-
ena. (In two volumes.) 1967*
Volume 12 K. VA.
KONDRATYEV.
Radiation in the Atmosphere.
1969*
Volume 13 E.
PALMEN
AND
C. W.
NEWTON.
Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure and
Physical Interpretation. 1969
Volume 14
HENRY
RISHBETH
AND
OWENK.
GARRIOTT.
Introduction to Ionospheric Physics.
1969*
*Oul of print.
571
572 International Geophysics Series
Volume 15 C. S.
RAMAGE.
Monsoon Meteorology. 1971*
Volume 16
JAMES
R.
HOLTON.
An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. 1972*
Volume 17 K. C. YEH
AND
C. H. LIU. Theory of Ionospheric Waves.
1972*
Volume 18 M. I.
BUDYKO.
Climate and Life. 1974*
Volume 19
MELVIN
E.
STERN.
Ocean Circulation Physics. 1975
Volume 20 J. A.
JACOBS.
The
Earth's
Core. 1975*
Volume 21
DAVID
H.
MILLER.
Water at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem
Hydrodynamics. 1977
Volume 22
JOSEPH
W.
CHAMBERLAIN.
Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their
Physics and Chemistry. 1978*
Volume 23
JAMES
R.
HOLTON.
An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Second Edition. 1979*
Volume 24
ARNETT
S.
DENNIS.
Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding. 1980
Volume 25
ROBERT
G.
FLEAGLE
AND
JOOST
A.
BUSINGER.
An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics,
Second Edition. 1980
Volume 26 Kuo-NAN LIOU. An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation. 1980
Volume 27
DAVID
H.
MILLER.
Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the Energetics
of Ecosystems.
1981
Volume 28
HELMUT
E.
LANDSBERG.
The Urban Climate.
1981
Volume 29 M. I.
BUDYKO.
The
Earth's
Climate: Past and Future. 1982
Volume 30
ADRIAN
E. GILL. Atmosphere to Ocean Dynamics. 1982
Volume 31
PAOLO
LANZANO.
Deformations of an Elastic Earth. 1982*
Volume 32
RONALD
T.
MERRILL
AND
MICHAEL
W.
McELHINNY.
The
Earth's
Magnetic Field: Its
History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective. 1983
Volume 33
JOHN
S.
LEWIS
AND
RONALD
G.
PRINN.
Planets and Their Atmospheres: Origin and
Evolution. 1983
Volume 34
ROLF
MEISSNER.
The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach. 1986
Volume 35 M. U.
SAGITOV,
B.
BODRI,
V. S.
NAZARENKO,
AND
KH. G.
TADZHIDINOV.
Lunar
Gravimetry. 1986
Volume 36
JOSEPH
W.
CHAMBERLAIN
AND
DONALD
M.
HUNTEN.
Theory of Planetary Atmo-
spheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry, Second Edition. 1987
Volume 37 (APL) J. A.
JACOBS.
The
Earth's
Core, Second Edition. 1987
Volume 38 (APL) J. R.
APEL.
Principles of Ocean Physics. 1987
Volume 39
MARTIN
A.
UMAN.
The Lightning Discharge. 1987
International Geophysics Series 573
Volume 40 DAVIDG.
ANDREWS,
JAMES
R.
HOLTON,
AND
CONWAY
B.
LEOVY.
Middle Atmosphere
Dynamics.
1987
Volume 41 PETER
WARNECK.
Chemistry
of
the
Natural
Atmosphere.
1988
Volume 42 S. PAL
ARYA.
Introduction
to Micrometeorology. 1988
Volume 43
MICHAEL
C.
KELLEY.
The
Earth's
Ionosphere.
1989
Volume 44
WILLIAM
R.
COTTON
AND
RICHARD
A.
ANTHES.
Storm
and
Cloud Dynamics. 1989
Volume 45
WILLIAM
MENKE.
Geophysical
Data
Analysis: Discrete
Inverse
Theory,
Revised Edi-
tion. 1989
Volume 46 S.
GEORGE
PHILANDER.
EI
Nino,
La
Nina,
and
the
Southern
Oscillation. 1990
Volume 47
ROBERT
A.
BROWN.
Fluid Mechanics of the
Atmosphere.
1991
Volume 48
JAMES
R.
HOLTON.
An
Introduction
to Dynamic Meteorology, Third Edition. 1992
Volume 49
ALEXANDER
A.
KAUFMAN.
Geophysical
Field
Theory
and Method.
Part
A: Gravitational,
Electric,
and
Magnetic Fields. 1992.
Part
B:
Electromagnetic
Fields I. 1994.
Part
C:
Electromagnetic
Fields II. 1994.
Volume 50
SAMUEL
S.
BUTCHER,
GORDON
H.
ORIANS,
ROBERT
J.
CHARLSON,
AND
GORDON
V.
WOLFE. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 1992
Volume 51
BRIAN
EVANS
AND
TENG-FONG
WONG.
Fault
Mechanics and
Transport
Properties in
Rock.
1992
Volume 52
ROBERT
E. HUFFMAN.
Atmospheric
Ultraviolet
Remote
Sensing. 1992
This Page Intentionally Left Blank